Y Castell: Addurno ‹ Y Castell

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-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-The castle - an image of Wales...	0:00:09	0:00:11
-..that's famous -throughout the world.	0:00:12	0:00:14
-During this series...	0:00:18	0:00:20
-..I'll explore its construction...	0:00:20	0:00:23
-..defences...	0:00:25	0:00:27
-..and decor.	0:00:27	0:00:30
-It's a riveting story and one -which is quintessentially Welsh.	0:00:30	0:00:35
-There are more castles -per square feet in Wales...	0:00:35	0:00:38
-..than any other country -of equal size.	0:00:39	0:00:41
-They attract droves of tourists.	0:00:41	0:00:44
-But for us, -they're an uncomfortable legacy.	0:00:47	0:00:50
-The outcome of ferocious battles...	0:00:50	0:00:52
-..that ultimately -led to us being conquered.	0:00:53	0:00:56
-In order to understand -the castle's true significance...	0:00:59	0:01:03
-..I've journeyed throughout Wales...	0:01:04	0:01:06
-..over the border -and across the continent...	0:01:06	0:01:10
-..to see how the castle...	0:01:11	0:01:12
-..claims a central place -in many countries' history...	0:01:13	0:01:16
-..sparking the imaginations -of people of all ages...	0:01:17	0:01:20
-..and arousing a lasting interest.	0:01:20	0:01:23
-How does the castle occupy our -dreams and capture our imagination?	0:01:25	0:01:30
-To answer that question...	0:01:31	0:01:33
-..one must fully understand -the nature of the castle.	0:01:34	0:01:38
-Is it a fort or is it a home?	0:01:40	0:01:43
-A combination of pride and folly...	0:01:46	0:01:49
-..or does it combine vision -with hard labour, skill...	0:01:49	0:01:54
-..and determination?	0:01:55	0:01:57
-Does it prove...	0:01:57	0:01:59
-..that, ultimately, -it is military power that counts...	0:01:59	0:02:03
-..or does it embody courage -and privilege, love and romance?	0:02:03	0:02:08
-Does it frighten...	0:02:10	0:02:12
-..or does it excite?	0:02:12	0:02:14
-It's a prominent -and powerful symbol...	0:02:16	0:02:19
-..but do we -truly understand the castle?	0:02:19	0:02:22
-The 2014 NATO Summit in Wales.	0:02:35	0:02:38
-The heads of 60 of the world's -most powerful armed forces...	0:02:39	0:02:43
-..have come together in Wales.	0:02:43	0:02:45
-It's the largest gathering -of international leaders...	0:02:47	0:02:52
-..ever to take place in Britain.	0:02:52	0:02:55
-The matters discussed here...	0:02:56	0:02:59
-..may shape the future for us all.	0:02:59	0:03:02
-At night, the world's leaders -convene at Cardiff Castle.	0:03:02	0:03:06
-A chance to pose for their -official pre-dinner portrait...	0:03:07	0:03:12
-..in front of these ancient walls.	0:03:12	0:03:14
-The castle has always been a symbol -of might and military authority.	0:03:15	0:03:20
-But it's also associated -with noble and civilised living...	0:03:21	0:03:25
-..for leaders who are brave, -principled and honourable.	0:03:25	0:03:30
-Powerful people have capitalized -on both aspects of the castle.	0:03:31	0:03:36
-The castle -wasn't only a place to do battle...	0:03:36	0:03:39
-..it was also a place -in which to live.	0:03:40	0:03:43
-It was a fortress and a home.	0:03:44	0:03:46
-Though the relationship between the -two changed over the centuries...	0:03:46	0:03:51
-..this dual purpose was at the -forefront of the builders' minds.	0:03:51	0:03:56
-It was also true of the Welsh -princes, such as Lord Rhys.	0:04:00	0:04:04
-And of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, -Our Last Leader.	0:04:07	0:04:11
-Edward I of England was -building his oppressive castles...	0:04:13	0:04:18
-..knowing the effect -on the Welsh psychology...	0:04:18	0:04:21
-..was enough -to break the nation's heart.	0:04:22	0:04:25
-These castles were a clear sign -that Wales had been conquered.	0:04:25	0:04:30
-There's admiration, reverent fear...	0:04:31	0:04:33
-..and there's horror.	0:04:34	0:04:36
-There's also bitterness about -the power centralized in the castle.	0:04:36	0:04:42
-Back then, the focus was -on the castle's military purpose.	0:04:45	0:04:49
-Nowadays, they're building castles -for recreational purposes.	0:04:49	0:04:54
-But coming to castles to relax -isn't solely a modern idea.	0:04:56	0:05:00
-You'll hear about -one castle in Wales...	0:05:01	0:05:03
-..built specifically -for recreation.	0:05:03	0:05:06
-It was purposefully designed...	0:05:06	0:05:09
-..for pleasure and fun.	0:05:09	0:05:11
-The standard of decoration -in each castle was important.	0:05:13	0:05:17
-If the walls -were menacing on the outside...	0:05:17	0:05:21
-..they had to be welcoming -on the inside.	0:05:21	0:05:24
-That became even more important...	0:05:24	0:05:27
-..once the destructive power -of the cannon...	0:05:27	0:05:30
