Browse content similar to Adeiladu. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Line | From | To | |
---|---|---|---|
-Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-The castle - an image of Wales... | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
-..that's famous -throughout the world. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:14 | |
-During this series... | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
-..I'll explore -the castle's construction... | 0:00:20 | 0:00:24 | |
-..defences and decoration. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:28 | |
-It's an astonishing story and one -that is quintessentially Welsh. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:35 | |
-There are more castles -per square mile in Wales... | 0:00:35 | 0:00:38 | |
-..than any other similar country. | 0:00:39 | 0:00:41 | |
-They attract droves of visitors. | 0:00:41 | 0:00:44 | |
-But for us, -they're an uncomfortable legacy. | 0:00:47 | 0:00:50 | |
-The outcome of ferocious battles -that led to us being conquered. | 0:00:50 | 0:00:55 | |
-In order to understand -the true meaning of the castle... | 0:00:59 | 0:01:03 | |
-..I've been -on a journey through Wales. | 0:01:03 | 0:01:06 | |
-Over the border -and across the continent... | 0:01:06 | 0:01:10 | |
-..to see how the castle -claims a prominent place... | 0:01:11 | 0:01:14 | |
-..in many countries' histories, -capturing the imagination... | 0:01:14 | 0:01:19 | |
-..of people of all ages -and arousing a lasting interest. | 0:01:19 | 0:01:23 | |
-How does the castle -occupy our dreams... | 0:01:23 | 0:01:27 | |
-..and capture our imagination? | 0:01:27 | 0:01:30 | |
-To answer that question... | 0:01:31 | 0:01:33 | |
-..one must work out exactly -what is the nature of the castle. | 0:01:34 | 0:01:38 | |
-Is it a fortress or is it a home? | 0:01:40 | 0:01:43 | |
-Is it a combination -of pride and folly? | 0:01:46 | 0:01:49 | |
-Or does it combine a vision -with hard labour, skill... | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
-..and determination? | 0:01:55 | 0:01:57 | |
-Does it eventually prove -that it is military power... | 0:01:57 | 0:02:01 | |
-..that counts? | 0:02:01 | 0:02:03 | |
-Or does it embody bravery -and honour, love and romance? | 0:02:03 | 0:02:08 | |
-Does it frighten or does it excite? | 0:02:10 | 0:02:14 | |
-It's a prominent -and powerful symbol... | 0:02:16 | 0:02:19 | |
-..but do we -truly understand the castle? | 0:02:19 | 0:02:22 | |
-How on earth do you go about -building on such a huge scale? | 0:02:32 | 0:02:37 | |
-How were castles constructed -centuries ago... | 0:02:37 | 0:02:41 | |
-..without the aid -of modern machinery? | 0:02:41 | 0:02:44 | |
-Imagine trying to build -in these hostile surroundings. | 0:02:44 | 0:02:48 | |
-On barren, rocky land with the -constant threat of enemy attack. | 0:02:48 | 0:02:53 | |
-With no machines, -no vehicles or even roads. | 0:02:53 | 0:02:57 | |
-It was a major construction project. | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
-In the first episode -of this series... | 0:03:03 | 0:03:06 | |
-..we focus -on the construction itself... | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
-..and the manpower -that was vital to build a castle. | 0:03:10 | 0:03:13 | |
-950 men here in Harlech. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:18 | |
-A strict regime was required... | 0:03:18 | 0:03:21 | |
-..to achieve the desired effect. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:23 | |
-A clear vision -and numerous resources. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:26 | |
-A supply of wood and stone -as well as lime, lead and iron... | 0:03:27 | 0:03:31 | |
-..from all over Wales and beyond. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:33 | |
-A global shopping list. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:36 | |
-Skill coupled with elbow grease. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:42 | |
-Might and meticulous planning -are on display here. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
-The builders of the Middle Ages -faced unique problems. | 0:03:54 | 0:03:58 | |
-These days, new buildings -are erected everywhere in Wales. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:04 | |
-It's easy to forget -that every major building project... | 0:04:06 | 0:04:10 | |
-..is nothing short of a miracle. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:13 | |
-It requires careful planning, -skill and labour. | 0:04:14 | 0:04:18 | |
-And a huge amount of money. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
-That was also true 1,000 years ago. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:26 | |
-The castle -came to Wales with the Normans. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:37 | |
-But the Welsh princes -built castles too. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
-Their sole purpose wasn't merely to -defend the country against invaders. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:50 | |
-The castles weren't built to -keep out the English or the Normans. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:54 | |
-They were power bases... | 0:04:55 | 0:04:57 | |
-..for territorial ambitions. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:00 | |
-But it was English hands -that built the largest castles. | 0:05:05 | 0:05:09 | |
-Their might -was reflected in each stone. | 0:05:09 | 0:05:14 | |
-The castles -weren't open and inviting. | 0:05:14 | 0:05:17 | |
-They were closed -for a particular purpose. | 0:05:17 | 0:05:20 | |
-They housed an army whose duty -it was to keep the Welsh out. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:26 | |
-For thousands of years... | 0:05:36 | 0:05:38 | |
-..stone was -one the main materials for building. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:42 | |
-Long before the Romans came... | 0:05:43 | 0:05:46 | |
-..the stone ramparts of -the hill-fort sheltered the Celts. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:50 | |
-This was -a secure stronghold for the tribe... | 0:05:59 | 0:06:02 | |
