Pennod 2 ‹ Sam Hughes: Cowboi Penfro

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-Last time, we retraced -Sam Hughes's journey to America.	0:00:21	0:00:25
-In 1837, when he was just eight -years old, he and his family...	0:00:25	0:00:30
-..emigrated from Wales -in search of a better life.	0:00:30	0:00:34
-It soon turned into a nightmare, -until Sam learnt how to cook.	0:00:34	0:00:38
-He became a cook on the very first -wagon train to the West.	0:00:38	0:00:43
-When Sam Hughes reached Hangtown, -or Placerville, as it is today...	0:00:45	0:00:49
-..his reputation -as a fine chef had preceded him.	0:00:50	0:00:53
-He was immediately offered -a job as a chef...	0:00:53	0:00:56
-..in one of Hangtown's -major restaurants.	0:00:57	0:01:00
-Do you know how much he was paid?	0:01:09	0:01:11
-Half an ounce of gold a day.	0:01:12	0:01:14
-The equivalent of 8 then, -and hundreds in today's money.	0:01:14	0:01:18
-He only earned 8 a month -in the cotton mills.	0:01:18	0:01:23
-Placerville, or Hangtown, then...	0:01:27	0:01:29
-..was nothing like -what it is today.	0:01:29	0:01:32
-Today, it's peaceful and arty, -dare I say trendy.	0:01:32	0:01:37
-Back then, it was debauched...	0:01:38	0:01:40
-..with people drinking, fighting -and trying to make a quick buck.	0:01:40	0:01:45
-There were brothels on every corner.	0:01:45	0:01:47
-Just like some Welsh towns -on a Saturday night!	0:01:48	0:01:51
-Thank you.	0:02:02	0:02:04
-Seeing an abundance -of wild fruit locally...	0:02:04	0:02:07
-..Sam began making -his own jams and jellies...	0:02:07	0:02:10
-..and selling them on the sly.	0:02:11	0:02:13
-He also made pastries and cakes -for the workers to take to work.	0:02:13	0:02:17
-His wealth increased.	0:02:17	0:02:19
-He would sell a yard of gingerbread -for a dollar.	0:02:19	0:02:25
-The ruins of gold mines can still -be seen in this part of California.	0:02:36	0:02:42
-The Gold Rush during this time...	0:02:43	0:02:45
-..became very popular in Wales.	0:02:45	0:02:48
-Single men -and sometimes entire families...	0:02:48	0:02:51
-..went to join the Gold Rush.	0:02:51	0:02:54
-Most of them headed to America -in a bid to get rich quick.	0:02:54	0:03:00
-Most of them faced disappointment.	0:03:00	0:03:04
-Some made their fortune, -while others lost everything.	0:03:12	0:03:16
-But they all needed to be fed...	0:03:16	0:03:19
-..hence the saying, -to eat like a miner.	0:03:19	0:03:23
-There was a high demand -for Sam's produce.	0:03:23	0:03:26
-I'm sure the men -were considerably shorter than me.	0:03:35	0:03:38
-I doubt any of them -were six foot four!	0:03:38	0:03:41
-Traces of gold -can still be seen today.	0:03:50	0:03:53
-It was dirty, hard work, -and also very dangerous.	0:03:53	0:03:57
-Sam was wise -to stick to making food and jam...	0:03:58	0:04:01
-..for half an ounce of gold a day.	0:04:01	0:04:03
-The price of gold back then -wasn't far from what it is today.	0:04:03	0:04:08
-Hundreds of thousands of incomers -came to seek their fortune...	0:04:10	0:04:15
-..some of them from Wales.	0:04:15	0:04:17
-They sold all their belongings -to come here.	0:04:17	0:04:20
-Most ended up losing everything, -while very few struck it rich.	0:04:20	0:04:25
-As for Sam, he was doing alright.	0:04:25	0:04:29
-He used his initiative.	0:04:29	0:04:31
-During the winter of 1851...	0:04:49	0:04:51
-..having worked in Hangtown -for several months...	0:04:51	0:04:55
-..and made his money, -Sam had itchy feet.	0:04:55	0:04:59
-He came here to Sacramento...	0:05:00	0:05:02
