Y Castell: Amddiffyn ‹ Y Castell

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-The castle - an image of Wales...	0:00:09	0:00:11
-..that's famous -throughout the world.	0:00:12	0:00:14
-During this series...	0:00:18	0:00:20
-..I'll explore its construction...	0:00:20	0:00:23
-..defences...	0:00:25	0:00:27
-..and decor.	0:00:27	0:00:30
-It's a riveting story and one -which is quintessentially Welsh.	0:00:30	0:00:35
-There are more castles -per square feet in Wales...	0:00:35	0:00:38
-..than any other country -of equal size.	0:00:39	0:00:41
-They attract droves of tourists.	0:00:41	0:00:44
-But for us, -they're an uncomfortable legacy.	0:00:47	0:00:50
-The outcome of ferocious battles...	0:00:50	0:00:52
-..that ultimately -led to us being conquered.	0:00:53	0:00:56
-In order to understand -the castle's true significance...	0:00:59	0:01:03
-..I've journeyed throughout Wales...	0:01:04	0:01:06
-..over the border -and across the continent...	0:01:06	0:01:10
-..to see how the castle...	0:01:11	0:01:12
-..claims a central place -in many countries' history...	0:01:13	0:01:16
-..sparking the imaginations -of people of all ages...	0:01:17	0:01:20
-..and arousing a lasting interest.	0:01:20	0:01:23
-How does the castle occupy our -dreams and capture our imagination?	0:01:25	0:01:30
-To answer that question...	0:01:31	0:01:33
-..one must fully understand -the nature of the castle.	0:01:34	0:01:38
-Is it a fort or is it a home?	0:01:40	0:01:43
-A combination of pride and folly...	0:01:46	0:01:49
-..or does it combine vision -with hard labour, skill...	0:01:49	0:01:54
-..and determination?	0:01:55	0:01:57
-Does it prove...	0:01:57	0:01:59
-..that, ultimately, -it is military power that counts...	0:01:59	0:02:03
-..or does it embody courage -and privilege, love and romance?	0:02:03	0:02:08
-Does it frighten...	0:02:10	0:02:12
-..or does it excite?	0:02:12	0:02:14
-It's a prominent -and powerful symbol...	0:02:16	0:02:19
-..but do we -truly understand the castle?	0:02:19	0:02:22
-How do you capture a castle?	0:02:33	0:02:35
-And how do you defend one...	0:02:35	0:02:38
-..against thousands of armed men?	0:02:38	0:02:41
-It's a matter of mind...	0:02:43	0:02:45
-..as well as might.	0:02:45	0:02:47
-This episode focuses on the courage -of knights and warriors...	0:02:49	0:02:55
-..in the heat of battle...	0:02:55	0:02:57
-..as their chieftains -try to answer...	0:02:57	0:03:00
-..one of the era's -most important military questions.	0:03:00	0:03:04
-How do you capture a castle?	0:03:04	0:03:07
-These days, you'd deploy countless -armies and heavy artillery...	0:03:07	0:03:12
-..to target the enemy's weakness.	0:03:12	0:03:15
-But back in the Middle Ages, -things weren't so sophisticated.	0:03:15	0:03:19
-Weapons weren't as powerful...	0:03:19	0:03:21
-..though a military onslaught -was still frightening.	0:03:22	0:03:25
-This is how the castle -withstood all manner of attacks...	0:03:26	0:03:30
-..and from every direction.	0:03:30	0:03:32
-The attackers' tactics -were inventive.	0:03:36	0:03:40
-If the castle walls -were too mighty and tall...	0:03:42	0:03:46
-..it was possible -to tunnel underneath them.	0:03:46	0:03:49
-Some kings were willing -to use more destructive means.	0:03:49	0:03:53
-The castle builders, in turn...	0:03:58	0:04:00
-..had to work tirelessly -to fortify the castle.	0:04:00	0:04:04
-I've travelled to the continent -to see how it was possible...	0:04:06	0:04:10
-..to adapt the shape of the walls -to withstand missiles...	0:04:10	0:04:14
-..and tunnelling...	0:04:14	0:04:16
-..and how they came a step closer -to building the perfect castle.	0:04:16	0:04:21
-The force of attack -was increasing all the time.	0:04:21	0:04:25
-This is what our famous -Welsh revolutionary experienced...	0:04:33	0:04:37
-..when he tried to retain his grip -on the oppressors' castles.	0:04:38	0:04:42
-It's the first time -the gun was used in Wales.	0:04:42	0:04:45
-It shows how Glyndwr succeeded -in angering the English authorities.	0:04:46	0:04:51
-Losing these castles was -something no-one had anticipated.	0:04:52	0:04:56
-Until fairly recently -in our history...	0:04:57	0:05:00
-..the castle was key in the fierce -struggle for crown and throne.	0:05:00	0:05:05
-A Welshman, born in a castle -in Wales, wore the English crown.	0:05:08	0:05:12
-A hero who would lead Wales -to independence once again.	0:05:16	0:05:20
-But weapons were being invented -to overpower the heroes.	0:05:21	0:05:24
-Despite the castle's resilience...	0:05:27	0:05:30
-..a time will come -when surrender becomes inevitable.	0:05:30	0:05:34
-We often think of the Middle Ages -as an era dominated by violence.	0:05:50	0:05:55
-It's a rather unbalanced view.	0:05:58	0:06:00
-For long periods, -right across Europe...	0:06:02	0:06:05
-..people lived in peace.	0:06:05	0:06:07