-..destroyed the castle's might.	0:05:30	0:05:33
-As one chapter -in the castle's history closes...	0:05:33	0:05:36
-..the building started to reflect -new aspirations.	0:05:37	0:05:41
-People wanted to fill these -residences with art and statues.	0:05:41	0:05:45
-The castle -turned into a place of fantasy.	0:05:46	0:05:49
-In this final episode...	0:05:50	0:05:51
-..we discover where the King of -England slept within his castle...	0:05:52	0:05:56
-..where the King of France -strolled...	0:05:56	0:05:59
-..to publicly display his majesty...	0:05:59	0:06:03
-..and where he -entertained his queen in private.	0:06:03	0:06:07
-We visit a castle in Germany...	0:06:09	0:06:11
-..that's been home -to one family for 33 generations.	0:06:12	0:06:16
-We then return to Wales -to see the connection...	0:06:22	0:06:25
-..between the NATO leaders -and the hard-working colliers...	0:06:25	0:06:29
-..who paid for the intricate decor -which thrills every visitor here.	0:06:29	0:06:34
-Cardiff Castle.	0:06:35	0:06:37
-Every trip to the castle -is a living lesson about history.	0:06:39	0:06:43
-A history that's been -firmly rooted in the walls.	0:06:43	0:06:47
-Dover Castle in Kent.	0:06:52	0:06:54
-At its centre, -a classic large, square tower.	0:06:55	0:06:59
-No-one can dispute -that this is a citadel....	0:07:01	0:07:05
-..with a military purpose.	0:07:05	0:07:07
-It was built in 1180...	0:07:10	0:07:13
-..for King Henry II.	0:07:13	0:07:15
-The King of England had to defend -Dover from the kings of France...	0:07:17	0:07:22
-..who posed a threat -from across the Channel.	0:07:22	0:07:25
-From the outside, the keep -projects its menacing exterior.	0:07:25	0:07:29
-However, -it's a different story inside.	0:07:30	0:07:33
-The rooms -have recently been restored...	0:07:33	0:07:37
-..in the period's style.	0:07:37	0:07:39
-It's astounding to see...	0:07:40	0:07:42
-..such vibrant decor.	0:07:43	0:07:45
-This is -where the king slept at night...	0:07:46	0:07:49
-..and where he was advised by day...	0:07:49	0:07:52
-..about the dangerous -diplomatic games he was playing.	0:07:52	0:07:56
-All you see from outside are the -castle's cold and menacing walls.	0:07:57	0:08:01
-But inside, it's a family home...	0:08:01	0:08:04
-..full of colour and adornment.	0:08:04	0:08:07
-It had to be luxurious for the king.	0:08:07	0:08:09
-Everything in the garden is rosy...	0:08:09	0:08:12
-..if the king is safe on his throne.	0:08:13	0:08:16
-This is the theme -of this work of art.	0:08:16	0:08:19
-The message is clear...	0:08:24	0:08:26
-..even if this particular king...	0:08:27	0:08:29
-..is responsible for the murder -of a saint like Thomas a Becket.	0:08:29	0:08:34
-The importance of the castle's image -for the English Royal family...	0:08:35	0:08:41
-..is even more demonstrable -at Windsor.	0:08:41	0:08:44
-This castle -has developed over the centuries...	0:08:47	0:08:51
-..to become -one of the country's main palaces.	0:08:51	0:08:54
-Its status as a symbol -glorifying the English monarchy...	0:08:56	0:09:01
-..dates back to the 14th century, -to the reign of Edward III.	0:09:01	0:09:06
-It continues to be a tourist -destination of global significance.	0:09:11	0:09:16
-Edward had decided to press -his claim to the throne of France...	0:09:17	0:09:21
-..as well as that of England...	0:09:22	0:09:24
-..and was willing -to go to war to claim both.	0:09:25	0:09:28
-Edward's dream was very dangerous.	0:09:30	0:09:33
-Success depended...	0:09:33	0:09:35
-..on the military support -of the English nobility.	0:09:35	0:09:40
-Edward decided to make Windsor -the focus of a cult.	0:09:42	0:09:46
-A cult -that would appeal to the barons...	0:09:46	0:09:49
-..and their idea -of privilege and duty.	0:09:49	0:09:53
-His best idea -was to associate himself...	0:09:54	0:09:57
-..with ancient British mythology...	0:09:58	0:10:00
-..and stories -of King Arthur and his knights.	0:10:01	0:10:04
-It was here at Windsor that -he constructed a Camelot of his own.	0:10:04	0:10:09
-Realizing his dream was costly.	0:10:11	0:10:13
-Edward spent a fortune.	0:10:14	0:10:16
-51,000, which is equivalent -to millions nowadays.	0:10:16	0:10:20
-It was the most expensive project...	0:10:20	0:10:23
-..of the entire -Middle Ages in Britain.	0:10:23	0:10:26
-The new Camelot would be home...	0:10:27	0:10:30
-..to a select band of knights.	0:10:30	0:10:33
-The Order of the Garter...	0:10:33	0:10:35
-..is the oldest and -most prestigious order in Britain.	0:10:35	0:10:39
-As the war against France -intensifies...	0:10:42	0:10:45
-..Edward acknowledges -the valour of his son in battle...	0:10:45	0:10:49
-..and honours the Black Prince as -the joint leader of the new order.	0:10:49	0:10:54