-..to defend their territory -and raise their families. | 0:06:03 | 0:06:06 | |
-In an age -of brutal raids and invasions... | 0:06:13 | 0:06:16 | |
-..a defensive fort was essential. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:19 | |
-Which explains Roman forts, which -offered shelter for their legions. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:27 | |
-The stone walls -defined the empire's boundaries. | 0:06:27 | 0:06:32 | |
-But the nature of the castle -was different. | 0:06:35 | 0:06:39 | |
-An entire tribe -lived in a hill-fort. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
-An entire legion in a Roman fort. | 0:06:43 | 0:06:46 | |
-But a castle offers security -for a powerful individual... | 0:06:46 | 0:06:50 | |
-..and his close family. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:52 | |
-It serves a military purpose, -of course. | 0:06:53 | 0:06:55 | |
-But it can also be -a centre of administration... | 0:06:56 | 0:06:59 | |
-..to implement a system -of civil rights. | 0:06:59 | 0:07:03 | |
-Raglan Castle in Monmouthshire... | 0:07:03 | 0:07:06 | |
-..fulfilled a public role. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:09 | |
-But like every other castle, -it was a defensive fortress... | 0:07:10 | 0:07:14 | |
-..as well as -a residence at the same time. | 0:07:14 | 0:07:17 | |
-A huge private house. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:19 | |
-It was a fort and a home. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:22 | |
-Though the relationship between -the two changed over the years... | 0:07:22 | 0:07:27 | |
-..those two purposes were at the -forefront of the builders' minds. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:32 | |
-In 1066, William the Conqueror -crossed the Channel... | 0:07:35 | 0:07:40 | |
-..and brought new methods -to the battlefield. | 0:07:40 | 0:07:43 | |
-First came galloping horses. | 0:07:48 | 0:07:50 | |
-Riders on horseback -and castle builders alike. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:55 | |
-The combination of both was a shock -to the Saxons. It overpowered them. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:02 | |
-Suddenly, in England... | 0:08:03 | 0:08:06 | |
-..new structures -were appearing like mushrooms. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:10 | |
-A mound of soil, a motte, was built -up with a wooden tower on top... | 0:08:12 | 0:08:17 | |
-..surrounded by a bailey, an -enclosure for people and animals... | 0:08:18 | 0:08:22 | |
-..protected by a ditch -and an earthen rampart. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:25 | |
-These were basic castles - -simple to erect and easy to defend. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:36 | |
-They were very successful... | 0:08:36 | 0:08:41 | |
-..as the Normans retained -their occupation of the land. | 0:08:41 | 0:08:44 | |
-There were hundreds of similar -castles up and down the country. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:50 | |
-Almost all have disappeared by now. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:54 | |
-They've blended -back into the landscape. | 0:08:54 | 0:08:58 | |
-If you look carefully, -they're relatively easy to find. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:02 | |
-And there's no need to venture -the other side of Offa's Dyke. | 0:09:02 | 0:09:07 | |
-It's strange -how quick things developed... | 0:09:07 | 0:09:10 | |
-..once the Normans arrived. | 0:09:10 | 0:09:12 | |
-Less than 10 years -after William the Conqueror... | 0:09:13 | 0:09:16 | |
-..reached southern England, they -were building castles in Wales. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:21 | |
-Castles like Hen Domen -in Monmouthshire. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:23 | |
-Its Welsh name eludes to... | 0:09:24 | 0:09:26 | |
-..an old mound of earth -surrounded by a ditch. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:29 | |
-It stands guard over -a strategically important ford... | 0:09:29 | 0:09:33 | |
-..across the River Severn below. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:35 | |
-Because of the -motte-and-bailey's simplicity... | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
-..the Normans occupied -English territories with ease. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:46 | |
-Their intention -was to take control... | 0:09:46 | 0:09:49 | |
-..so they built stone towers -to dominate the landscape. | 0:09:49 | 0:09:52 | |
-To see a very early example -of an imposing Norman tower... | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
-..one must come -to Rochester in Kent. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:03 | |
-The name given -to this kind of tower... | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
-..was donjon, meaning a keep -in English and gorthwr in Welsh. | 0:10:06 | 0:10:11 | |
-In any language, -it clearly denotes... | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
-..that these stonemasons -had impeccable skills. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:18 | |
-Apart from a few churches... | 0:10:34 | 0:10:36 | |
-..the Saxons didn't have -a stonemasonry tradition. | 0:10:36 | 0:10:39 | |
-Their new masters had to bring -their essential skills from France. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:51 | |
-But the Normans -were fully prepared... | 0:10:58 | 0:11:02 | |
-..to invest in such stonemasonry, -since a solid stone castle... | 0:11:03 | 0:11:07 | |
-..like the one in Rochester, -was very hard to seize. | 0:11:07 | 0:11:11 | |
-This Norman keep -is substantial and lofty. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:26 | |
-It's the tallest in England. | 0:11:26 | 0:11:28 | |
-There's a wall right in the centre -which divides the place in two... | 0:11:28 | 0:11:33 | |
-..and strengthens the structure. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:35 | |
-But there's also -another typical feature. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:39 | |