-Ordinary folk saw their health -improve and living standards rise.	0:06:12	0:06:17
-But in the end, -they were ruled by coercion.	0:06:19	0:06:22
-Their rulers asserted their right -through military might, if need be.	0:06:29	0:06:34
-The castle was a symbol -of their strength and authority.	0:06:39	0:06:43
-But it was also a symbol -of status and generosity too.	0:06:44	0:06:47
-The castle is therefore different -from the Roman fort on one hand...	0:06:49	0:06:54
-..and the halls -of the Welsh princes on the other.	0:06:54	0:06:59
-The fort was a refuge -for battalions of soldiers.	0:06:59	0:07:03
-The hall -was a place in which to feast.	0:07:03	0:07:06
-But the castle -defends a powerful individual...	0:07:06	0:07:09
-..and his close family.	0:07:10	0:07:12
-It serves a military purpose.	0:07:12	0:07:15
-It is that purpose which continues -to capture children's imaginations.	0:07:15	0:07:20
-It's fun to pick up a toy sword...	0:07:23	0:07:25
-..and pretend to capture a castle.	0:07:25	0:07:28
-But at the time, of course, -it was far from easy to achieve.	0:07:33	0:07:37
-In the heat of battle...	0:07:43	0:07:45
-..the quality of your sword -was a matter of grave importance.	0:07:45	0:07:49
-Sword technology leapt forward...	0:07:52	0:07:55
-..with the use -of hardened and tempered steel.	0:07:55	0:07:59
-Specialised blacksmiths ensured -the sword became a fearsome weapon.	0:08:02	0:08:07
-It was common for a knight -to name his sword...	0:08:13	0:08:16
-..and believe it to be magical...	0:08:16	0:08:20
-..like the legendary sword -of King Arthur.	0:08:21	0:08:24
-Excalibur.	0:08:24	0:08:26
-Each sword had a blade to strike...	0:08:27	0:08:33
-..and a hilt to hold.	0:08:33	0:08:35
-But the exact shape of the weapon -varied greatly.	0:08:36	0:08:40
-The knight went into battle -with other weapons too.	0:08:42	0:08:46
-Clubs and maces.	0:08:46	0:08:49
-Pikes and lances.	0:08:49	0:08:51
-The Welsh were famous -for their archery prowess.	0:08:51	0:08:55
-On the battlefield...	0:08:56	0:08:58
-..every weapon could be deadly.	0:08:58	0:09:00
-An expert knight in full armour...	0:09:03	0:09:05
-..could be powerful enough -to change the course of battle.	0:09:05	0:09:10
-But against the castle wall, -none of this was of much avail.	0:09:10	0:09:14
-Often, no matter -how powerful its weapons were...	0:09:14	0:09:19
-..an army resorted to siege tactics -in order to capture a castle.	0:09:19	0:09:25
-One of the most famous sieges -of the Middle Ages...	0:09:28	0:09:31
-..happened at Rochester in Kent.	0:09:32	0:09:34
-Visiting the castle in person, -it's easy to see why.	0:09:40	0:09:44
-After signing -the Magna Carta in 1215...	0:09:46	0:09:50
-..King John -reneged on the promises he'd made...	0:09:50	0:09:53
-..to the barons and his subjects.	0:09:54	0:09:56
-It provoked widespread rebellion.	0:09:58	0:10:02
-Rochester Castle stood guard -over one of the few bridges...	0:10:02	0:10:08
-..across the River Medway.	0:10:08	0:10:10
-When rebel barons seized the castle, -King John knew he had to act.	0:10:12	0:10:16
-The Siege of 1215 was one of -the bloodiest in English history.	0:10:21	0:10:26
-John was in no mood to be merciful.	0:10:33	0:10:36
-The barons' archers -fiercely defended their stronghold.	0:10:36	0:10:41
-John's soldiers -launched a counterattack.	0:10:48	0:10:52
-They succeeded in capturing -the bridge over the river.	0:10:52	0:10:56
-But if you were inside here, -you wouldn't care about them...	0:10:56	0:11:01
-..because there were -mighty walls to protect you.	0:11:01	0:11:04
-Firing arrows -over the castle's walls was futile.	0:11:07	0:11:10
-But John had something -far more powerful in his armoury.	0:11:10	0:11:14
-The trebuchet.	0:11:14	0:11:16
-He brought -no less than five of them here.	0:11:16	0:11:19
-Rochester's walls -were put to the test...	0:11:22	0:11:25
-..by the might of the trebuchet, -the powerful siege weapon.	0:11:25	0:11:29
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-Subtitles	0:11:59	0:11:59
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:11:59	0:12:01
-Rochester, 1215.	0:12:01	0:12:04
-King John -attacks the rebel barons...	0:12:04	0:12:08
-..inside the castle.	0:12:08	0:12:10
-The outer walls crumble -but the keep remains intact.	0:12:11	0:12:16
-Today, traces of restoration work...	0:12:19	0:12:22
-..can clearly be seen -in the interior walls, but how so?	0:12:22	0:12:25
-This arch, or semi-arch...	0:12:28	0:12:31
-..proves that John succeeded -in destabilising the tower...	0:12:31	0:12:35
-..and the barons' hopes.	0:12:35	0:12:37
-They felt safe within these walls.	0:12:38	0:12:40
-After all, the keep -had withstood five trebuchets...	0:12:40	0:12:44
-..each hurling missiles -at their walls.	0:12:44	0:12:47
-But John had a plan -that would undermine everything.	0:12:47	0:12:51
-He sent out an order to his men.	0:12:53	0:12:56