-This castle is key...	0:10:57	0:10:58
-..in the way the British nature -of the monarchy has changed.	0:10:59	0:11:03
-Edward transformed a military -bastion into a noble residence.	0:11:03	0:11:08
-He was also announcing, this is -Britain, we're right at its heart.	0:11:09	0:11:13
-Perhaps Edward III took inspiration -from his own genealogy.	0:11:18	0:11:23
-He was the son of Edward II, -whose birth at Caernarfon Castle...	0:11:23	0:11:27
-..had been orchestrated...	0:11:28	0:11:30
-..by his father, Edward I, -Edward Longshanks...	0:11:31	0:11:34
-..who took the title, -Prince of Wales.	0:11:34	0:11:37
-Longshanks -was a brutal and oppressive king...	0:11:38	0:11:43
-..but he used romantic notions to -reinforce his power over Britain.	0:11:43	0:11:48
-Evidence of this can clearly be seen -at Winchester Castle.	0:11:51	0:11:55
-The castle itself is now in ruin...	0:11:58	0:12:01
-..but the Great Hall is intact.	0:12:02	0:12:06
-On the wall is the Round Table...	0:12:07	0:12:10
-..where King Arthur and his knights -sat and feasted.	0:12:10	0:12:14
-At least that's what they say.	0:12:15	0:12:17
-Proof of that -are the names of the 24 knights...	0:12:20	0:12:22
-..that appear in their -allocated places around the table.	0:12:23	0:12:28
-But scientific tests date the table -to the reign of Edward Longshanks.	0:12:28	0:12:34
-By creating the round table...	0:12:39	0:12:41
-..with King Arthur sitting in his -castle surrounded by 24 knights...	0:12:41	0:12:46
-..the King of England -claimed the rest of Britain...	0:12:46	0:12:49
-..by suggesting the royal line -extended way back in time.	0:12:50	0:12:54
-Perhaps to prehistory.	0:12:54	0:12:57
-He did this -with a single piece of furniture.	0:12:57	0:13:00
-The Round Table -in the perfect castle.	0:13:08	0:13:12
-And the king's knights returning -there after a successful mission.	0:13:12	0:13:17
-Legends of Arthur -are charming and powerful.	0:13:17	0:13:20
-Powerful enough -to inspire medieval noblemen...	0:13:20	0:13:23
-..to build castles like Camelot, -where privilege and romance ruled.	0:13:23	0:13:30
-One of them was built here in Wales.	0:13:33	0:13:35
-Today, it's a ruin and -practically nobody knows about it.	0:13:35	0:13:41
-.	0:13:42	0:13:42
-Subtitles	0:13:46	0:13:46
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:13:46	0:13:48
-I've brought my daughters to -one of Wales' most magical castles.	0:13:52	0:13:57
-I'm constantly learning when viewing -relics through the eyes of a child.	0:13:58	0:14:03
-Yes, but small, -medium or substantial?	0:14:05	0:14:08
-What do you think?	0:14:08	0:14:10
-I'd say substantial.	0:14:12	0:14:13
-I'd say substantial. - -Yes, it is a substantial castle.	0:14:13	0:14:15
-It's an enormous castle.	0:14:16	0:14:18
-The place's grandeur is obvious, -though Tregruk Castle...	0:14:19	0:14:23
-..is now in ruin.	0:14:24	0:14:26
-The de Clare family built -these walls in Monmouthshire...	0:14:33	0:14:37
-..early in the 14th century.	0:14:38	0:14:41
-In order to imagine this place -in all its splendour...	0:14:45	0:14:49
-..you must clear away -all this ivy...	0:14:49	0:14:51
-..which is hiding -long walls in all directions.	0:14:52	0:14:56
-All the way down to here.	0:14:56	0:14:58
-All you can see around us -was one interior court...	0:14:58	0:15:02
-..bigger than that in Windsor -Castle, bigger than Caerphilly.	0:15:02	0:15:06
-This was the biggest in Britain.	0:15:06	0:15:09
-The castle is full or surprises.	0:15:10	0:15:13
-One of its most typical features...	0:15:16	0:15:19
-..is not only the standard of the -construction and the stonework...	0:15:19	0:15:24
-..but anyone -could attack this castle...	0:15:24	0:15:27
-..through this -ancient sewage system.	0:15:28	0:15:30
-Which proves -this isn't a military castle...	0:15:33	0:15:37
-..but a ceremonial one.	0:15:37	0:15:40
-All this structural work is here -for one purpose only.	0:15:41	0:15:46
-Pleasure.	0:15:46	0:15:49
-This is where the de Clare family -came to feast, hunt and relax.	0:15:50	0:15:55
-It was a medieval five-star hotel.	0:15:55	0:15:58
-One word to describe this castle -is luxurious.	0:16:01	0:16:04
-This is the toilet, though it's -bigger than your average one.	0:16:04	0:16:09
-There's a round wall here, -where you can settle down.	0:16:09	0:16:14
-Once you've finished...	0:16:14	0:16:16
-..you can come over here because -there's a basin to wash your hands.	0:16:16	0:16:21
-It suggests that -life in the castle was pleasant.	0:16:21	0:16:25
-The de Clare family -and their guests...	0:16:26	0:16:30
-..enjoyed themselves -here in rural Gwent.	0:16:30	0:16:33
-All the money they squandered...	0:16:33	0:16:36
-..all the hard work that went into -erecting this castle...	0:16:36	0:16:40