-It wasn't a soldier who designed -this place but a cleric. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:43 | |
-William of Corbeil. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:50 | |
-A baron and archbishop. | 0:11:52 | 0:11:54 | |
-He was responsible -for the structural completion... | 0:11:59 | 0:12:03 | |
-..of Canterbury Cathedral. | 0:12:03 | 0:12:06 | |
-He also erected Rochester Castle. | 0:12:08 | 0:12:12 | |
-His influence -can still be seen today. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:15 | |
-Stones from nearby quarries... | 0:12:17 | 0:12:20 | |
-..adorn the surface of the tower... | 0:12:20 | 0:12:23 | |
-..which has -a craggy and unstable appearance. | 0:12:23 | 0:12:26 | |
-For the more intricate work... | 0:12:27 | 0:12:29 | |
-..on the corners -of the windows and doors... | 0:12:29 | 0:12:32 | |
-..William insisted on importing -stone from Caen in Normandy... | 0:12:32 | 0:12:36 | |
-..which explains -the yellow hue to the stone. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:41 | |
-William's castle -combines strength and beauty... | 0:12:44 | 0:12:49 | |
-..on a massive scale. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:52 | |
-As I stand -in the shade of the castle... | 0:12:55 | 0:12:57 | |
-..you can feel the place's -authority, even to this day. | 0:12:58 | 0:13:01 | |
-Every stone eloquently announcing... | 0:13:01 | 0:13:04 | |
-..that this is a power house. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:07 | |
-And with its gleaming whitewash... | 0:13:14 | 0:13:17 | |
-..the walls of Rochester Castle -would declare that with clarity... | 0:13:17 | 0:13:21 | |
-..to everyone -who lived in its shadow. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:24 | |
-. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:25 | |
-Subtitles | 0:13:28 | 0:13:28 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:13:28 | 0:13:30 | |
-The Normans, Europe's most ferocious -conquerors of the Middle Ages. | 0:13:31 | 0:13:37 | |
-To dominate their new territories, -they had a new, powerful weapon. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:44 | |
-The castle. | 0:13:46 | 0:13:48 | |
-And the next target - Wales. | 0:13:50 | 0:13:53 | |
-A mere quarter of a century... | 0:13:53 | 0:13:55 | |
-..after William the Conqueror -seized the English crown... | 0:13:55 | 0:14:00 | |
-..the Normans had completed -the Great Tower of Chepstow Castle. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:05 | |
-Now, the paths to the South Wales -coastline were open to them. | 0:14:07 | 0:14:12 | |
-Soon, -there was a chain of castles... | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
-..extending -from Cardiff to Kidwelly... | 0:14:15 | 0:14:19 | |
-..and as far as Pembroke -in the west. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:21 | |
-There were dozens of castles -in the Welsh Marches... | 0:14:23 | 0:14:27 | |
-..and into South Wales. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:29 | |
-There are more castles there -than anywhere else in Europe. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:33 | |
-Very quickly, -the Norman barons came to power... | 0:14:33 | 0:14:37 | |
-..by building castles -along the Welsh Marches... | 0:14:37 | 0:14:40 | |
-..or Marchia Wallia, -to use its Latin name. | 0:14:41 | 0:14:44 | |
-It was far more difficult -to conquer Pura Wallia... | 0:14:44 | 0:14:48 | |
-..pure Wales. | 0:14:48 | 0:14:50 | |
-It would take two centuries -before the Welsh princes... | 0:14:51 | 0:14:55 | |
-..would yield the highlands. | 0:14:55 | 0:14:57 | |
-In the meantime, the Welsh -were prepared to attack the Marches. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:04 | |
-That's why the barons -had to erect so many castles there. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:08 | |
-They built motte-and-bailey castles -and regularly built stone castles. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:15 | |
-It changed the landscape completely. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:18 | |
-It was a tradition -that the Welsh gradually emulated. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
-The main emulator was Rhys -ap Gruffudd, Prince of Deheubarth. | 0:15:26 | 0:15:30 | |
-It was his choice -to erect castles... | 0:15:31 | 0:15:33 | |
-..on sites -such as that of Carreg Cennen. | 0:15:33 | 0:15:36 | |
-The Lord Rhys was a young man... | 0:15:38 | 0:15:40 | |
-..although he was -shrewd and observant. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:43 | |
-He studied -the techniques of the barons... | 0:15:43 | 0:15:46 | |
-..and used them against foreigners. | 0:15:46 | 0:15:48 | |
-He used horses to move men quickly -across the territory. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:52 | |
-He valued the castle's worth. | 0:15:52 | 0:15:54 | |
-Not only -did he manage to beat them... | 0:15:55 | 0:15:57 | |
-..he also earned their respect -and inherited a title from them. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:02 | |
-Ustus Deheudir Cymru. | 0:16:02 | 0:16:04 | |
-The Lord Rhys thwarted -the Normans' victorious procession. | 0:16:08 | 0:16:12 | |
-He used the oppressors' -secret weapon, the castle... | 0:16:14 | 0:16:18 | |
-..to stop them. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:20 | |
-Rhys was a 15-year-old... | 0:16:21 | 0:16:23 | |
-..based in a barracks -in Llansteffan in the 1140s. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:26 | |
-He already had military experience. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
-When he later -became Prince of Deheubarth... | 0:16:29 | 0:16:33 | |
-..he seized the castles -from the Normans... | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
-..and he and his sons built castles. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:38 | |
-Carreg Cennen, Dinefwr, -Dryslwyn and so on. | 0:16:39 | 0:16:43 | |
-In Cardigan, -he seized the town and the castle... | 0:16:44 | 0:16:47 | |
-..and held what we would call -an eisteddfod nowadays. | 0:16:47 | 0:16:51 | |
-A large festival to demonstrate -his successes and status. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:56 | |