-..the capital of California...	0:05:02	0:05:06
-..and found a job as a chef -in one of the city's largest hotels.	0:05:06	0:05:11
-While working -at this hotel in Sacramento...	0:05:11	0:05:14
-..he heard a rumour that gold -had been discovered in Yreka...	0:05:15	0:05:19
-..near the border with Oregon.	0:05:19	0:05:21
-Sam used his head once again.	0:05:22	0:05:24
-When Sam heard -about the discovery in Yreka...	0:05:40	0:05:44
-..he bought lots of mining tools...	0:05:44	0:05:47
-..to take with him to sell.	0:05:48	0:05:51
-He also bought a herd of pack mules.	0:05:51	0:05:54
-He sold the tools -and made a substantial profit.	0:05:58	0:06:02
-He used the money to open -his own restaurant here in Yreka.	0:06:02	0:06:08
-He also invested in gold mines.	0:06:08	0:06:11
-You might consider that -a risky gamble.	0:06:12	0:06:15
-But the son of Hendrewilym -was no fool.	0:06:16	0:06:19
-At the beginning of 1852...	0:06:20	0:06:22
-..he left his restaurant -and cattle ranch in Yreka...	0:06:22	0:06:27
-..crossed the Siskiyou Mountains -and the Rogue River...	0:06:27	0:06:31
-..to Gold Gulch in Jacksonville -to begin trading once again.	0:06:31	0:06:36
-He was the first -to reach the Scott River...	0:06:36	0:06:40
-..and the goldfields -of Klamath in Oregon.	0:06:40	0:06:43
-He sold his investments -in the gold mines...	0:06:45	0:06:49
-..and returned to Yreka...	0:06:50	0:06:52
-..where he bought a luxury hotel.	0:06:52	0:06:54
-But after a short while, the need -for a new adventure came over Sam.	0:06:55	0:07:00
-An adventure that we would not -condone in this day and age.	0:07:02	0:07:06
-The adventure led him -to join a band of men...	0:07:18	0:07:21
-..who fought the Native Americans.	0:07:21	0:07:24
-He became an Indian fighter.	0:07:24	0:07:26
-In the Battle of Rogue River, -Sam was shot in the back.	0:07:27	0:07:30
-The arrow hit his lung, -and he was never the same again.	0:07:30	0:07:35
-After making his fortune -in the gold and silver mines...	0:07:42	0:07:46
-..he later moved to the foot -of the Siskiyou Mountains...	0:07:47	0:07:51
-..and opened a mountain house.	0:07:51	0:07:54
-It served as a stagecoach station -and a Pony Express office.	0:07:54	0:08:00
-Sam was still only in his 20s...	0:08:00	0:08:02
-..but he was wise enough -to notice a gap in the market...	0:08:03	0:08:06
-..since the advent -of the stagecoach and Pony Express.	0:08:07	0:08:11
-One day, Sam went hunting -in woodland near Yreka.	0:08:17	0:08:22
-He shot a deer, and as he lifted it -onto his horse...	0:08:24	0:08:28
-..he began coughing up blood -and fell seriously ill.	0:08:28	0:08:32
-The doctors told him...	0:08:38	0:08:40
-..that he had contracted TB -as a result of the arrow injury.	0:08:41	0:08:45
-He decided to sell his properties -in California and Oregon.	0:08:45	0:08:49
-By this time, he had started -rearing cattle on a large scale.	0:08:49	0:08:54
-Along with three companions...	0:08:54	0:08:56
-..he headed to Texas -to begin ranching.	0:08:56	0:09:00
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-On their way to Texas...	0:09:27	0:09:29
-..Sam and his three companions -camped here near Gila Bend...	0:09:30	0:09:35
-..in the sweltering heat -of the Arizona desert.	0:09:35	0:09:38
-Once again, -Sam was struck down by TB.	0:09:43	0:09:45
-His three companions -journeyed to Texas without him.	0:09:46	0:09:49
-Sam stayed behind -and befriended three girls...	0:09:49	0:09:53
-..who came to a nearby well -to fetch water.	0:09:53	0:09:56
