Pennod 1 ‹ Sam Hughes: Cowboi Penfro

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-Hello, how are you?	0:00:25	0:00:27
-Welcome to Tucson, Arizona.	0:00:27	0:00:29
-I'm here -at my mother-in-law's house.	0:00:30	0:00:32
-I've travelled -the length and breadth of America...	0:00:32	0:00:38
-..and no matter where I go, I always -come across a Welsh person...	0:00:38	0:00:42
-..with a very interesting history.	0:00:42	0:00:45
-Tucson is no exception.	0:00:45	0:00:47
-Tucson is a substantial town -in the south of Arizona...	0:00:50	0:00:54
-..with a population -of just over half a million.	0:00:54	0:00:58
-When I first came here...	0:00:59	0:01:01
-..the name Sam Hughes -was everywhere.	0:01:01	0:01:04
-Streets, cafes, hotels and schools -were named after him.	0:01:04	0:01:08
-After much research...	0:01:11	0:01:13
-..and perseverance...	0:01:13	0:01:16
-..I discovered -where the story began.	0:01:16	0:01:19
-I've come to the Pembrokeshire -Record Office in Haverfordwest.	0:01:28	0:01:33
-I know that Sam was born here -and was a Welsh speaker.	0:01:34	0:01:38
-His father was Sam Hughes and -his mother was Elizabeth Edwards.	0:01:38	0:01:43
-They were married in 1827.	0:01:43	0:01:45
-I'm hoping Nikki Bosworth -has more information for me.	0:01:45	0:01:49
-I'd already sent the information -I had on Sam to Nikki...	0:01:49	0:01:54
-..who is Pembrokeshire's archivist.	0:01:54	0:01:57
-Thanks.	0:01:59	0:02:01
-Here it is.	0:02:09	0:02:11
-The marriage certificate -of Sam's parents.	0:02:11	0:02:14
-It says here -that they were married in 1824.	0:02:14	0:02:19
-This is the correct date.	0:02:19	0:02:21
-Nikki also gave me -a priceless document.	0:02:22	0:02:27
-It traces Sam's family tree -back to the 18th century.	0:02:27	0:02:32
-Thanks very much indeed.	0:02:33	0:02:35
-Wow.	0:02:36	0:02:37
-Sam's family could be traced back...	0:02:38	0:02:41
-..to the same farmhouse -in the 18th century.	0:02:41	0:02:45
-They were an influential family.	0:02:45	0:02:47
-Sam Hughes was a yeoman, -similar to a justice of the peace.	0:02:47	0:02:51
-It was here at Clydey church -that Sam's parents were married.	0:02:53	0:02:58
-Although they were both -devout Congregationalists...	0:02:58	0:03:03
-..chapel marriages -weren't allowed in 1824.	0:03:03	0:03:06
-A stone's throw from the chapel -is the family home, Hendrewilym.	0:03:06	0:03:11
-It was here at Hendrewilym farm, -Llanfyrnach, Pembrokeshire...	0:03:12	0:03:17
-..that Sam Hughes was born -in December 1829.	0:03:17	0:03:22
-The farmhouse has changed -a great deal since Sam's days.	0:03:22	0:03:26
-For a short while, -the family lived...	0:03:26	0:03:29
-..in a house called Castell -on Hendrewilym's land.	0:03:29	0:03:34
-In 1837, Sam, his parents, -brothers and sisters...	0:03:36	0:03:40
-..embarked on an epic adventure.	0:03:40	0:03:43
-Believe you me, -it really was an epic adventure.	0:03:43	0:03:47
-In 1837, when Sam Hughes -was only eight years of age...	0:03:49	0:03:53
-..the family sailed from Liverpool -to America aboard the North Star.	0:03:53	0:03:58
-Why they emigrated is unclear.	0:03:58	0:04:00
-The best way to explain -their reasons for emigrating...	0:04:00	0:04:04
-..is to understand what enticed them -to America and what drove them.	0:04:05	0:04:09
-Living off the land -was difficult at the time.	0:04:10	0:04:14
-There was a shortage of land -and much poverty.	0:04:14	0:04:17
-They were drawn to America...	0:04:17	0:04:19
-..because they believed -they could own their own farm...	0:04:19	0:04:23
-..since land was inexpensive.	0:04:24	0:04:26
-Within three months, -they arrived here in Philadelphia.	0:04:36	0:04:40
-It took me seven hours to get here -and it took them three months.	0:04:43	0:04:47
-They would have sailed -in a far smaller ship than this.	0:04:47	0:04:52
-Nevertheless, they arrived here -full of hope...	0:04:53	0:04:57
-..to begin a new life in America.	0:04:57	0:05:00
-Once they arrived, the family -established a small dairy farm...	0:05:19	0:05:24
-..in Manayunk, a rural location -outside Philadelphia.	0:05:24	0:05:29
-Manayunk is now a part of the city.	0:05:30	0:05:33