-He was a pragmatist and open -to new influences and ideas. | 0:16:56 | 0:17:01 | |
-He was willing to work with -the Normans. He also emulated them. | 0:17:03 | 0:17:07 | |
-He saw that fighting was difficult. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:11 | |
-Being able to withstand the Normans -in the long-term was unlikely. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:17 | |
-A century later, it was -the turn of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd... | 0:17:21 | 0:17:25 | |
-..to challenge the English kings -by playing a dangerous game. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:29 | |
-It was his father -who erected Dolbadarn Castle... | 0:17:33 | 0:17:36 | |
-..to defend the paths -towards the heart of Snowdonia. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:40 | |
-Now it was Llywelyn who was using -the castle to highlight his power. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:45 | |
-This circular tower which reflects -the landscape around him... | 0:17:45 | 0:17:50 | |
-..clearly states, -"We own this place." | 0:17:50 | 0:17:53 | |
-And not only Gwynedd -but the whole of Wales. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:57 | |
-Llywelyn was confident enough to -strike a deal with the English king. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:04 | |
-In September 1267... | 0:18:04 | 0:18:07 | |
-..Llywelyn travelled to a ford -across a river on the border... | 0:18:08 | 0:18:13 | |
-..to meet Henry III. | 0:18:13 | 0:18:15 | |
-The outcome - a formal agreement -between Wales and England. | 0:18:20 | 0:18:25 | |
-The Treaty of Montgomery. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:27 | |
-This allowed Llywelyn to keep -his power and influence in Wales... | 0:18:29 | 0:18:34 | |
-..as long as he paid homage -to the King of England. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:37 | |
-Strongholds such as Castell y Bere -were essential to his plans... | 0:18:38 | 0:18:42 | |
-..to rule the entire country. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:45 | |
-These castles... | 0:18:45 | 0:18:47 | |
-..were usually erected -in mountainous regions... | 0:18:47 | 0:18:51 | |
-..in order to use the landscape. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:54 | |
-They were used -as much internally as externally... | 0:18:54 | 0:18:58 | |
-..not so much -to keep the English out. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:00 | |
-It was rare to see an English army -in Gwynedd during that time. | 0:19:01 | 0:19:05 | |
-It was more likely to see -numerous armies within Gwynedd. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:09 | |
-Compare them with Caernarfon -and they look small... | 0:19:10 | 0:19:13 | |
-..but before erecting Caernarfon... | 0:19:14 | 0:19:17 | |
-..they were very imposing. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:19 | |
-They were constructed -intricately and carefully. | 0:19:19 | 0:19:23 | |
-Some of the stonemasonry... | 0:19:23 | 0:19:27 | |
-..is very artistic and intricate. | 0:19:27 | 0:19:30 | |
-But Llywelyn yearned for something -more than his reign over Wales... | 0:19:35 | 0:19:40 | |
-..by trying to occupy Norman -territories in the Welsh Marches. | 0:19:41 | 0:19:45 | |
-A young Norman baron -called Gilbert de Clare... | 0:19:47 | 0:19:51 | |
-..is willing to break new ground -to meet his threat. | 0:19:51 | 0:19:55 | |
-In Caerphilly, he changes the course -of the river to create ditches... | 0:19:56 | 0:20:01 | |
-..to encircle the castle. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:04 | |
-It's part of an audacious plan to -build the biggest castle in Europe. | 0:20:04 | 0:20:09 | |
-This was -the first castle in Britain... | 0:20:09 | 0:20:12 | |
-..to include inner walls -within the external defensive walls. | 0:20:13 | 0:20:18 | |
-The sheer scale of Caerphilly Castle -is still astounding today. | 0:20:19 | 0:20:23 | |
-What's easy to forget -is how revolutionary... | 0:20:26 | 0:20:29 | |
-..Gilbert's design was at the time. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:32 | |
-It was his vision to create obstacle -upon obstacle upon obstacle... | 0:20:32 | 0:20:38 | |
-..to keep the enemy at bay. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:40 | |
-If attackers got through one door... | 0:20:43 | 0:20:46 | |
-..another awaited them. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:48 | |
-If they crossed the bridge, they'd -face an impenetrable portcullis... | 0:20:48 | 0:20:53 | |
-..and another set of doors. | 0:20:54 | 0:20:56 | |
-The castle's defenders could shoot -at the enemy from the turrets... | 0:20:56 | 0:21:00 | |
-..and on top of the walls. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:03 | |
-As well as this, -the castle's moat... | 0:21:05 | 0:21:08 | |
-..housed trebuchets... | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
-..whilst thwarting any attempt -to storm the castle. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
-It was an incredible design... | 0:21:18 | 0:21:20 | |
-..which kept the boldest enemy away. | 0:21:20 | 0:21:23 | |
-But how on earth was it possible... | 0:21:23 | 0:21:26 | |
-..to erect -such a huge fortification? | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
-A large workforce was essential... | 0:21:34 | 0:21:36 | |
-..to transport the materials -to the site and work there. | 0:21:37 | 0:21:40 | |
-Everything needed to be in order. | 0:21:44 | 0:21:46 | |
-They key figure -in Gilbert's project... | 0:21:47 | 0:21:51 | |
-..was his principal stonemason. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:54 | |
-As a modern-day architect, -he's the one... | 0:21:58 | 0:22:01 | |
-..who designs the building, -and as the walls are erected... | 0:22:01 | 0:22:05 | |
-..he's the one who solves -practical problems which may arise. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:10 | |
-He's a craftsman himself... | 0:22:11 | 0:22:14 | |
-..so he understands -how other craftsmen work. | 0:22:14 | 0:22:17 | |