-He decided to stay and settled -in a neighbouring village.	0:09:57	0:10:01
-He came here to Tucson, Arizona.	0:10:01	0:10:05
-It was nothing like it is today.	0:10:14	0:10:16
-It was a tiny village inhabited -by Native Americans and Mexicans.	0:10:17	0:10:22
-But there was a small circle -of people known as Anglos.	0:10:23	0:10:27
-Sam took charge of them...	0:10:27	0:10:29
-..and began what he referred to -as a hobby of building a city.	0:10:30	0:10:35
-The population of Tucson -is now over half a million.	0:10:35	0:10:39
-Sam was responsible -for developing what we see today.	0:10:39	0:10:43
-He formed a local government -and opened banks.	0:10:43	0:10:47
-He did all this -while he was still in his 20s.	0:10:47	0:10:50
-He had only ever had -one day of formal education.	0:10:50	0:10:54
-He also founded a successful -grain-selling business.	0:10:54	0:10:58
-Following his success in the grain -and animal feed industry...	0:11:00	0:11:05
-..he invested -in a butcher's business.	0:11:05	0:11:08
-He was making serious money.	0:11:08	0:11:10
-He admitted to making a fortune.	0:11:10	0:11:13
-He secured major contracts with -stagecoach stations and the army...	0:11:13	0:11:18
-..as far away as Apache Pass.	0:11:18	0:11:20
-The town's influential families -were of Mexican descent.	0:11:20	0:11:25
-One of them -was the Santa Cruz family.	0:11:25	0:11:28
-Sam Hughes became friendly -with their daughter, Atanacia.	0:11:28	0:11:32
-In May 1862...	0:11:32	0:11:35
-..the couple married...	0:11:35	0:11:37
-..here at the San Xavier Mission.	0:11:38	0:11:41
-Atanacia Santa Cruz...	0:11:41	0:11:43
-..was eleven years -and seven months old.	0:11:44	0:11:47
-They lived happily for the rest of -their lives and raised 15 children.	0:11:47	0:11:53
-I wish I had known him.	0:11:55	0:11:57
-I knew his wife, Atanacia -Borges Santa Cruz Hughes...	0:11:57	0:12:03
-..but I did not know Sam.	0:12:03	0:12:05
-He died before I was born.	0:12:05	0:12:07
-But I always heard -wonderful things about him...	0:12:07	0:12:11
-..and his love -for his adopted country, America...	0:12:11	0:12:16
-..and his desire -for Arizona to become a state.	0:12:16	0:12:21
-He worked hard for that.	0:12:21	0:12:23
-He was interested -in building the area.	0:12:23	0:12:28
-Sam built this house.	0:12:38	0:12:42
-He and his very young wife -came to live here.	0:12:42	0:12:46
-As the family grew, -the house was extended...	0:12:46	0:12:50
-..until it became -a substantial dwelling...	0:12:50	0:12:54
-..to accommodate 15 children.	0:12:54	0:12:56
-Goodness me!	0:12:56	0:12:58
-Although Sam himself -hadn't been educated...	0:13:21	0:13:24
-..he strongly believed -in bringing education to Tucson...	0:13:24	0:13:29
-..as the city developed.	0:13:29	0:13:31
-He wanted to introduce culture -to this region...	0:13:31	0:13:35
-..to civilize the Wild West.	0:13:35	0:13:38
-What do you know about Sam Hughes, -which this school is named after?	0:13:57	0:14:02
-Anybody know anything about him?	0:14:02	0:14:04
-He has a neighbourhood.	0:14:05	0:14:06
-He has a neighbourhood. - -He owns a neighbourhood.	0:14:06	0:14:08
-He was born in Wales.	0:14:08	0:14:09
-He was born in Wales. - -He was born in Wales.	0:14:09	0:14:11
-I was going to say he was Welsh.	0:14:11	0:14:13
-I was going to say he was Welsh. - -He was Welsh. Good.	0:14:13	0:14:15
-He helped start public schools.	0:14:15	0:14:17
-He helped start public schools. - -He did.	0:14:17	0:14:18
-So he did a lot for Tucson -when he arrived here.	0:14:19	0:14:22