-"With all speed by day and night, -40 of the fattest pigs."	0:12:56	0:13:02
-It wasn't -such a preposterous idea.	0:13:03	0:13:06
-In an age before gunpowder...	0:13:06	0:13:08
-..pig fat could set a fire blazing -with almost incendiary force.	0:13:09	0:13:13
-King John's men -proceeded to dig a tunnel...	0:13:13	0:13:18
-..under -one of the corners of the keep.	0:13:18	0:13:21
-They shored up the foundations -with wooden pit props.	0:13:21	0:13:26
-Then, with the fat from the pigs, -they ignited a fire.	0:13:26	0:13:30
-Within the keep, -the collapse came without warning.	0:13:34	0:13:38
-The defenders didn't even realize -the immediate threat.	0:13:38	0:13:42
-But the props beneath them -were starting to burn.	0:13:43	0:13:47
-Suddenly, the strain -on the tower's foundations...	0:13:48	0:13:52
-..proves too much...	0:13:52	0:13:54
-..and the corner collapses...	0:13:54	0:13:57
-..leaving the attackers -with easy access.	0:13:57	0:14:00
-The animals' sacrifice -was worthwhile...	0:14:06	0:14:09
-..because -this part of the keep collapsed.	0:14:09	0:14:12
-I'm sure -there was a pleasant taste...	0:14:12	0:14:15
-..to the king's breakfast -that morning!	0:14:15	0:14:18
-After the war, when they -set about rebuilding the tower...	0:14:18	0:14:22
-..they gave it a rounded shape...	0:14:23	0:14:25
-..which is what we see here today.	0:14:25	0:14:28
-There are failings -in the original towers...	0:14:31	0:14:34
-..which still stand -on every other corner of the keep.	0:14:34	0:14:38
-The square shape left it susceptible -to collapse, if undermined.	0:14:38	0:14:43
-Thanks to his pigs, John became -king of the castle once again.	0:14:44	0:14:49
-But the story wasn't over yet.	0:14:49	0:14:52
-The keep's weakness -had been exposed.	0:14:54	0:14:57
-But now, the inner strength -of the keep showed itself.	0:14:57	0:15:01
-The architect of the original -castle was William of Corbeil.	0:15:01	0:15:06
-He was a Norman baron -who was also an archbishop.	0:15:06	0:15:10
-He was responsible for the design -of Canterbury Cathedral.	0:15:12	0:15:16
-He knew how to build -a solid structure.	0:15:16	0:15:19
-Inside the keep at Rochester...	0:15:20	0:15:22
-..William built a thick crosswall...	0:15:23	0:15:26
-..which splits the space in two.	0:15:26	0:15:28
-After John's men ploughed through -the external wall on one corner...	0:15:28	0:15:33
-..the defenders -retreated to the surviving half...	0:15:34	0:15:36
-..until hunger -forced them to surrender.	0:15:37	0:15:40
-Their effort was so heroic...	0:15:43	0:15:45
-..that the king's supporters -persuaded him to show mercy.	0:15:45	0:15:49
-There was only one execution.	0:15:52	0:15:55
-An archer who'd switched sides...	0:15:55	0:15:58
-..having been in -the king's service since childhood.	0:15:58	0:16:03
-For both the attackers -and the defenders...	0:16:07	0:16:10
-..there were clear lessons to be -learnt from the Rochester Siege.	0:16:10	0:16:14
-Every attack fortified the castle...	0:16:15	0:16:18
-..in the sense that the builders -always learnt from their weaknesses.	0:16:18	0:16:23
-This is -how the castle developed quickly...	0:16:23	0:16:27
-..from the original motte and bailey -to something far more impenetrable.	0:16:27	0:16:32
-In order to view one of -the most inventive improvements...	0:16:32	0:16:36
-..one must come to Normandy, -to the Seine Valley...	0:16:36	0:16:40
-..close to -the village of Les Andelys.	0:16:41	0:16:43
-20 years -before the Rochester Siege...	0:16:44	0:16:47
-..it was here at Chateau Gaillard -that builders found a way...	0:16:47	0:16:51
-..of incorporating -several round towers...	0:16:51	0:16:55
-..in an unbroken defensive line.	0:16:55	0:16:57
-The design's architect -was King John's brother...	0:17:00	0:17:04
-..Richard the Lionheart.	0:17:04	0:17:06
-Richard was one of -England's greatest kings...	0:17:10	0:17:13
-..and was also the Duke of Normandy.	0:17:14	0:17:17
-When you see this place -for the first time...	0:17:19	0:17:22
-..you have to take a deep breath...	0:17:22	0:17:24
-..as anyone who wanted to attack -the place would have to do.	0:17:24	0:17:28
-Richard was very proud -of his miraculous castle...	0:17:28	0:17:32
-..that was built in a year.	0:17:32	0:17:34
-It's not just part of the landscape, -it governs the landscape.	0:17:35	0:17:39
-It allowed King Richard -to move goods and soldiers...	0:17:40	0:17:44
-..along the river.	0:17:44	0:17:46
-Chateau Gaillard's purpose -was to defend Richard's territory...	0:17:56	0:18:00
-..against the King of France...	0:18:00	0:18:02
-..according to local historian -Coralie Menanteau.	0:18:03	0:18:06
-Richard the Lionheart built the -castle in the shape of a triangle...	0:18:07	0:18:11
-..to block the French access routes.	0:18:12	0:18:16
-There are numerous defensive layers -and many walls surrounding it.	0:18:17	0:18:22
-It's a form of passive defence - -it exhausts the enemy...	0:18:22	0:18:25