-He's a competent -military engineer... | 0:22:17 | 0:22:20 | |
-..and contracts his fellow workers. | 0:22:20 | 0:22:24 | |
-Under the chief stonemason... | 0:22:29 | 0:22:31 | |
-..are the all-important carvers... | 0:22:31 | 0:22:34 | |
-..who carve the stone. | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
-It's their meticulous work... | 0:22:38 | 0:22:40 | |
-..that pushes the project forward. | 0:22:41 | 0:22:43 | |
-By combining their skills and the -vision of the master stonemason... | 0:22:55 | 0:22:59 | |
-..the castle is ready to inhabit -in less than three years... | 0:23:00 | 0:23:04 | |
-..despite Llywelyn's efforts -to deter them. | 0:23:06 | 0:23:10 | |
-De Clare's workers... | 0:23:13 | 0:23:15 | |
-..deserve -every penny of their wages. | 0:23:15 | 0:23:18 | |
-Their outstanding workmanship -will stand the test of time. | 0:23:19 | 0:23:23 | |
-A masterpiece of design, -hard labour and craftsmanship. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:31 | |
-It's a definite blow... | 0:23:33 | 0:23:35 | |
-..to Llywelyn's aspirations -of ruling over the entire nation. | 0:23:36 | 0:23:40 | |
-However, his battle wasn't over yet. | 0:23:42 | 0:23:46 | |
-. | 0:23:48 | 0:23:48 | |
-Subtitles | 0:23:52 | 0:23:52 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:23:52 | 0:23:54 | |
-1277. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:57 | |
-The sun is setting -on the era of Welsh princes. | 0:23:57 | 0:24:02 | |
-A new king reigns in England. | 0:24:07 | 0:24:09 | |
-Edward I, Edward Longshanks. | 0:24:09 | 0:24:11 | |
-He has an ambitious plan... | 0:24:16 | 0:24:19 | |
-..to build a ring of castles... | 0:24:19 | 0:24:21 | |
-..along the coastline -of North Wales. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:25 | |
-Edward is an energetic -and pugnacious king... | 0:24:25 | 0:24:28 | |
-..who's keen -to leave his mark on Britain. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:32 | |
-But when Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, -the Prince of Wales... | 0:24:38 | 0:24:42 | |
-..refuses to pay homage to him... | 0:24:42 | 0:24:44 | |
-..Edward deploys 15,000 soldiers... | 0:24:45 | 0:24:47 | |
-..to threaten him into submission. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
-Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's -biggest problem... | 0:24:52 | 0:24:55 | |
-..was the fact that Edward I... | 0:24:56 | 0:24:58 | |
-..was the unyielding -King of England. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:01 | |
-The conflict rages on. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:05 | |
-For a time, Llywelyn manages -to retain his grip on Gwynedd. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:09 | |
-Llywelyn has his own castles... | 0:25:11 | 0:25:14 | |
-..but these fail -to keep him completely secure. | 0:25:14 | 0:25:18 | |
-Among his own people... | 0:25:18 | 0:25:20 | |
-..Llywelyn wasn't as popular -as we'd expect him to be. | 0:25:20 | 0:25:24 | |
-One of the reasons was because he'd -been fighting against Edward I... | 0:25:25 | 0:25:29 | |
-..for a number of years, Llywelyn -had been taxing his people. | 0:25:30 | 0:25:34 | |
-He'd been hard on his subjects. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:36 | |
-His kingdom's foundations -were starting to shake... | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
-..and there's worse to come. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:44 | |
-In 1282, during childbirth... | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
-..Llywelyn's wife, Eleanor, dies. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:51 | |
-Without a male heir -and without much hope... | 0:25:55 | 0:25:59 | |
-..our last prince -joins his brother... | 0:25:59 | 0:26:02 | |
-..in an open revolt -against the English. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
-Llywelyn was dead within a month. | 0:26:11 | 0:26:13 | |
-A new poverty swept the territory... | 0:26:19 | 0:26:22 | |
-..as every Welsh home and castle... | 0:26:22 | 0:26:26 | |
-..grieved wildly for him. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:28 | |
-The home fires were cold. | 0:26:28 | 0:26:30 | |
-Ruins echo our history. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:38 | |
-This structure -has a real sense of longing. | 0:26:38 | 0:26:42 | |
-Llywelyn Fawr -erected Castell y Bere... | 0:26:42 | 0:26:45 | |
-..and this was Gwynedd's -headquarters for decades... | 0:26:45 | 0:26:48 | |
-..until Edward, with -his desire and power, seized it. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:53 | |
-Though the Welsh had regrouped... | 0:26:53 | 0:26:55 | |
-..Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf was dead. | 0:26:56 | 0:26:59 | |
-The age of the princes, the -Welsh princes, had come to an end. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:04 | |
-Not for everyone, perhaps, -but for many of the chief poets... | 0:27:08 | 0:27:13 | |
-..losing Llywelyn -marked the end of everything. | 0:27:13 | 0:27:17 | |
-They continued writing poetry -about the end of the world. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:20 | |
-The most famous elegy is a poem -by Gruffudd ab Yr Ynad Coch... | 0:27:21 | 0:27:25 | |
-..which refers to the death -of Llywelyn as the apocalypse. | 0:27:25 | 0:27:30 | |
-The trees collide with each other. | 0:27:37 | 0:27:40 | |
-The sea swallows the land. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:43 | |
-The stars fall. | 0:27:43 | 0:27:45 | |
-Gruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch asks, -"How can life continue? | 0:27:45 | 0:27:49 | |
-"Isn't the world coming to an end?" | 0:27:49 | 0:27:52 | |
-And if the end was nigh... | 0:27:53 | 0:27:55 | |
-..there was nowhere -for the natives to take refuge... | 0:27:55 | 0:27:59 | |
-..not even -in the mountains of Snowdonia. | 0:27:59 | 0:28:02 | |
-At one time, hill-country like this -and remote rocks... | 0:28:06 | 0:28:10 | |
-..kept the Welsh safe. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:13 | |