-It's hard to believe -that this was once a dairy farm.	0:05:33	0:05:37
-They came here because there were -other Welsh expatriates living here.	0:05:38	0:05:43
-Their customers were here, -in the so-called Welsh Track...	0:05:51	0:05:56
-..across the Schuylkill River -from Manayunk.	0:05:56	0:06:00
-It's very interesting.	0:06:02	0:06:04
-There are -so many Welsh names in the area...	0:06:04	0:06:07
-..that some people have gone as far -as creating Welsh-sounding names.	0:06:07	0:06:13
-The 1830s was a decade...	0:06:24	0:06:27
-..when many Welsh people -emigrated to the USA.	0:06:27	0:06:30
-They were either industrial workers -emigrating to industrial areas...	0:06:30	0:06:35
-..or farmers -seeking agricultural land.	0:06:35	0:06:38
-Numerous families from -Montgomeryshire, Merionethshire...	0:06:39	0:06:44
-..Cardiganshire and Pembrokeshire...	0:06:44	0:06:47
-..moved to America and settled -in areas like Philadelphia...	0:06:48	0:06:52
-..and further west.	0:06:53	0:06:55
-Once the family -had settled in Manayunk...	0:06:58	0:07:01
-..Sam was sent to school, -but he only lasted one day.	0:07:01	0:07:06
-He was bullied and ridiculed...	0:07:07	0:07:09
-..because he couldn't speak -a word of English, only Welsh.	0:07:10	0:07:14
-A family story claims -he was completely illiterate.	0:07:14	0:07:19
-I don't believe that myself.	0:07:19	0:07:22
-I believe that he was -completely literate in Welsh.	0:07:22	0:07:26
-He attended Sunday school -at Capel y Graig in Trelech.	0:07:26	0:07:31
-During his childhood back in Wales, -Sam Hughes and his family...	0:07:37	0:07:41
-..walked miles every Sunday -to worship in Trelech.	0:07:41	0:07:46
-It was here that Sam -and his siblings were baptized...	0:07:48	0:07:52
-..including Thomas, -his younger brother.	0:07:52	0:07:55
-The fact is that Sam didn't have...	0:08:04	0:08:06
-..any formal education -in the United States.	0:08:07	0:08:10
-I've read a couple -of his letters...	0:08:10	0:08:13
-..and he spelled phonetically -with a Welsh accent.	0:08:13	0:08:18
-It would drive you up the wall -to determine what he meant.	0:08:18	0:08:22
-After two years -farming in Manayunk...	0:08:23	0:08:26
-..the family moved once again, -to western Pennsylvania.	0:08:26	0:08:32
-The Hugheses came to Nanty Glo.	0:08:33	0:08:35
-It was here that Morgan John Rhys -and his fellow Nonconformists...	0:08:35	0:08:40
-..established the new settlement -of Beulah.	0:08:40	0:08:44
-Only a street name remains.	0:08:44	0:08:46
-This was the seed -that eventually inspired Patagonia.	0:08:47	0:08:51
-A new, liberated, Welsh colony.	0:08:51	0:08:54
-Many of the Welsh contingent -in the Allegheny Valley...	0:09:03	0:09:07
-..didn't fulfil their dream.	0:09:07	0:09:09
-They were buried in cemeteries -such as this one.	0:09:10	0:09:16
-This one reads, -"In memory of Gruffudd Llwyd...	0:09:16	0:09:20
-"..who died on 8 September 1830, -aged 67 years old."	0:09:21	0:09:26
-"Only the earth and the insects...	0:09:29	0:09:32
-"..will destroy his flesh -and cleanse him...	0:09:32	0:09:37
-"..until his contented soul -will return...	0:09:37	0:09:40
-"..to dress him anew once again."	0:09:40	0:09:43
-It is tragic.	0:09:47	0:09:49
-To quote R Williams Parry, "Most -grievous was dying on distant soil."	0:09:49	0:09:54
-Finally, Sam Hughes's family -decided to settle here...	0:10:01	0:10:05
-..two or three miles -from the city of Allegheny...	0:10:05	0:10:08
-..on the outskirts of Pittsburgh.	0:10:08	0:10:11
-They ran a successful dairy farm.	0:10:11	0:10:13
-But after a year, -their life was turned upside down.	0:10:14	0:10:17
-The mother died -and within months of her death...	0:10:17	0:10:20
-..the father was severely injured...	0:10:21	0:10:23
-..leaving him disabled -for the rest of his life.	0:10:23	0:10:26
-Today, the city of Allegheny -is a district of Pittsburgh.	0:10:31	0:10:37
-When Sam Hughes -and his family moved here...	0:10:38	0:10:41
-..it was an independent city.	0:10:41	0:10:44
-They moved to the poorest -and most squalid neighbourhood.	0:10:53	0:10:57
-It was a slum.	0:10:57	0:10:59