-In 1861, the bloody -American Civil War broke out.	0:14:26	0:14:31
-Although Arizona wasn't a state, -Sam was a staunch republican.	0:14:31	0:14:35
-He vehemently opposed slavery.	0:14:36	0:14:38
-When the Confederate army -reached Tucson, Sam had to flee...	0:14:38	0:14:42
-..or else he would have been killed -for his beliefs.	0:14:43	0:14:46
-When Sam fled -during the Civil War...	0:14:54	0:14:56
-..he left his friend, Hiram, -in charge of his butcher's business.	0:14:57	0:15:01
-According to some, -the business grew...	0:15:01	0:15:05
-..because Hiram sold meat -to the Confederate army.	0:15:05	0:15:09
-Sam would have been livid -had he known.	0:15:10	0:15:12
-He later returned...	0:15:12	0:15:14
-..with the armies of Colonel West -and liberated Tucson.	0:15:14	0:15:19
-Thanks to Hughes and his friends, -Tucson developed...	0:15:19	0:15:23
-..but law and order -was an alien concept.	0:15:23	0:15:27
-Unfortunately, as Tucson grew...	0:15:27	0:15:30
-..so too did the anarchy -and the fighting seen in westerns.	0:15:30	0:15:34
-Sam was appointed sheriff.	0:15:43	0:15:46
-He was handy with his fists, -but he never killed anyone.	0:15:46	0:15:50
-Or so he claimed.	0:15:51	0:15:52
-Once Sam had settled in Tucson, -copper was discovered.	0:15:56	0:16:00
-Many came here to work, -including miners from Anglesey.	0:16:00	0:16:05
-Hughes invested his money -in these mines.	0:16:06	0:16:09
-He also started to develop -surrounding villages.	0:16:09	0:16:14
-Among them is Tombstone, -home of the famous OK Corral.	0:16:14	0:16:18
-Last time, I mentioned Lewis, -Sam's younger brother.	0:16:29	0:16:33
-He was sold as an indentured slave.	0:16:34	0:16:36
-He was released at the age of 15, -with 15 in his pocket.	0:16:37	0:16:40
-He attended a local Unitarian -academy and became a radical.	0:16:40	0:16:44
-He came to Arizona -to follow his brother...	0:16:45	0:16:48
-..and established -the Arizona Daily Star.	0:16:48	0:16:52
-It is now the only newspaper -to be published in Tucson.	0:16:52	0:16:56
-Lewis kept a gun -in his desk drawer...	0:16:57	0:17:00
-..perhaps to defend himself -from his brothers!	0:17:01	0:17:05
-He and his wife defended -women's rights and temperance...	0:17:05	0:17:09
-..which was anathema -to the excesses of the Wild West.	0:17:10	0:17:15
-During the 1860s and 1870s...	0:17:16	0:17:20
-..the town of Tucson -grew substantially.	0:17:20	0:17:23
-Sam Hughes -was instrumental in its development.	0:17:23	0:17:27
-He had his finger in many pies.	0:17:28	0:17:30
-As Tucson grew, -so did Sam's importance.	0:17:31	0:17:35
-He was an influential Freemason, -like all good Welshmen.	0:17:35	0:17:40
-Eventually, Sam was appointed -Adjutant General...	0:17:40	0:17:45
-..for the entire territory -of Arizona.	0:17:45	0:17:49
-Following a successful butcher's -business, Sam reared cattle.	0:17:49	0:17:54
-He began to ranch on a large scale.	0:17:55	0:17:57
-His background in Hendrewilym -came in useful.	0:17:58	0:18:01
-As a result, -his wealth and influence grew.	0:18:01	0:18:05
-But as Tucson developed...	0:18:06	0:18:08
-..the Native Americans -were a cause for concern.	0:18:08	0:18:12
-The Apaches had moved -to their sacred lands near Tucson.	0:18:12	0:18:18
-Sam and his contemporaries -viewed this as a threat...	0:18:19	0:18:23
-..to the town's trade and commerce.	0:18:23	0:18:27
-By 1871, people's ill will -towards the Apaches had grown.	0:18:29	0:18:34
-Outside Tucson, highwaymen stole -from stagecoaches like this one.	0:18:34	0:18:40
-It was an everyday occurrence.	0:18:42	0:18:44