-..was for one sole purpose - -entertainment.	0:16:41	0:16:44
-If you designed a seat, -what would it be like?	0:16:45	0:16:48
-I think it would be...	0:16:51	0:16:52
-I think it would be... - -What colour would it be?	0:16:52	0:16:54
-Well, girls, -you've found the perfect place.	0:16:55	0:16:59
-In the olden days, this is where -the ladies sat, as you are now...	0:16:59	0:17:03
-..to eat and to look out -on the wonderful view...	0:17:04	0:17:07
-..within the castle.	0:17:07	0:17:09
-Who wouldn't want to feast -in a medieval castle?	0:17:24	0:17:28
-The servants would bring you plate -after plate of delicious food.	0:17:31	0:17:35
-Beef, bacon, lamb and venison.	0:17:35	0:17:39
-Various fish and exotic birds...	0:17:39	0:17:42
-..and plenty -of wine, cider and mead.	0:17:42	0:17:46
-And then there's the company -and a chance to gossip.	0:17:48	0:17:52
-To honour -the tradition of courtly love.	0:17:52	0:17:57
-L'amour courtois, -as the French used to say.	0:17:57	0:18:00
-The castle -and the notion of romance.	0:18:05	0:18:08
-A perfect combination -which came together...	0:18:08	0:18:11
-..in one -particular district of France.	0:18:12	0:18:15
-The Loire.	0:18:23	0:18:26
-An enchanting chateau.	0:18:30	0:18:32
-Noble ceremonies.	0:18:33	0:18:36
-Royal hunts.	0:18:38	0:18:40
-Glorious palaces.	0:18:42	0:18:46
-Historians say -that it was here in the Loire...	0:18:49	0:18:52
-..that a new way of life began.	0:18:53	0:18:55
-La Vie Francaise.	0:18:55	0:18:58
-It came about -as a result of a military tragedy.	0:19:00	0:19:03
-The Battle of Agincourt in 1415.	0:19:03	0:19:06
-Having been persecuted in Paris -by the English...	0:19:07	0:19:10
-..the French court found refuge -on the banks of the Loire.	0:19:11	0:19:14
-The land was fertile -and the river...	0:19:16	0:19:19
-..connected it -to the rest of the country.	0:19:19	0:19:22
-It was -the beginning of a golden era.	0:19:22	0:19:24
-When peace -came to France once again...	0:19:26	0:19:30
-..architectural design thrived...	0:19:30	0:19:33
-..and new and astonishing buildings -were constructed.	0:19:33	0:19:37
-For the castle builders -of the Loire...	0:19:37	0:19:39
-..their big moment had arrived.	0:19:40	0:19:43
-Today, in the village of Langeais, -they still enjoy la vie francaise.	0:19:45	0:19:50
-Langeais has always been -a substantial town...	0:19:51	0:19:54
-..since King Louis XI...	0:19:54	0:19:57
-..insisted -on building a castle here in 1415.	0:19:57	0:20:01
-Amelie Delaunay -explains its history.	0:20:03	0:20:06
-Louis XI exerts his power -in his early days on the throne.	0:20:07	0:20:13
-He insists on drawing attention -to his royal presence in Tours.	0:20:13	0:20:18
-Tours was the city back then, -and he chose Langeais...	0:20:18	0:20:24
-..since the royal chateaux were -scarce along this bank of the Loire.	0:20:24	0:20:29
-Looking at the castle's facade -from the town...	0:20:30	0:20:34
-..suggests that Louis -had a military purpose in mind.	0:20:34	0:20:38
-All the typical features -of a fortress can be seen.	0:20:39	0:20:43
-Thick, defensive walls.	0:20:43	0:20:45
-High towers.	0:20:45	0:20:47
-And a drawbridge.	0:20:47	0:20:49
-But Amelie claims they're fake.	0:20:51	0:20:53
-It was built in a style -that's characteristic of the era.	0:20:53	0:20:57
-A grand defensive fortress -for the town.	0:20:57	0:21:02
-These are all defensive features.	0:21:03	0:21:05
-High towers -and secure paths around them...	0:21:05	0:21:08
-..and ramparts so that soldiers -could defend easily.	0:21:08	0:21:12
-And the drawbridge.	0:21:13	0:21:16
-All these military details - -they're of no use in Langeais.	0:21:16	0:21:20
-Nobody posed a threat to the area.	0:21:21	0:21:23
-Its sole purpose -was to highlight the king's power.	0:21:23	0:21:26
-Langeais' rear facade shows its -true purpose, its raison d'etre.	0:21:27	0:21:32
-This is no military bunker -but a splendid home.	0:21:33	0:21:37
-A building -to glorify the king's majesty.	0:21:38	0:21:41
-It's well built and defined. It's a -residence more than anything else.	0:21:41	0:21:47
-It's a home with plenty of windows. -It's not a fort.	0:21:47	0:21:50
-Every room is flooded with light -to create a pleasant living space.	0:21:51	0:21:58
-In 1491, a mere quarter of a century -after it was built...	0:22:00	0:22:04
-..Langeais witnessed...	0:22:04	0:22:06
-..one of the most significant -ceremonies in French history.	0:22:07	0:22:11
-The wedding of Anna Vreizh, -Anne, the Duchess of Brittany.	0:22:12	0:22:16
-The bride was a very young girl...	0:22:20	0:22:23
-..although she was already married.	0:22:23	0:22:26
-In order to -defend Brittany's independence...	0:22:26	0:22:29
-..against the King of France...	0:22:29	0:22:32