-..before they get close -to the heart of the castle.	0:18:26	0:18:31
-With France -posing a constant threat...	0:18:31	0:18:34
-..it required incredible effort -to build on such a large scale...	0:18:34	0:18:38
-..in such a short space of time.	0:18:39	0:18:41
-They could build quickly -for many reasons.	0:18:42	0:18:45
-Firstly, they used local stone, -materials from surrounding areas.	0:18:45	0:18:50
-The essential stone came from -ditches surrounding the castle.	0:18:50	0:18:55
-The workers excavated it themselves.	0:18:55	0:18:58
-There was plenty -to build the castle walls.	0:18:58	0:19:03
-Later, as many people came here -to build the castle.	0:19:04	0:19:09
-A total of 6,000 workers -came to Les Andelys...	0:19:10	0:19:13
-..with 2,500 labouring here daily -to build Chateau Gaillard.	0:19:13	0:19:17
-Richard supervised -the construction work personally.	0:19:41	0:19:46
-History acknowledges that he was -the architect of this unique design.	0:19:46	0:19:51
-It was completed at speed -under threat from the French army.	0:19:52	0:19:57
-If you wanted to ensure that any -castle could withstand an attack...	0:19:59	0:20:03
-..you needed a supply -of fresh water.	0:20:03	0:20:06
-The answer was to create a well, -deep underground.	0:20:06	0:20:10
-The workers were running out of -oxygen due to the lamps they used.	0:20:10	0:20:14
-They went -further and further underground...	0:20:14	0:20:17
-..until they reached -a depth of 100 metres...	0:20:17	0:20:21
-..the level of the river below.	0:20:21	0:20:23
-The Duke of Normandy -had to empty his coffers...	0:20:26	0:20:29
-..to erect Chateau Gaillard.	0:20:29	0:20:31
-12.7 million ducat was required.	0:20:32	0:20:34
-A very substantial percentage...	0:20:34	0:20:37
-..of any country's economy -during the Middle Ages.	0:20:37	0:20:41
-In less than two years...	0:20:41	0:20:44
-..the castle was complete.	0:20:44	0:20:46
-Richard was the ruler of the Seine -and every territory on its banks.	0:20:50	0:20:55
-His inventive design -of round towers...	0:20:55	0:20:57
-..stood solidly against -the onslaught of French soldiers.	0:20:58	0:21:04
-The king -could revel in his masterpiece.	0:21:08	0:21:11
-This is what Richard would've seen.	0:21:33	0:21:36
-His miraculous castle.	0:21:38	0:21:40
-It was so beautiful that he referred -to it as his one-year-old daughter.	0:21:46	0:21:51
-It was so mighty...	0:21:57	0:21:59
-..it dominated the entire river -and its surrounding territories.	0:21:59	0:22:04
-The next leap...	0:22:08	0:22:10
-..was taken in Wales by Gilbert -de Clare, a young Norman baron...	0:22:11	0:22:16
-..also known as Red Gilbert.	0:22:16	0:22:19
-This is Caerphilly Castle...	0:22:19	0:22:21
-..the first castle in Britain...	0:22:21	0:22:24
-..designed to be defended -by walls within walls.	0:22:24	0:22:29
-The sheer scale -of Caerphilly Castle...	0:22:29	0:22:32
-..is a lasting source of amazement.	0:22:32	0:22:35
-In its day, it took defensive -strategy to a whole new level.	0:22:35	0:22:39
-It was de Clare's and -his chief stonemason's vision...	0:22:40	0:22:43
-..to erect multiple obstacles -for potential attackers.	0:22:43	0:22:47
-Each time an attacker overcame an -obstacle, he was faced by a new one.	0:22:51	0:22:56
-Penetrating one gatehouse -led only to another.	0:22:56	0:23:01
-Crossing a drawbridge -meant facing a portcullis...	0:23:01	0:23:05
-..and a further set of doors.	0:23:05	0:23:07
-And at every turn...	0:23:08	0:23:10
-..defenders firing down -from the towers and walls.	0:23:10	0:23:13
-Artificial lakes -surrounded the structure...	0:23:14	0:23:17
-..to keep siege engines -at a distance...	0:23:17	0:23:20
-..and thwart any effort -to tunnel beneath the walls.	0:23:20	0:23:24
-It's thanks to the efforts -of de Clare's builders...	0:23:26	0:23:29
-..that defensive technology -was advancing rapidly.	0:23:30	0:23:34
-But the opposing strength of -the onslaught was escalating too.	0:23:35	0:23:39
-At a rapid pace.	0:23:39	0:23:41
-In the Marches and -many other areas across Europe...	0:23:42	0:23:48
-..attackers -were able to capture castles.	0:23:48	0:23:51
-One castle could change hands -from one side to another...	0:23:55	0:23:59
-..from the Welsh to the English -time and time again...	0:23:59	0:24:03
-..up to 12 times -across the course of a century.	0:24:03	0:24:07
-These transfers of control -were rarely peaceful.	0:24:09	0:24:12
-In time, -the sheer force of the attack...	0:24:42	0:24:45
-..became more and more destructive.	0:24:45	0:24:48
-So much so that castle builders -across Europe started dreaming...	0:24:49	0:24:53
-..of building the perfect castle.	0:24:54	0:24:56
-One that couldn't be captured.	0:24:57	0:24:59
-One that would withstand any storm.	0:24:59	0:25:01
-But was this dream a foolish one?	0:25:02	0:25:05