-A rumour reached Tucson -that the Apaches were responsible.	0:18:44	0:18:49
-But it was the Europeans -who were guilty of the robberies.	0:18:49	0:18:53
-Sam did nothing to quell the rumour, -so the ill will grew.	0:18:53	0:18:59
-In the spring of 1871, -Sam and his friends took up arms...	0:18:59	0:19:04
-..and formed an enormous army -to attack the Apaches.	0:19:04	0:19:08
-There were certainly strong ideas -in Wales during the 19th century...	0:19:08	0:19:14
-..that Wales -was the centre of civilization.	0:19:15	0:19:18
-White people had a higher status...	0:19:20	0:19:23
-..than other ethnic groups, -including Native Americans...	0:19:23	0:19:27
-..who were considered inferior.	0:19:28	0:19:30
-This also stemmed from religion -at that time.	0:19:30	0:19:34
-There was this idea that Wales -was going to civilize the world.	0:19:34	0:19:38
-The Camp Grant Massacre...	0:19:50	0:19:53
-..is one of the darkest clouds -over Arizona's history.	0:19:53	0:19:58
-It ignited the bloody Apache Wars.	0:19:58	0:20:02
-This was the mindset at that time.	0:20:03	0:20:06
-The population of Tucson supported -Sam Hughes and his followers.	0:20:07	0:20:12
-The Apaches at Camp Grant -were attacked...	0:20:12	0:20:15
-..because they had settled -too close to Tucson...	0:20:15	0:20:19
-..and were a threat -to the town's commerce.	0:20:19	0:20:22
-Old people were murdered and women -were raped, mutilated and killed.	0:20:22	0:20:27
-The children were taken to Tucson -to be sold as slaves.	0:20:27	0:20:32
-A long time ago, my ancestors...	0:20:33	0:20:37
-..the Apache people, -were killed by the white man.	0:20:37	0:20:40
-My great-great-grandmothers -were there with their children...	0:20:41	0:20:45
-..and they were massacred -on that day.	0:20:45	0:20:50
-The Camp Grant Massacre...	0:20:58	0:21:00
-..was a slaughter of the Apaches.	0:21:01	0:21:04
-It was funded -by a man named Sam Hughes.	0:21:05	0:21:08
-Supposedly, -the Camp Grant Massacre happened...	0:21:08	0:21:12
-..because the Apaches were accused -of raiding around the area.	0:21:13	0:21:16
-It was said that somebody else -was raiding these people.	0:21:17	0:21:20
-They thought it was the Apaches...	0:21:21	0:21:23
-..because they were -the closest people nearby...	0:21:24	0:21:27
-..so they accused them -of raiding their homes and stuff.	0:21:27	0:21:32
-It took many years for the Apaches -to forgive the Tucson people.	0:21:32	0:21:38
-The men responsible were tried.	0:21:38	0:21:41
-The case lasted ten minutes -before they were released.	0:21:41	0:21:45
-This photograph taken afterwards -shows both the judge and Sam Hughes.	0:21:45	0:21:51
-We must accept Sam Hughes -in his historical context.	0:21:52	0:21:57
-He thought he was doing his best -for the city which he built.	0:21:57	0:22:02
-The city is still grateful to him -to this day...	0:22:02	0:22:06
-..for establishing -important institutions.	0:22:07	0:22:10
-So this is it, -the grave of Sam Hughes.	0:22:56	0:22:59
-He committed -numerous transgressions...	0:22:59	0:23:02
-..but who are we to judge today?	0:23:02	0:23:05
-He certainly fulfilled his dream -of building a city.	0:23:05	0:23:10
-The residents of Tucson -should be very grateful...	0:23:11	0:23:15
-..to Sam Hughes, -the Welshman from Clydey.	0:23:15	0:23:19
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:23:50	0:23:52
-.	0:23:53	0:23:53

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Sam Hughes: Cowboi Penfro

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