-These were hard times -and now they were eight children.	0:11:00	0:11:04
-The two youngest -had been born in America.	0:11:04	0:11:07
-As one of the elder sons, -Sam had to provide for the family.	0:11:08	0:11:12
-The American dream -had turned into a nightmare.	0:11:12	0:11:15
-Due to Sam's father's -severe disability...	0:11:26	0:11:29
-..there was no-one -to support the family.	0:11:30	0:11:33
-The youngest children -were sent to an orphanage.	0:11:34	0:11:39
-The building has now been turned -into flats for the needy.	0:11:39	0:11:43
-I met with two local historians...	0:11:43	0:11:46
-..who showed me -the old orphanage...	0:11:46	0:11:48
-..where Sam's younger brothers -and sisters lived.	0:11:49	0:11:52
-The youngest child, Lewis...	0:11:52	0:11:54
-..was sold as an indentured servant -to a family of Welsh Presbyterians.	0:11:55	0:12:01
-We'll hear more about Lewis later.	0:12:01	0:12:04
-Another interesting fact is that -the Scottish impresario Carnegie...	0:12:05	0:12:10
-..lived on the same street as Sam -and was the same age.	0:12:11	0:12:16
-These are portraits -of William and Mary Robinson.	0:12:21	0:12:26
-They owned the orphanage -where the Hughes children lived.	0:12:26	0:12:32
-They must have been good people, -because Sam's sister, Sally...	0:12:33	0:12:38
-..gave her children -the middle name Robinson.	0:12:38	0:12:43
-Sam's brother, William Hughes, -married their daughter.	0:12:44	0:12:49
-At least we assume he did - -his wife's maiden name was Robinson!	0:12:50	0:12:54
-But there were better times ahead -for Sam Hughes.	0:12:56	0:12:59
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-In 1842...	0:13:16	0:13:18
-..Sam Hughes, his disabled father -and brothers David and Thomas...	0:13:18	0:13:22
-..lived in abject poverty -in one of Pittsburgh's worst areas.	0:13:23	0:13:28
-It was a dirty industrial town.	0:13:28	0:13:31
-They must have regretted -leaving Wales.	0:13:31	0:13:34
-As a teenager -of 14 or 15 years of age...	0:13:35	0:13:39
-..Sam had to earn a living -to support the family...	0:13:39	0:13:43
-..and his disabled father -in their humble home.	0:13:43	0:13:47
-He first worked at one -of the numerous cotton mills...	0:13:47	0:13:52
-..before finding a better-paid job -at the steelworks.	0:13:53	0:13:58
-Imagine a boy who had been raised -in the fields of Hendrewilym...	0:13:58	0:14:03
-..having to work -in these grim steelworks...	0:14:04	0:14:07
-..during the 19th century.	0:14:07	0:14:10
-It got worse.	0:14:10	0:14:12
-A strike -resulted in mass unemployment.	0:14:12	0:14:15
-Poor Sam was unable to earn a penny.	0:14:16	0:14:19
-But that may have been -his salvation.	0:14:19	0:14:22
-Sam was fortunate - -he was offered a new job.	0:14:22	0:14:26
-It was a temporary job at a bakery -until the strike was over.	0:14:26	0:14:32
-The baker was a lazy man -and was never there.	0:14:33	0:14:36
-Sam took advantage of that.	0:14:36	0:14:38
-He taught himself the art -of making cakes, pies and pasties.	0:14:39	0:14:45
-Sam's produce was in demand, -and was very highly praised.	0:14:45	0:14:51
-That led to another job.	0:14:52	0:14:55
-He was offered an unusual post -that offered up a new adventure.	0:15:00	0:15:04
-It was certainly an eye-opener -for the Welshman.	0:15:04	0:15:08
-This is the galley, -where the food is prepared.	0:15:27	0:15:30
-It's time to roll up my sleeves.	0:15:31	0:15:33
-Thanks to the baking skills -Sam had learnt at the bakery...	0:15:40	0:15:46
-..he was offered a job as a cook...	0:15:48	0:15:51
-..on a paddle steamer that sailed -from Pittsburgh to New Orleans.	0:15:52	0:15:56
-The voyage took three weeks.	0:15:56	0:15:59
-I'm washing up because they -don't trust me with a frying pan!	0:15:59	0:16:03
-The worldly pleasures -of a town like New Orleans....	0:16:16	0:16:20
-..and life on a paddle steamer -was sure to broaden the horizons...	0:16:20	0:16:25
-..of a Nonconformist Welshman.	0:16:26	0:16:28
-He heard speeches -that would change his mindset...	0:16:28	0:16:32
-..and his attitude to life.	0:16:32	0:16:35
-He heard the radical Henry Clay -and joined the Whig Party...	0:16:35	0:16:41