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-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:25:16	0:25:18
-Faced with fierce attacks -during the Middle Ages...	0:25:19	0:25:23
-..the castle's architects succeeded -in strengthening it further.	0:25:23	0:25:28
-As the craft of castle building -reached its pinnacle...	0:25:28	0:25:32
-..it was a natural step -to extend the defensive walls...	0:25:32	0:25:36
-..to encompass the entire town.	0:25:36	0:25:38
-Whether it's -the perfect castle or not...	0:25:45	0:25:48
-..the walls of this fortification...	0:25:48	0:25:51
-..defended -an entire city from the enemy.	0:25:51	0:25:54
-For the might -of its defensive system...	0:25:55	0:25:58
-..its name -became renowned across Europe.	0:25:58	0:26:01
-Carcassonne.	0:26:02	0:26:03
-This was -an important strategic location...	0:26:09	0:26:12
-..close to the Pyrenees, -in the borderlands between France...	0:26:13	0:26:17
-..and the ancient kingdom -of Aragon in northern Spain.	0:26:17	0:26:21
-One gate -forms the only entry to Carcassonne.	0:26:21	0:26:25
-The Porte Narbonnaise.	0:26:25	0:26:27
-It's guarded by two flanking towers -and a double barbican.	0:26:27	0:26:31
-The settlement inside has been -fortified since Roman times...	0:26:34	0:26:39
-..but its restoration...	0:26:39	0:26:41
-..is what attracts -five million visitors every year.	0:26:42	0:26:45
-Its defensive system -is what makes Carcassonne unique.	0:26:50	0:26:55
-Despite the grandeur -of its design...	0:26:57	0:27:00
-..it's a system reliant -on thousands of fine details.	0:27:00	0:27:04
-Uneven walls -make it almost impossible...	0:27:06	0:27:09
-..to prop siege ladders -up against it.	0:27:09	0:27:13
-There are hourds, wooden shelters, -to protect the defending bowmen.	0:27:16	0:27:21
-And the breteches, -balconies with machicolations...	0:27:24	0:27:28
-..were murder holes -to kill the enemy below.	0:27:28	0:27:31
-There's genius too in the way -the ancient Roman fortifications...	0:27:35	0:27:40
-..are integrated into the circuit -of medieval double walls.	0:27:40	0:27:44
-The Romans -built the first wall in 300AD.	0:27:44	0:27:51
-Back then, the wall's -sole purpose was to defend the city.	0:27:51	0:27:55
-A passive system of defence. -It defended, that is all.	0:27:56	0:28:01
-The second wall, built in the 13thC, -was an active defence system.	0:28:02	0:28:07
-The aim is to attack the enemy -before they reach the city...	0:28:07	0:28:11
-..and defeat them as best we can.	0:28:11	0:28:14
-This active defensive system -allowed the garrison...	0:28:16	0:28:20
-..to carry the fight to any army -who threatened Carcassonne.	0:28:20	0:28:24
-There were other things -to perturb the enemy.	0:28:27	0:28:30
-The murder holes, the hourds -for the archers and so on.	0:28:30	0:28:34
-Though some enemies tried -to bombard the city from afar...	0:28:34	0:28:39
-..only the most audacious, -or foolish...	0:28:39	0:28:43
-..would dare attack -the walls on foot...	0:28:43	0:28:46
-..when the walls offered defenders -so many advantages...	0:28:46	0:28:50
-..long before anyone -reached the heart of the castle.	0:28:50	0:28:54
-Here it is.	0:28:56	0:28:58
-The Earl's Castle...	0:28:58	0:29:00
-..where the lords of Carcassonne -could rule without fear...	0:29:00	0:29:05
-..knowing that Europe's most -sophisticated defensive system...	0:29:05	0:29:10
-..protected them from every enemy.	0:29:10	0:29:13
-It might not have been perfect...	0:29:13	0:29:15
-..but it was far better -to be inside it than outside.	0:29:15	0:29:19
-Every powerful stronghold formed -the basis of its ruler's authority.	0:29:24	0:29:29
-It was also a means...	0:29:30	0:29:32
-..of establishing the reign of -a foreign king over a new territory.	0:29:32	0:29:37
-But if such a castle fell into -the hands of the natives...	0:29:39	0:29:43
-..the weapon -turned against its creator.	0:29:44	0:29:47
-It's a very powerful symbol -of revolt.	0:29:47	0:29:50
-That's what happened -here in Wales...	0:29:52	0:29:54
-..in 1404.	0:29:55	0:29:57
-Harlech Castle was built -for King Edward I of England.	0:30:00	0:30:05
-It was part of his -ambitious construction plans...	0:30:05	0:30:09
-..to keep the Welsh under his thumb.	0:30:10	0:30:12
-Edward chose the location wisely.	0:30:12	0:30:15
-Today, the castle stands -above acres of land...	0:30:18	0:30:22
-..that was once covered by sea.	0:30:22	0:30:24
-Back then, it stood -directly above the shoreline.	0:30:26	0:30:29
-If it was under siege...	0:30:33	0:30:34
-..reinforcements and food -could be shipped here directly.	0:30:34	0:30:39
-Edward's chief stonemason...	0:30:41	0:30:43
-..Master James of St George...	0:30:43	0:30:46
-..used the era's -most sophisticated techniques...	0:30:46	0:30:50
-..to build -the most impenetrable walls.	0:30:50	0:30:53
-But a century later, -none of that was enough...	0:30:53	0:30:56
-..to keep Harlech -from falling into Welsh hands.	0:30:56	0:30:59