-..Anne married Archduke -Maximilian of Austria by proxy.	0:22:32	0:22:37
-However, -he had never been to her home.	0:22:40	0:22:43
-When France attacked Brittany, -Anne had very little choice.	0:22:43	0:22:47
-She had to ask the Pope to annul -her marriage to Maximilian...	0:22:49	0:22:54
-..so that she could come to Langeais -to marry Charles VIII of France.	0:22:54	0:22:59
-As Anne reached the castle, a ship -sailed slowly along the Loire River.	0:23:01	0:23:07
-It was carrying the King of France.	0:23:07	0:23:10
-At the break of dawn, -the pair were married.	0:23:10	0:23:13
-She was 14 and he was 21.	0:23:13	0:23:16
-This wasn't the union -of a little girl and a young man...	0:23:17	0:23:20
-..it was a union -between Brittany and France.	0:23:21	0:23:24
-The marriage -was so important to her duchy...	0:23:24	0:23:28
-..that Anne was willing -to anger the Church by doing so.	0:23:28	0:23:32
-They asked the Pope to annul -her marriage to Maximilian...	0:23:32	0:23:37
-..but the Pope -hadn't made his decision.	0:23:37	0:23:42
-She was marrying Charles before -annulling her previous marriage.	0:23:42	0:23:46
-They kept the event -as confidential as possible...	0:23:46	0:23:50
-..kept the time and place a secret -too since there was no court here.	0:23:50	0:23:57
-There was none of the usual pomp and -ceremony to celebrate the marriage.	0:23:58	0:24:02
-However, many leading figures -attended the ceremony as witnesses.	0:24:03	0:24:07
-The Prince of Orange -was Anne's witness.	0:24:07	0:24:10
-King Louis of Orleans, his closest -cousin, was Charles VIII's witness.	0:24:11	0:24:16
-He later became -King Louis XII of France.	0:24:16	0:24:20
-They signed a wedding contract but -it was a political union in essence.	0:24:20	0:24:27
-So it was for political reasons -that Charles ignored the fact...	0:24:27	0:24:31
-..that the Pope hadn't -yet annulled Anne's first marriage.	0:24:32	0:24:36
-The pair were joined in matrimony...	0:24:36	0:24:39
-..but Anne of Brittany -was still faithful to her country.	0:24:40	0:24:44
-An unexpected event -happened to her later on.	0:24:45	0:24:49
-In another castle in the Loire, Anna -Vreizh became the Queen of France...	0:24:50	0:24:56
-..for a second time.	0:24:57	0:24:59
-.	0:24:59	0:24:59
-Subtitles	0:25:03	0:25:03
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:25:03	0:25:04
-Anna Vreizh. Anne of Brittany.	0:25:05	0:25:07
-Seven years after marrying Charles -VIII in the Loire, the king died.	0:25:07	0:25:13
-Soon, there would be another chateau -celebrating Anne's marriage...	0:25:13	0:25:19
-..to the new King of France.	0:25:19	0:25:21
-This time, the venue -was the Royal Chateau of Blois.	0:25:23	0:25:28
-The new king was Louis XII.	0:25:28	0:25:31
-As the Prince of Orleans...	0:25:31	0:25:34
-..Louis had been a witness -at Anne and Charles' secret wedding.	0:25:34	0:25:38
-He embarked on -the reconstruction of the chateau...	0:25:41	0:25:45
-..as a palace for his wife -for personal reasons...	0:25:45	0:25:48
-..as the current director of the -monument, Pierre, explained to me.	0:25:49	0:25:53
-Louis XII and Anne of Brittany -were very fond of this chateau.	0:25:54	0:25:59
-It was here -that Louis XII was born and raised.	0:25:59	0:26:02
-It was a cultural court -during that time...	0:26:03	0:26:06
-..thanks to his father, -Charles d'Orleans.	0:26:06	0:26:09
-A court that patronized poets.	0:26:09	0:26:11
-Charles turned his back on politics -to patronize cultural affairs.	0:26:11	0:26:17
-This is the ambience that surrounded -Louis XII during his upbringing.	0:26:17	0:26:21
-The intelligentsia regarded Blois as -one of France's grandest chateaux.	0:26:23	0:26:29
-Now, Louis was determined to create -something even more astonishing.	0:26:29	0:26:35
-By doing this, -Louis would clearly announce...	0:26:37	0:26:40
-..that he had a new partner.	0:26:40	0:26:42
-This time, there was to be -no secrecy surrounding the wedding.	0:26:42	0:26:47
-The marriage -between Louis and Anne...	0:26:47	0:26:50
-..ensured a unity -between France and Brittany.	0:26:50	0:26:53
-Grand celebrations followed...	0:26:53	0:26:56
-..such as that -of Cesare Borgia's wedding...	0:26:56	0:26:59
-..and visits from important figures -such as Machiavelli from Italy...	0:26:59	0:27:03
-..until Anne died here, -in the castle, 15 years later.	0:27:04	0:27:08
-Anne and Louis' palace in Blois -was one of Europe's wonders.	0:27:10	0:27:14
-Their names -have been immortalised here.	0:27:15	0:27:18
-Their court was civilised, -dazzling and French.	0:27:20	0:27:24
-Until the very end, -Anne of Brittany...	0:27:26	0:27:29
-..Anna Vreizh...	0:27:30	0:27:31
-..tirelessly served -her motherland and its people.	0:27:32	0:27:36