-..which would in time -become the Republican Party.	0:16:41	0:16:46
-After spending some years as a cook -aboard a paddle steamer...	0:16:51	0:16:56
-..he earned a good reputation -for his food.	0:16:57	0:17:01
-Important dignitaries travelled -on riverboats in those days...	0:17:01	0:17:06
-..and Sam was offered -a rather unusual job.	0:17:06	0:17:09
-I'm sure his food would have been -much better than this junk.	0:17:13	0:17:17
-The opportunity -for a new adventure...	0:17:45	0:17:48
-..brought Sam Hughes down -the Missouri River to St Joseph.	0:17:48	0:17:53
-It was at his home in St Joseph -that Jesse James was killed.	0:17:54	0:17:58
-Some claim that Jesse's grandfather -hailed from Pembrokeshire.	0:17:58	0:18:03
-It was also from St Joseph -that the first wagon train...	0:18:04	0:18:09
-..set out to cross America -to the distant west.	0:18:09	0:18:13
-On that very first wagon train...	0:18:13	0:18:17
-..Sam Hughes became the head chef -after his stint on the riverboat.	0:18:17	0:18:22
-Yes, Sam was on -the first big wagon train.	0:18:23	0:18:26
-He joined hundreds -of travelling companions...	0:18:26	0:18:30
-..who carried their belongings and -walked their livestock all the way.	0:18:30	0:18:35
-Thousands of people -made the 2,000-mile journey...	0:18:35	0:18:39
-..and opened up America -as one enormous nation.	0:18:40	0:18:43
-Sam had left his family behind.	0:18:45	0:18:48
-It was down to the other brothers -to support the family.	0:18:48	0:18:52
-David became a shipowner...	0:18:52	0:18:54
-..and ships in New Orleans -carry the Hughes name to this day.	0:18:55	0:18:59
-They set out in April -when the grass was green.	0:19:00	0:19:03
-It wasn't horses that pulled -the wagons but Longhorn cattle.	0:19:04	0:19:08
-Their livestock came with them, -so they needed grass...	0:19:09	0:19:13
-..to feed their stock -on the Kit Carson Trail...	0:19:13	0:19:18
-..along the banks -of the Platte River.	0:19:18	0:19:20
-During this time -and throughout the 19th century....	0:19:29	0:19:34
-..more and more people -were moving to the west...	0:19:34	0:19:37
-..to the new land -that was opening up.	0:19:38	0:19:40
-They thought it was uninhabited, -but it belonged to Native Americans.	0:19:41	0:19:46
-It was Sam's duty to feed -all the travellers from in here.	0:19:48	0:19:53
-It was known as the chuck wagon.	0:19:54	0:19:56
-I have blisters like balloons -on my feet!	0:19:56	0:20:00
-I hope you appreciate this!	0:20:00	0:20:03
-We're about a quarter of the way...	0:20:16	0:20:19
-..along the wagon train's route.	0:20:19	0:20:22
-St Joseph is far behind us.	0:20:22	0:20:24
-We're still on the flat plain.	0:20:24	0:20:26
-This was once a wilderness, -not farmland as it is today.	0:20:27	0:20:31
-There were no wide roads.	0:20:31	0:20:34
-Poor Sam had to walk all the way.	0:20:34	0:20:38
-Thousands of miles to the west.	0:20:38	0:20:42
-It was a long -and perilous journey...	0:20:44	0:20:48
-..for Sam Hughes -and the first wagon train.	0:20:48	0:20:51
-They had to face attacks, -high mountains...	0:20:52	0:20:55
-..and terrain -barely set foot on previously.	0:20:55	0:21:00
-We're on the exact trail...	0:21:00	0:21:02
-..that the wagons took -to their journey's end.	0:21:02	0:21:06
-It was named the 49ers Route -after the Gold Rush in 1849.	0:21:06	0:21:12
-To this day, the road is called -California State Route 49.	0:21:12	0:21:16
-After weeks of struggling -across giant rugged mountains...	0:21:24	0:21:29
-..Sam, along with 120 wagons, -came over the Kit Carson Pass.	0:21:29	0:21:33
-The end of the road was in sight -as California stretched before them.	0:21:33	0:21:39
-In July 1850, Sam arrived here.	0:21:57	0:22:01
-Once known as Hangtown, -it was renamed Placerville.	0:22:01	0:22:05
-This was the hub -of the 1849 Gold Rush.	0:22:05	0:22:09
-Sam faced a brand-new adventure.	0:22:09	0:22:13
-I'll tell you more next time.	0:22:13	0:22:15
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:22:54	0:22:56
-.	0:22:56	0:22:56

Pennod 1 Sam Hughes: Cowboi Penfro

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