-In 1400...	0:31:05	0:31:07
-..Wales had risen up...	0:31:07	0:31:09
-..under its rebel leader, -Owain Glyndwr.	0:31:10	0:31:13
-Some regarded Glyndwr -as the Son of Prophesy...	0:31:13	0:31:17
-..who would deliver the Welsh -from English rule.	0:31:17	0:31:21
-What's striking -about Owain Glyndwr...	0:31:21	0:31:24
-..is that he called himself the -Prince of Wales from the outset.	0:31:24	0:31:28
-He didn't revolt and think...	0:31:29	0:31:31
-.."This is going well, I'll try -to become the Prince of Wales."	0:31:31	0:31:35
-He had vision right from the start.	0:31:36	0:31:38
-He captures Harlech and Aberystwyth.	0:31:38	0:31:42
-He certainly retained his grip -on these castles...	0:31:42	0:31:46
-..the Edwardian castles.	0:31:46	0:31:49
-Edward's castle -soon became Owain's castle.	0:31:49	0:31:53
-But the grandeur of -the fortification still declared...	0:31:54	0:31:58
-..that Harlech was a royal court.	0:31:58	0:32:01
-Standing here, I can feel the power -that existed in the bygone age.	0:32:02	0:32:06
-The place was the headquarters -of not a rebel or a rioter...	0:32:06	0:32:10
-..but a king, the King Owain.	0:32:11	0:32:13
-He was surrounded -by a team of loyal supporters.	0:32:13	0:32:16
-John Trefor, -the Archbishop of St Asaph.	0:32:17	0:32:19
-John Byford, -the Archbishop of Bangor...	0:32:19	0:32:22
-..and also Gruffydd Young, -a formidable chancellor.	0:32:23	0:32:26
-It was their job to create -an independent Welsh state.	0:32:27	0:32:30
-The castle was very useful -for Glyndwr in a military context...	0:32:38	0:32:43
-..as was the association -with the Mabinogion...	0:32:43	0:32:46
-..and ancient Welsh legends too.	0:32:47	0:32:49
-Harlech is an ancient site. -It appears in the Four Branches.	0:32:51	0:32:56
-It stands in a prime location -on top of a cliff.	0:32:56	0:32:59
-It's very symbolic.	0:33:00	0:33:02
-Once Glyndwr -seized Harlech Castle...	0:33:02	0:33:05
-..he saw Harlech as a symbol -of his new kingdom as a prince.	0:33:05	0:33:09
-As princes are meant to do, -he lived in that castle.	0:33:09	0:33:13
-It was there that he announced -his plans for his new kingdom.	0:33:13	0:33:17
-His vision was personal because it -depended on him as an individual.	0:33:17	0:33:22
-It also affected the establishment.	0:33:22	0:33:25
-He specifically had a vision -for the Church.	0:33:26	0:33:30
-He had a vision -for education and universities.	0:33:30	0:33:34
-Having an imposing castle like that -was central to his aspirations.	0:33:34	0:33:40
-He could welcome people -from overseas.	0:33:40	0:33:43
-It was essential -for creating connections overseas.	0:33:43	0:33:47
-If he'd met people...	0:33:47	0:33:49
-..in a hall in the country -and feared going near the castle...	0:33:50	0:33:53
-..that was under English rule, -then he wouldn't have been able...	0:33:54	0:33:58
-..to introduce himself -as the Prince of Wales.	0:33:58	0:34:02
-But not everything -worked in favour of the Welsh.	0:34:05	0:34:08
-If he was going to succeed...	0:34:10	0:34:13
-..Glyndwr -had to regain Wales as a whole.	0:34:13	0:34:16
-The country -was full of English castles.	0:34:17	0:34:20
-Castles like Carreg Cennen -had lessons for the rebel.	0:34:20	0:34:24
-If you -build a castle on top of a cliff...	0:34:26	0:34:28
-..you're creating -a defensive fortification.	0:34:29	0:34:32
-This castle withstood a siege -by Owain Glyndwr...	0:34:32	0:34:35
-..who came with a force of 800 men -which lasted months.	0:34:35	0:34:39
-Although they managed -to damage it...	0:34:39	0:34:42
-..they failed to seize the castle.	0:34:42	0:34:45
-He had to stay here a while.	0:34:45	0:34:48
-The sturdy walls of Carreg Cennen -thwarted Glyndwr's plans...	0:34:48	0:34:52
-..for the rest of his kingdom.	0:34:52	0:34:54
-Not that things -were any better in other areas.	0:34:55	0:34:58
-Caernarfon Castle stood against him.	0:34:58	0:35:02
-Many more castles -fell back into English hands.	0:35:03	0:35:07
-The tide was turning -against the Welsh.	0:35:07	0:35:10
-A talented young chieftain -led the campaign against him.	0:35:10	0:35:14
-He also wanted the title -of Prince of Wales.	0:35:15	0:35:19
-Henry of Monmouth...	0:35:21	0:35:23
-..who later became -Henry V of England.	0:35:23	0:35:26
-Glyndwr and his main allies -were surrounded in Harlech.	0:35:26	0:35:31
-The English came armed -with an unfamiliar weapon.	0:35:34	0:35:38
-A powerful one at that.	0:35:38	0:35:40
-It's significant. It's the -first time a gun was used in Wales.	0:35:42	0:35:46
-Henry, the Prince of Wales, -brought a gun in from England...	0:35:46	0:35:51
-..as a set piece for the siege.	0:35:51	0:35:53
-He set tongues wagging.	0:35:54	0:35:57
-It shows how Glyndwr succeeded...	0:35:59	0:36:02
-..in angering the -English authorities so much...	0:36:02	0:36:06
-..that they spent all this money -to make this public display.	0:36:06	0:36:10