-But following Llywelyn's death, -there was nowhere for them to flee. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:18 | |
-Even after the English conquered, -they didn't build fewer castles... | 0:28:18 | 0:28:23 | |
-..they built more, many of which -were oppressive fortifications. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:28 | |
-Edward had -already built large castles... | 0:28:29 | 0:28:32 | |
-..to keep the Welsh in their place. | 0:28:32 | 0:28:34 | |
-Now he sets about -encircling them completely. | 0:28:34 | 0:28:39 | |
-An iron ring. | 0:28:39 | 0:28:41 | |
-That was its nickname. | 0:28:41 | 0:28:44 | |
-The most ambitious building project -in the whole of Europe... | 0:28:44 | 0:28:49 | |
-..during the Middle Ages. | 0:28:49 | 0:28:51 | |
-To promote the venture, a formidable -headquarters was built in Conwy. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:56 | |
-The king's office. | 0:28:56 | 0:28:58 | |
-Seizing Wales -was a big thing for Edward I. | 0:29:01 | 0:29:04 | |
-It took a lot of effort. | 0:29:04 | 0:29:06 | |
-All his soldiers were deployed. -He wanted to show his importance. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:11 | |
-That's why he erected the castles. -They are huge. | 0:29:11 | 0:29:16 | |
-They were unlike anything else -seen in Wales at the time. | 0:29:16 | 0:29:21 | |
-It took an ingenious architect... | 0:29:27 | 0:29:29 | |
-..to realize Edward's dream. | 0:29:30 | 0:29:32 | |
-This is the man for the job. | 0:29:34 | 0:29:36 | |
-Edward had met him... | 0:29:37 | 0:29:39 | |
-..after his return -from the Crusades. | 0:29:40 | 0:29:42 | |
-Now, James from Saint George -comes to Wales... | 0:29:42 | 0:29:46 | |
-..as the master mason -of the king's work. | 0:29:46 | 0:29:49 | |
-Master James' unique -architectural signature... | 0:29:51 | 0:29:55 | |
-..can be seen -on all of Edward's castles. | 0:29:55 | 0:29:59 | |
-But, of course, he wasn't -solely responsible for all the work. | 0:29:59 | 0:30:04 | |
-Many accomplished craftsmen... | 0:30:04 | 0:30:07 | |
-..came to work -alongside Master James. | 0:30:07 | 0:30:10 | |
-His military engineer, -Bertrand de Saltu. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:14 | |
-His principal carpenter, -Philip Senta. | 0:30:16 | 0:30:18 | |
-And Stephen the Painter, -his chief decorative artist. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:25 | |
-All the locations identified -had one thing in common. | 0:30:25 | 0:30:29 | |
-They were all situated by the sea. | 0:30:29 | 0:30:32 | |
-If the rebellious Welsh... | 0:30:32 | 0:30:34 | |
-..blockaded them by land... | 0:30:35 | 0:30:38 | |
-..Edward could ship in men -to any of his castles... | 0:30:38 | 0:30:42 | |
-..to lift any potential siege. | 0:30:43 | 0:30:45 | |
-That was true of Conwy Castle -and further west in Caernarfon. | 0:30:45 | 0:30:50 | |
-The last castle to be built -was Beaumaris. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:55 | |
-An impenetrable fortification -of concentric walls. | 0:30:55 | 0:31:00 | |
-Work began on Harlech... | 0:31:05 | 0:31:08 | |
-..in April 1283. | 0:31:09 | 0:31:11 | |
-This is beautiful architecture. | 0:31:12 | 0:31:14 | |
-An attractive image -befitting any marketing campaign... | 0:31:14 | 0:31:19 | |
-..to attract 21st-century visitors. | 0:31:19 | 0:31:22 | |
-At the end -of a balmy summer's day... | 0:31:25 | 0:31:28 | |
-..this place -is like a picture postcard... | 0:31:28 | 0:31:31 | |
-..with the mountains -providing a dramatic backdrop. | 0:31:31 | 0:31:35 | |
-Imagine the scene -after it had been newly built. | 0:31:35 | 0:31:38 | |
-It tamed the landscape and anyone -who dared to walk through it. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:44 | |
-Today the castle faces westwards... | 0:31:44 | 0:31:48 | |
-..over acres of land -that was once sea. | 0:31:48 | 0:31:51 | |
-Back then, it stood -directly above the shoreline. | 0:31:56 | 0:32:00 | |
-It was possible for Edward's army -to reach Harlech from the sea. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:07 | |
-Building -in these surroundings was a feat. | 0:32:09 | 0:32:12 | |
-Dense walls... | 0:32:12 | 0:32:14 | |
-..a secure path -to reach the sea below. | 0:32:15 | 0:32:19 | |
-High towers and ramparts. | 0:32:21 | 0:32:23 | |
-All this had to be constructed -on remote land... | 0:32:26 | 0:32:30 | |
-..under -the hostile eye of the Welsh. | 0:32:30 | 0:32:33 | |
-We all know the problems -of building work on our homes... | 0:32:37 | 0:32:41 | |
-..but when the project is large, -the complexities multiply too... | 0:32:41 | 0:32:46 | |
-..causing things to go awry. | 0:32:46 | 0:32:48 | |
-Edward had an enormous workforce. | 0:32:48 | 0:32:51 | |
-950 men here in Harlech. | 0:32:51 | 0:32:54 | |
-But a strict regime was needed to -ensure the work would be completed. | 0:32:54 | 0:32:59 | |
-By bringing -a large workforce together... | 0:33:23 | 0:33:27 | |
-..Master James -faced the kind of dilemma... | 0:33:27 | 0:33:30 | |
-..that's familiar to anyone -who's hired a builder nowadays. | 0:33:31 | 0:33:35 | |
-How did they control the cost? | 0:33:36 | 0:33:39 | |
-Master James -was under grave pressure... | 0:33:39 | 0:33:41 | |
-..to justify -every inch of his budget. | 0:33:42 | 0:33:45 | |
-Edward's beady eye... | 0:33:45 | 0:33:47 | |
-..watched his every move. | 0:33:48 | 0:33:50 | |
-Nobody wanted to anger Longshanks. | 0:33:50 | 0:33:53 | |
-Master James once wrote to the king, -stating, "In case you wondered... | 0:33:55 | 0:34:00 | |
-"..how so much money -can disappear in a week... | 0:34:00 | 0:34:04 | |
-"..I'd like you to understand -that we need 400 stonemasons... | 0:34:04 | 0:34:08 | |
-"..2,000 labourers, 100 carts... | 0:34:08 | 0:34:11 | |
-"..60 wagons... | 0:34:11 | 0:34:14 | |
-"..30 boats... | 0:34:14 | 0:34:17 | |
-"..200 quarrymen, 30 blacksmiths... | 0:34:17 | 0:34:20 | |
-"..and on top of that, carpenters." | 0:34:20 | 0:34:23 | |
-It's hard to imagine -how many resources, how many men... | 0:34:31 | 0:34:35 | |
-..how much money -was needed to do this. | 0:34:35 | 0:34:37 | |