-When she died here in 1514...	0:27:38	0:27:41
-..her funeral lasted 40 days.	0:27:42	0:27:44
-Blois' grandeur -began before Anne's reign...	0:27:49	0:27:53
-..and continued -long after her death.	0:27:53	0:27:56
-This is the Hall of Estates, -which dates back further...	0:27:57	0:28:01
-..in the Middle Ages.	0:28:01	0:28:03
-They held a parliament here -for estates from all over France.	0:28:03	0:28:08
-Les Etats Generaux.	0:28:08	0:28:09
-One of the chateau's handsomest -rooms is the Hall of Estates.	0:28:10	0:28:16
-We know precisely when it was built -due to dendrochronology...	0:28:16	0:28:21
-..by studying the wood -in the timber fretwork.	0:28:22	0:28:25
-The framework dates back to 1214, -so the hall is 800 years old.	0:28:25	0:28:31
-Eight centuries of history -which is presented to us today...	0:28:32	0:28:36
-..via technology -and contemporary images.	0:28:36	0:28:39
-The story takes us...	0:28:42	0:28:43
-..from Louis' construction work -during Anne's reign...	0:28:43	0:28:47
-..to the new wing of his successor, -King Francois I.	0:28:48	0:28:51
-Francois is responsible -for Blois' most decorative building.	0:28:52	0:28:57
-A polygonal staircase -which projects outward...	0:29:00	0:29:05
-..from the line of the facade.	0:29:05	0:29:08
-There are balconies on each level...	0:29:11	0:29:13
-..offering -a platform for the king...	0:29:14	0:29:17
-..to show off to the courtiers -before ascending to his chambers.	0:29:17	0:29:21
-It's a masterpiece -of Renaissance architecture.	0:29:25	0:29:28
-This is the grandest staircase -I've ever seen.	0:29:31	0:29:34
-With every step upwards, you're -following in the footsteps of kings.	0:29:34	0:29:40
-Even for a man from Llanelli, who's -not loyal to any sovereignty...	0:29:41	0:29:47
-..the special ambience -is enchanting.	0:29:47	0:29:50
-Perhaps in Blois, more so than in -any other castle in this series...	0:29:52	0:29:56
-..you can sense the spirits -of a golden era.	0:29:56	0:30:00
-For me, every building around the -large court is perfect in itself.	0:30:02	0:30:07
-They add to -the magic of the entire place.	0:30:08	0:30:12
-Monsieur le Directeur is, of course, -happy to agree with me.	0:30:12	0:30:16
-For me, it's a huge privilege -to be working at Blois.	0:30:17	0:30:20
-It combines history and architecture -and houses rare collections.	0:30:21	0:30:28
-But it's also a chateau -with a life of its own.	0:30:28	0:30:31
-A home for the Duke, the King and -Queen of France for over a century.	0:30:31	0:30:37
-Their presence -is still felt within these walls.	0:30:37	0:30:40
-There are magical moments -to be had in this chateau...	0:30:40	0:30:44
-..especially at night -when the visitors have gone.	0:30:44	0:30:47
-You can sense the presence -of all its inhabitants...	0:30:47	0:30:52
-..as if they've -left part of their souls behind.	0:30:53	0:30:55
-In Blois' walls, we can see -the ebb and flow of French history.	0:30:56	0:31:01
-The rise and fall -of several royal dynasties.	0:31:01	0:31:05
-But if this is a story -about adaptation and renewal...	0:31:07	0:31:11
-..another of Europe's -most famous castles...	0:31:11	0:31:15
-..has been home to a remarkable -continuity across the centuries.	0:31:15	0:31:19
-In Germany...	0:31:23	0:31:25
-..Burg Eltz has been home -to one family for 33 generations.	0:31:25	0:31:30
-And what a castle it is.	0:31:30	0:31:33
-The foundations of Burg Eltz...	0:31:33	0:31:35
-..stand on top of -a narrow column of natural rock...	0:31:36	0:31:39
-..which rises 70 metres -from Elzbach's riverbed below.	0:31:40	0:31:45
-With no lateral floor space -to build on...	0:31:45	0:31:48
-..one had to build vertically.	0:31:49	0:31:51
-That's precisely -what the builders did.	0:31:51	0:31:54
-It's eight storeys tall -with towers...	0:31:54	0:31:58
-..soaring 40 metres above the rock.	0:31:58	0:32:00
-It's no wonder that thousands of -visitors come here daily to marvel.	0:32:02	0:32:07
-But people also live here...	0:32:07	0:32:10
-..and have done so -since the Middle Ages.	0:32:10	0:32:13
-Three branches of the same family -share ownership.	0:32:13	0:32:18
-A set-up unique to Germany.	0:32:18	0:32:20
-The German name for it -is Ganerbenburg.	0:32:20	0:32:24
-A castle -owned by a community of joint heirs.	0:32:24	0:32:27
-The three branches -gave their names...	0:32:27	0:32:31
-..to three separate living spaces -inside the castle.	0:32:31	0:32:34
-The Rubenach, -the Rodendorf and the Kempenich.	0:32:35	0:32:38
-Scientific tests -on the living rooms' timber...	0:32:38	0:32:42
-..are a source of pride for Karl, -the current duke.	0:32:42	0:32:47
-The latest tests -have brought us exciting results.	0:32:47	0:32:52