-"We're going to recapture -this castle."	0:36:10	0:36:13
-Losing these castles was something -no-one had initially foreseen.	0:36:16	0:36:22
-The revolt had failed.	0:36:22	0:36:25
-Glyndwr escaped, though history -records little more of him.	0:36:25	0:36:31
-.	0:36:33	0:36:33
-Subtitles	0:36:35	0:36:35
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:36:35	0:36:37
-Harlech, 1468.	0:36:39	0:36:42
-60 years -after Glyndwr's rebellion...	0:36:42	0:36:45
-..the castle -is under siege once again.	0:36:45	0:36:48
-This time, the fate -of the English crown is at stake.	0:36:48	0:36:52
-There was fierce fighting between -the Houses of York and Lancaster.	0:36:55	0:36:59
-The Wars of the Roses.	0:36:59	0:37:01
-In their battle against the Yorkist -King Henry IV...	0:37:02	0:37:05
-..the Lancastrians -established Harlech...	0:37:05	0:37:08
-..as one of their main bastions -in the fight against him.	0:37:09	0:37:13
-It's rumoured that this -provided the inspiration...	0:37:14	0:37:18
-..for the famous song, -Men of Harlech.	0:37:19	0:37:21
-The Tudors -were in charge of defence.	0:37:24	0:37:26
-They were assisted by soldiers -who sailed to their aid from France.	0:37:26	0:37:31
-The king had to mobilise an army -10,000 strong to seize the castle.	0:37:31	0:37:37
-But it was the Tudors -who seized the crown in the end.	0:37:45	0:37:49
-Less than 20 years later...	0:37:51	0:37:53
-..Henry Tudor would be sailing back -from France under the Welsh banner.	0:37:53	0:37:58
-The Welsh -had a tradition of prophesy.	0:38:01	0:38:03
-The idea of a Prophetic Son.	0:38:04	0:38:07
-A man who would come, a hero...	0:38:07	0:38:09
-..who'd lead Wales -to independence once again.	0:38:10	0:38:13
-Having landed in Pembrokeshire, -Henry Tudor's knights...	0:38:15	0:38:19
-..scoured the country...	0:38:19	0:38:21
-..to form armies -to fight for the Son of Prophesy.	0:38:21	0:38:25
-After the Battle of Bosworth...	0:38:31	0:38:33
-..after the success of Henry VII...	0:38:33	0:38:36
-..poets acknowledged -that the prophesy had come true.	0:38:37	0:38:41
-The English crown was now worn by a -Welshman, born in a Welsh castle...	0:38:45	0:38:49
-..with the support of the Welsh.	0:38:50	0:38:52
-The Tudors -brought stability and peace...	0:38:58	0:39:02
-..to England.	0:39:03	0:39:05
-There was no need to develop -the castle's might further.	0:39:05	0:39:09
-It was left in peace -for close to two centuries.	0:39:09	0:39:12
-But in the 1640s, -all that changed again.	0:39:14	0:39:19
-The English Civil War.	0:39:23	0:39:26
-A bloody struggle -between Crown and Parliament.	0:39:26	0:39:30
-On the one side, King Charles I.	0:39:30	0:39:33
-On the other, Oliver Cromwell.	0:39:33	0:39:35
-After two centuries of peace...	0:39:38	0:39:40
-..the British castle was unprepared.	0:39:40	0:39:43
-On the continent...	0:39:43	0:39:45
-..with the development -of destructive artillery power...	0:39:46	0:39:50
-..they erected mounds of earth -in front of the castles as defences.	0:39:50	0:39:55
-But for castles like Raglan -here in Wales...	0:39:56	0:40:00
-..there was -an unforeseen blow to come.	0:40:00	0:40:03
-In order -to appreciate the outcome...	0:40:03	0:40:05
-..one must go back in time...	0:40:05	0:40:07
-..to trace the history -of these splendid structures.	0:40:08	0:40:12
-This is the most substantial castle -a Welshman has ever built.	0:40:12	0:40:17
-Though we're close to the -English border in Monmouthshire...	0:40:17	0:40:21
-..Raglan Castle was very important -to Welsh culture...	0:40:22	0:40:26
-..and the Welsh language.	0:40:26	0:40:28
-It was the capital for -Welsh-speaking natives, if you like.	0:40:29	0:40:33
-It was the centre -of Welsh aristocratic culture.	0:40:33	0:40:37
-Poets came from Merionethshire, -Caernarvonshire and the south...	0:40:37	0:40:42
-..to Raglan Castle.	0:40:42	0:40:44
-All these facets came together.	0:40:44	0:40:47
-Language, wealth -and political connections.	0:40:47	0:40:50
-There's no doubt that it was the -epicentre of the Welsh heartland...	0:40:50	0:40:55
-..in the 1460s.	0:40:55	0:40:57
-It was built -by Sir William Herbert...	0:40:58	0:41:02
-..the Duke of Pembroke.	0:41:02	0:41:04
-He was -an influential figure in London.	0:41:04	0:41:07
-He was the first Welsh nobleman...	0:41:07	0:41:10
-..to join the Peerage of England.	0:41:10	0:41:13
-The era's changed...	0:41:15	0:41:17
-..and there are -new noblemen and aristocrats.	0:41:17	0:41:20
-People flocked here -to enjoy the Earl's hospitality.	0:41:21	0:41:24
-It's a warm welcome.	0:41:25	0:41:27
-Everyone loves feasting -late into the night...	0:41:27	0:41:31
-..and sampling -an endless supply of fine wines.	0:41:31	0:41:35
-William Herbert's -new-found wealth...	0:41:36	0:41:40
-..was derived from the profitable -overseas wine trade.	0:41:40	0:41:44
-The fruit of the Rhine and Rhone...	0:41:44	0:41:46