-Edward had to borrow money from -European bankers to fund the build. | 0:34:38 | 0:34:42 | |
-He employed thousands of men -to clear forests... | 0:34:42 | 0:34:46 | |
-..and build secure paths so -that resources could be imported. | 0:34:47 | 0:34:51 | |
-He transformed Gwynedd. | 0:34:51 | 0:34:53 | |
-The king insisted -on seeing detailed records... | 0:34:55 | 0:34:58 | |
-..and costings for every item... | 0:34:59 | 0:35:01 | |
-..as rivers of money flowed -into Wales to pay the workforce. | 0:35:01 | 0:35:06 | |
-And, of course, -as well as the high labour costs... | 0:35:08 | 0:35:12 | |
-..he had to pay for -a mountain of materials. | 0:35:12 | 0:35:15 | |
-Lime and stone -from Anglesey and Caernarfon... | 0:35:16 | 0:35:19 | |
-..were dragged across land -by horse and cart... | 0:35:19 | 0:35:23 | |
-..or imported by sea. | 0:35:24 | 0:35:26 | |
-Lead from Bristol, iron from -the Midlands and wood from Flint. | 0:35:26 | 0:35:30 | |
-A global shopping list. | 0:35:30 | 0:35:33 | |
-It was enough to bankrupt a king... | 0:35:34 | 0:35:36 | |
-..which he narrowly avoided. | 0:35:36 | 0:35:39 | |
-Edward had to empty his coffers -and beg Parliament for more money. | 0:35:39 | 0:35:45 | |
-If London was surprised -at the king's demands... | 0:35:45 | 0:35:49 | |
-..it was nothing compared to -the after effects locally. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:54 | |
-You have to imagine substantial -numbers of men coming to Gwynedd... | 0:35:54 | 0:36:00 | |
-..to build these castles -over a matter of decades. | 0:36:00 | 0:36:03 | |
-It would've taken -considerable time to erect them. | 0:36:03 | 0:36:07 | |
-They would've been something that -transformed society and the economy. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:12 | |
-They weren't only castles, -towns accompanied them. | 0:36:13 | 0:36:16 | |
-It differed -from the age of the princes... | 0:36:16 | 0:36:19 | |
-..who kept administration separate. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:22 | |
-It was different for the English -who built these castles. | 0:36:22 | 0:36:26 | |
-They needed a secure presence... | 0:36:26 | 0:36:28 | |
-..and needed to be able -to protect themselves. | 0:36:28 | 0:36:31 | |
-Towns and castles went hand in hand. | 0:36:32 | 0:36:34 | |
-The castle had to be solid... | 0:36:36 | 0:36:38 | |
-..but beautiful at the same time. | 0:36:38 | 0:36:41 | |
-A fortress and a home to the king -and his court, from time to time. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:46 | |
-Craftsmen -were given an opportunity to shine. | 0:36:47 | 0:36:51 | |
-And you couldn't live in style... | 0:36:56 | 0:37:00 | |
-..without the carpenters' input. | 0:37:00 | 0:37:03 | |
-Luckily, there were plenty -of forests available locally. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:07 | |
-Large scaffolding was required -to work on every wall... | 0:37:10 | 0:37:15 | |
-..not to mention the intricate -wooden fretwork inside. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:20 | |
-Laying floors for a high tower... | 0:37:25 | 0:37:28 | |
-..was a feat in itself. | 0:37:28 | 0:37:31 | |
-The final touches were decorative. | 0:37:45 | 0:37:49 | |
-In order to create -intricate patterns... | 0:37:49 | 0:37:53 | |
-..artists used stencils... | 0:37:54 | 0:37:56 | |
-..and traced shapes on pieces -of paper to create an outline... | 0:37:56 | 0:38:00 | |
-..on the surface -of the material underneath. | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
-Rarely did a Welshman see -the inside of the completed halls... | 0:38:21 | 0:38:25 | |
-..and chambers... | 0:38:26 | 0:38:28 | |
-..or an English labourer, -come to that. | 0:38:29 | 0:38:31 | |
-But Master James understood -their importance to the king. | 0:38:32 | 0:38:36 | |
-He boasted about their charm to -the court's barons and aristocrats. | 0:38:36 | 0:38:41 | |
-Might and meticulous planning. | 0:38:42 | 0:38:45 | |
-Both are on display -here in Harelch Castle. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:49 | |
-The place claims authority -over land and see. | 0:38:49 | 0:38:52 | |
-Edward was strict and surly... | 0:38:54 | 0:38:57 | |
-..but all the hard labour -that went in to Harlech pleased him. | 0:38:57 | 0:39:01 | |
-In 1290... | 0:39:02 | 0:39:04 | |
-..Master James was appointed -Constable of Harlech Castle. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:08 | |
-What better reward -for an architect... | 0:39:09 | 0:39:11 | |
-..than to live in the portcullis -that he himself erected? | 0:39:12 | 0:39:16 | |
-. | 0:39:17 | 0:39:17 | |
-Subtitles | 0:39:19 | 0:39:19 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:39:19 | 0:39:21 | |
-One of Edward Longshanks' castles -in North Wales... | 0:39:24 | 0:39:28 | |
-..is different from the others, and -there's a simple reason for that. | 0:39:28 | 0:39:32 | |
-Caernarfon -was meant to be not only a fort... | 0:39:32 | 0:39:36 | |
-..but a palace for the king himself. | 0:39:36 | 0:39:39 | |
-There was a concerted effort -to fuse Caernarfon... | 0:39:42 | 0:39:45 | |
-..and its old Roman history and -one of the Empire's main cities... | 0:39:46 | 0:39:51 | |
-..namely Fort of Constantine. | 0:39:51 | 0:39:54 | |
-Legend has it that Constantine's -successor, Macsen Wledig... | 0:39:54 | 0:39:58 | |
-..found the princess of his dreams -here, on the banks of the Seiont. | 0:39:58 | 0:40:03 | |
-This isn't -a plain and simple castle. | 0:40:05 | 0:40:07 | |
-A stripe -runs along the brick walls... | 0:40:08 | 0:40:11 | |
-..which is meant to -emulate the Fort of Constantine... | 0:40:11 | 0:40:14 | |
-..the perfect legendary kingdom. | 0:40:14 | 0:40:17 | |
-Edward is showing that he's arrived -and that he intends to stay. | 0:40:17 | 0:40:21 | |
-No-one will seize these castles -without a fight. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:25 | |
-It's a very visual symbol -of the conquest. | 0:40:25 | 0:40:29 | |
-Did the castle's workmanship -represent a symbol of power... | 0:40:29 | 0:40:33 | |
-..rather than any practical use? | 0:40:33 | 0:40:37 | |
-I wanted to hear the opinion -of local architect Selwyn Jones... | 0:40:37 | 0:40:41 | |