-Every part of Burg Eltz -is older than we had suspected.	0:32:52	0:32:57
-Rodendorf House doesn't date back -to 1560, as we earlier thought...	0:32:57	0:33:02
-..but to 1290.	0:33:02	0:33:05
-Kempenich House, where we're sitting -now, doesn't date from 1400...	0:33:06	0:33:10
-..but from 1290.	0:33:11	0:33:12
-The beautiful Rubenach House -doesn't date back to 1470...	0:33:13	0:33:18
-..as the paint on the wall suggests, -but to 1311.	0:33:18	0:33:21
-Burg Eltz is older than that. -We have to rewrite its history.	0:33:21	0:33:26
-As in every family...	0:33:27	0:33:29
-..understanding -and compromise were required.	0:33:29	0:33:32
-In the Knights' Hall, three branches -of the family would convene...	0:33:33	0:33:38
-..to sit and discuss.	0:33:38	0:33:41
-That way, the family -remained united against any enemy...	0:33:41	0:33:47
-..during the turbulent centuries -of the German Middle Ages.	0:33:47	0:33:51
-Burg Eltz' stability is astounding.	0:33:55	0:33:59
-But maintaining ancient buildings -requires huge money and effort.	0:33:59	0:34:05
-The family is now supported...	0:34:07	0:34:10
-..by the state.	0:34:10	0:34:13
-Upholding tradition -is left to the present generation...	0:34:13	0:34:16
-..who protect ancient customs.	0:34:17	0:34:19
-Of course it's a burden -to maintain a house like this.	0:34:19	0:34:23
-It's a huge responsibility -for the family, the public...	0:34:24	0:34:27
-..and even for myself.	0:34:27	0:34:29
-It was made clear from childhood -that I'd have to manage the upkeep.	0:34:30	0:34:37
-But the hard work is very rewarding -because it's such a beautiful house.	0:34:37	0:34:45
-I'm a happy man instead of one -who carries a huge burden.	0:34:46	0:34:53
-The walls of Burg Eltz -protects a unique continuity.	0:34:56	0:35:00
-Every visitor gets a rare glimpse -of a bygone age.	0:35:04	0:35:08
-A tradition that has disappeared...	0:35:08	0:35:11
-..as the age of the castle -turned into an industrial era.	0:35:11	0:35:16
-There would be little room for decor -in the new mechanical age.	0:35:17	0:35:21
-.	0:35:23	0:35:24
-Subtitles	0:35:27	0:35:27
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:35:27	0:35:29
-In today's world, the castle -is more popular than ever.	0:35:29	0:35:33
-However, over the past 250 years...	0:35:34	0:35:36
-..it's faced -a constant battle to hold its own.	0:35:37	0:35:41
-The Industrial Revolution, -revolution being the apt word.	0:35:48	0:35:52
-Water power and steam power, -new machines and devices.	0:35:52	0:35:57
-There was change -in every aspect of life.	0:35:58	0:36:00
-A new mechanical age, consuming -raw material and minerals...	0:36:01	0:36:05
-..and spewing out -more and more produce.	0:36:05	0:36:09
-New structures -were being erected everywhere.	0:36:13	0:36:16
-Structures that made the castle -appear old fashioned.	0:36:19	0:36:23
-Socially, politically...	0:36:26	0:36:28
-..economically and militarily...	0:36:29	0:36:31
-..in every instance, people believed -the age of the castle was over.	0:36:31	0:36:36
-But the change -led to unexpected results.	0:36:39	0:36:42
-Not everyone benefited -from the new industries.	0:36:45	0:36:49
-But for many, -it brought untold wealth.	0:36:49	0:36:53
-Some yearned -to emulate the barons of old...	0:36:56	0:36:59
-..and live in a castle.	0:37:00	0:37:01
-In North Wales, thanks to -the flourishing slate industry...	0:37:05	0:37:09
-..Baron Penrhyn amassed a fortune -to turn a fantasy into a reality.	0:37:09	0:37:15
-On the back -of the quarrymen's labour...	0:37:23	0:37:26
-..the baron built a new castle.	0:37:26	0:37:28
-This was a quaint house -in which he could welcome friends...	0:37:29	0:37:32
-..and boast about his generosity.	0:37:33	0:37:35
-For the castle, therefore, -the Victorian era...	0:37:37	0:37:40
-..turned into the Renaissance era.	0:37:40	0:37:43
-Penrhyn Castle -was decadent and luxurious.	0:37:47	0:37:51
-But in order to see style -at its most lavish...	0:37:51	0:37:55
-..one must travel -to the other end of the country.	0:37:55	0:37:58
-By the turn of the 20th century...	0:38:02	0:38:04
-..Cardiff was exporting more coal -than anywhere else in the world.	0:38:05	0:38:09
-The docks belonged to -the Second Marquess of Bute.	0:38:09	0:38:14
-His family had acquired -large estates in South Wales.	0:38:18	0:38:21
-He set about restoring the -ancient castle in Cardiff as a home.	0:38:22	0:38:27
-The Bute family's wealth soared -on the floor of the Coal Exchange...	0:38:28	0:38:33
-..in Cardiff's docklands.	0:38:33	0:38:35
-It was here that businessmen -negotiated a price for coal exports.	0:38:36	0:38:41
-Legend has it that one of them -signed a cheque for 1 million.	0:38:41	0:38:46
-It was the first time -it had ever happened.	0:38:46	0:38:49