-..flowed through the cellars -of Raglan Castle.	0:41:46	0:41:49
-One poet refers to Raglan as -the vineyard of the Welsh language.	0:41:49	0:41:54
-That is to say, -Raglan is the nation's vineyard.	0:41:54	0:41:57
-It was a place of pleasure...	0:41:58	0:42:02
-..with wine, -hospitality and culture.	0:42:02	0:42:04
-It was also -a centre of Welsh culture.	0:42:05	0:42:09
-William Herbert -was regarded as the leader...	0:42:09	0:42:12
-..who brought kudos -back to the Welsh as a nation.	0:42:12	0:42:17
-More poems are attributed -to William Herbert...	0:42:17	0:42:21
-..than any other during that era.	0:42:21	0:42:23
-It was the golden age of the cywydd -and medieval literature.	0:42:23	0:42:27
-And this palace...	0:42:29	0:42:31
-..was a Welsh-speaking palace, -which is often forgotten.	0:42:32	0:42:36
-Who would've thought? A Welsh -palace so close to the border?	0:42:37	0:42:41
-If time travel was possible...	0:42:45	0:42:47
-..any Welsh author -would love to come back here...	0:42:48	0:42:51
-..to share -William Herbert's hospitality.	0:42:52	0:42:55
-But two centuries later...	0:42:58	0:43:01
-..what kind of welcome -did the castle give...	0:43:02	0:43:05
-..to the Roundheads of the 1640s?	0:43:05	0:43:09
-At the root of the English Civil War -was a clash of ideas...	0:43:09	0:43:13
-..and philosophy between the -Royalists and the Parliamentarians.	0:43:13	0:43:18
-There were Welsh on both sides -who were willing to fight...	0:43:18	0:43:22
-..for their principles.	0:43:22	0:43:25
-But on the front line, -it was a fierce and merciless war.	0:43:30	0:43:34
-The Parliamentarian army defeated -the Royalists on the battlefield.	0:43:38	0:43:43
-By the time they reached Raglan...	0:43:49	0:43:52
-..they'd already won the war, -to all intents and purposes.	0:43:52	0:43:56
-Henry Somerset, -William Herbert's heir...	0:43:57	0:44:00
-..held on to the castle -for the king.	0:44:00	0:44:03
-Almost all the other -royal strongholds...	0:44:03	0:44:06
-..fell into the hands -of the Parliamentarians.	0:44:07	0:44:10
-Somerset knew he was standing alone.	0:44:11	0:44:15
-The Parliamentarian army -arrived with its artillery.	0:44:17	0:44:21
-A cannon with a name.	0:44:23	0:44:26
-Roaring Meg.	0:44:26	0:44:28
-Raglan's resistance crumbled -under cannon fire.	0:44:31	0:44:35
-When this tower was attacked...	0:44:35	0:44:38
-..an entire chapter in -the castle's history was demolished.	0:44:38	0:44:43
-William Herbert -built Raglan as a palace.	0:44:46	0:44:50
-Two centuries had passed since then.	0:44:51	0:44:53
-Now, artillery power -had increased to such a degree...	0:44:56	0:45:00
-..it was no longer possible -to be a home and a fortress.	0:45:00	0:45:04
-The castle's evolution -spanned the centuries.	0:45:15	0:45:19
-The square Norman keep.	0:45:20	0:45:23
-Richard the Lionheart's -rows of rounded towers.	0:45:26	0:45:29
-Walls within walls in Caerphilly.	0:45:32	0:45:35
-And the active defence system -in Carcassonne.	0:45:39	0:45:43
-Throughout its history, the castle's -architects endeavoured...	0:45:45	0:45:50
-..to ensure the defence -was stronger than the attack.	0:45:50	0:45:55
-Faced with extreme threat...	0:45:56	0:45:58
-..they devised structures -which confronted the enemy...	0:45:58	0:46:02
-..and exposed them -to deadly peril at every turn.	0:46:03	0:46:06
-The outcome?	0:46:09	0:46:10
-Splendid bastions which aided -many of our history's greats.	0:46:11	0:46:15
-In the end, the castle -had to bow to the inevitable...	0:46:21	0:46:25
-..in the cannon age.	0:46:25	0:46:27
-By standing so prominently -in our landscape today...	0:46:29	0:46:33
-..every castle is a monument to -the inventive, brave and diligent...	0:46:34	0:46:38
-..of yesteryear.	0:46:38	0:46:41
-The golden era of the castle -may be over...	0:46:41	0:46:44
-..as a defensive -and military structure...	0:46:45	0:46:48
-..but one thing's for sure.	0:46:48	0:46:50
-The castle has survived war, siege, -onslaught and time itself.	0:46:50	0:46:57
-In the final episode of Y Castell...	0:47:01	0:47:04
-..we'll explore some of Europe's -most beautiful palaces...	0:47:04	0:47:09
-..to see the kind of life they led -and their style.	0:47:09	0:47:12
-The castle was a public platform...	0:47:13	0:47:16
-..for ceremony and feast.	0:47:16	0:47:18
-But it also had to be decorated -as a private residence...	0:47:20	0:47:24
-..for the nobility...	0:47:25	0:47:26
-..and later, -for the nouveau riche...	0:47:27	0:47:30
-..who wanted a luxurious life -every day and night.	0:47:30	0:47:33
-Why then, -in our more democratic era...	0:47:34	0:47:39
-..does the castle still capture the -imagination of the entire family...	0:47:40	0:47:44
-..including my own?	0:47:44	0:47:46
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:48:13	0:48:15
-.	0:48:16	0:48:16

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