-..about the king's intentions -and those of Master James. | 0:40:41 | 0:40:46 | |
-There was no need to construct such -a substantial castle at the time. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:51 | |
-No, because when construction began, -Wales had already been conquered. | 0:40:51 | 0:40:57 | |
-This castle -is completely different... | 0:40:57 | 0:41:01 | |
-..from the other three castles -in Beaumaris, Conwy and Harlech. | 0:41:01 | 0:41:06 | |
-Maybe they were thinking, -"What else can we do?" | 0:41:06 | 0:41:09 | |
-They knew the Romans had been here. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:12 | |
-They were aware of the town's -significance and of Macsen Wledig. | 0:41:13 | 0:41:17 | |
-They claim that Macsen Wledig -was the son of Constantine. | 0:41:17 | 0:41:21 | |
-Was it Edward or Master James -who knew of these connections? | 0:41:21 | 0:41:25 | |
-Were they creating a fortification -for a new emperor? | 0:41:26 | 0:41:30 | |
-Perhaps Edward himself -saw himself as an emperor. | 0:41:30 | 0:41:35 | |
-Or was Master James trying -to please his client by saying... | 0:41:35 | 0:41:39 | |
-.."This is what -I've created for you." | 0:41:39 | 0:41:42 | |
-For Edward, Caernarfon -was a very significant castle. | 0:41:46 | 0:41:51 | |
-He went to great lengths to -make sure that his wife, Eleanor... | 0:41:51 | 0:41:56 | |
-..gave birth -to his son and heir here... | 0:41:57 | 0:41:59 | |
-..in 1284. | 0:42:00 | 0:42:02 | |
-It was an opportunity -to stage a colourful scene... | 0:42:10 | 0:42:13 | |
-..of political theatre. | 0:42:14 | 0:42:16 | |
-According to legend, -the Welsh nobility... | 0:42:22 | 0:42:25 | |
-..longed for a new prince... | 0:42:25 | 0:42:27 | |
-..to lead them after the -death of Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:31 | |
-Edward -presents his own baby to them. | 0:42:32 | 0:42:36 | |
-A prince -born in a castle in Wales... | 0:42:37 | 0:42:41 | |
-..with no concept of English. | 0:42:41 | 0:42:43 | |
-The tradition of investing the heir- -apparent to the English crown... | 0:42:50 | 0:42:54 | |
-..as the prince of Wales... | 0:42:55 | 0:42:57 | |
-..continues to this day. | 0:42:57 | 0:42:59 | |
-I, Charles, Prince of Wales... | 0:43:00 | 0:43:03 | |
-..do become -your liege man of life and limb. | 0:43:03 | 0:43:06 | |
-It was Edward's aim -to intimidate the Welsh... | 0:43:06 | 0:43:09 | |
-..by erecting the castle. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:11 | |
-700 years later, -it's impossible to ignore... | 0:43:12 | 0:43:15 | |
-..the old history, -or indeed, the most recent. | 0:43:16 | 0:43:20 | |
-It's a splendid structure -and it's typical... | 0:43:20 | 0:43:23 | |
-..in terms of its architecture, -but for a Welsh architect... | 0:43:23 | 0:43:27 | |
-..who lives here and speaks Welsh... | 0:43:27 | 0:43:30 | |
-..it's a complex symbol. | 0:43:30 | 0:43:32 | |
-Most certainly, -and I have mixed feelings. | 0:43:32 | 0:43:35 | |
-Some people I know... | 0:43:36 | 0:43:38 | |
-..wouldn't put -a foot through the door here. | 0:43:38 | 0:43:42 | |
-In a way, what we're -standing on here is also a symbol... | 0:43:43 | 0:43:47 | |
-..of how a fortification -has been used in the 1960s... | 0:43:47 | 0:43:53 | |
-..for a political purpose. | 0:43:53 | 0:43:55 | |
-Having said that, -what I'm proud of... | 0:44:04 | 0:44:07 | |
-..is the fact that the town -of Caernarfon has been reclaimed. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:11 | |
-The Welsh -have taken over Caernarfon... | 0:44:12 | 0:44:17 | |
-..and I'm proud that it's one of -the Welshest towns in the world. | 0:44:17 | 0:44:23 | |
-Beyond the castle walls... | 0:44:24 | 0:44:26 | |
-..Edward -created a borough for the English. | 0:44:26 | 0:44:30 | |
-These days, -no-one can dispute its Welshness. | 0:44:33 | 0:44:37 | |
-Is it time for us too to accept -the castle as part of our heritage? | 0:44:41 | 0:44:45 | |
-Caernarfon Castle -is undoubtedly a royal stronghold. | 0:44:51 | 0:44:56 | |
-But as is true of every castle... | 0:44:56 | 0:45:00 | |
-..ordinary folk -share in its history too. | 0:45:00 | 0:45:03 | |
-In this episode, we've seen the -castle develop within two centuries. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:12 | |
-From the original -motte-and-bailey... | 0:45:12 | 0:45:15 | |
-..to something far more complicated, -powerful and mighty. | 0:45:15 | 0:45:19 | |
-The ingenuity and perseverance -needed to erect a castle... | 0:45:22 | 0:45:26 | |
-..have come to the fore. | 0:45:27 | 0:45:29 | |
-For that, praise is often attributed -to the barons and the kings. | 0:45:29 | 0:45:34 | |
-The castle was also the backbone -of the feudal system... | 0:45:37 | 0:45:41 | |
-..which is anathema -to the spirit of our democratic age. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:46 | |
-But understood -in a different light... | 0:45:50 | 0:45:52 | |
-..the castle has left a remarkable -record of craftsmanship and labour. | 0:45:53 | 0:45:58 | |
-For the work -of thousands of people... | 0:46:01 | 0:46:05 | |
-..they had no more to take pride in -than the work itself. | 0:46:06 | 0:46:10 | |
-After all, who's truly responsible -for the castle's grandeur? | 0:46:13 | 0:46:18 | |
-The Normans? | 0:46:18 | 0:46:20 | |
-The Welsh princes? | 0:46:22 | 0:46:24 | |
-Or the castle builders? | 0:46:27 | 0:46:29 | |
-These days, it's hard to understand -how hard graft and vision... | 0:46:32 | 0:46:36 | |
-..combine to create a castle. | 0:46:36 | 0:46:39 | |
-But as we try to understand -the castle today... | 0:46:39 | 0:46:43 | |
-..we have to accept, -like the kings of old... | 0:46:43 | 0:46:46 | |
-..the craftsman's authority. | 0:46:46 | 0:46:49 | |
-In the next episode, we'll see -the great castles of Europe... | 0:47:00 | 0:47:04 | |
-..under siege. | 0:47:05 | 0:47:06 | |
-Can the work -of the castle builders... | 0:47:08 | 0:47:10 | |
-..withstand the onslaught it faces -from the force of arms? | 0:47:10 | 0:47:14 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf. | 0:47:55 | 0:47:57 | |
-. | 0:47:57 | 0:47:57 |