-When King Coal was at its peak...	0:38:52	0:38:54
-..250,000 miners -worked underground in Wales.	0:38:54	0:38:57
-None of the poor dabs -had the money to restore a castle.	0:38:58	0:39:02
-But each dram of coal they filled -made someone rich.	0:39:02	0:39:06
-When John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, -the 3rd Marquess of Bute...	0:39:09	0:39:14
-..inherited the family's fortune...	0:39:14	0:39:17
-..he decorated Cardiff Castle -in his own taste.	0:39:17	0:39:20
-In a modernising age, -he was a man who embraced antiquity.	0:39:23	0:39:28
-Restoring a castle -was a huge project.	0:39:33	0:39:37
-But one residence -wasn't enough for Bute.	0:39:37	0:39:41
-He brought architect William Burges -to Castell Coch, near Cardiff.	0:39:41	0:39:47
-He asked him -to transform that one too.	0:39:47	0:39:50
-Bute was his paymaster, so Burges -had no reason to hold back.	0:39:52	0:39:56
-He had free rein.	0:39:56	0:39:59
-Bute and Burges -took the hard labour...	0:40:01	0:40:04
-..of thousands -and thousands of workers...	0:40:04	0:40:09
-..here in the coalfields...	0:40:09	0:40:12
-..and turned it into -an architectural fantasy.	0:40:12	0:40:16
-They had no reason to be concerned -about the castle's defences.	0:40:17	0:40:21
-The chief concern -was its decorative beauty.	0:40:21	0:40:25
-It was the dawning of a new age.	0:40:27	0:40:30
-The main focus was on decoration.	0:40:31	0:40:35
-Lavish rooms like this...	0:40:36	0:40:38
-..were full of intricate, -complex and rich designs.	0:40:38	0:40:42
-Their only purpose -was to be pleasing on the eye.	0:40:42	0:40:46
-Nobody knows how much coal -needed to be exported...	0:40:48	0:40:53
-..to pay for Castell Coch.	0:40:53	0:40:55
-Perhaps it was better that -the colliers didn't know the cost.	0:40:55	0:40:59
-As they were finishing -their night shift...	0:41:03	0:41:06
-..Bute and his lady might've been -waking up in this astounding bed.	0:41:06	0:41:11
-Except that they very rarely did.	0:41:15	0:41:18
-For all the money they spent...	0:41:18	0:41:21
-..there's no evidence -that the Butes...	0:41:21	0:41:24
-..slept for more than -a couple of nights here.	0:41:24	0:41:27
-Perhaps they feared they'd -take the shine off the wash basin.	0:41:27	0:41:33
-Of course, the Marquess had the use -of another castle in the area.	0:41:39	0:41:43
-One must go to the city -to reach that one.	0:41:43	0:41:47
-Here too, Bute asked Burges...	0:41:53	0:41:56
-..to dress his industrial wealth -in clothes of medieval splendour.	0:41:56	0:42:01
-It's a palace of wonders, -a temple of romance.	0:42:05	0:42:09
-It's an exquisite new version -of the past that never existed.	0:42:13	0:42:18
-Ultimately, it was built on -the blood and sweat of the miners.	0:42:29	0:42:33
-Now, the NATO chiefs have -an opportunity to admire the decor.	0:42:37	0:42:42
-Where once the lords feasted...	0:42:43	0:42:46
-..world leaders -now sit down together.	0:42:46	0:42:49
-Once again, the castle -is the seat of military might...	0:42:50	0:42:56
-..and generous hospitality.	0:42:56	0:42:59
-In this series we've seen the castle -develop across the centuries...	0:43:03	0:43:08
-..from the viewpoint of the Welsh.	0:43:09	0:43:11
-From the early days of the motte and -bailey and the square Norman keep...	0:43:11	0:43:16
-..the castle was important to Wales -and Wales to the castle.	0:43:17	0:43:20
-It took Caerphilly Castle -and protective strategy...	0:43:22	0:43:26
-..to a whole new level.	0:43:26	0:43:29
-It was the first castle in Britain -defended by walls within walls.	0:43:29	0:43:33
-Edward I built a ring of castles...	0:43:35	0:43:38
-..that were even more oppressive.	0:43:38	0:43:41
-According to historical evidence, -the Welsh response was complex.	0:43:41	0:43:46
-The poets -weren't completely negative.	0:43:46	0:43:49
-To them, the castle -was a symbol of might, of power...	0:43:49	0:43:53
-..and of ability.	0:43:54	0:43:55
-Often, the castle -was used in a positive way.	0:43:56	0:43:59
-The Eagle Tower at Caernarfon Castle -is often used...	0:43:59	0:44:03
-..to describe powerful noblemen.	0:44:03	0:44:06
-If they were likened to Eagle Tower, -they were above others.	0:44:06	0:44:10
-They had more influence and power.	0:44:10	0:44:13
-Mixed feelings still exist.	0:44:13	0:44:16
-They're very popular.	0:44:16	0:44:18
-They're the main -tourist attraction in North Wales...	0:44:19	0:44:22
-..which is ironic, considering -they're a symbol of conquest.	0:44:23	0:44:27
-I think castles are quite comical.	0:44:27	0:44:30
-Everyone shops in Caernarfon town...	0:44:30	0:44:33
-..where a medieval castle -overshadows the high street.	0:44:33	0:44:37
-This is the heart -of our capital city.	0:44:40	0:44:42
-There's no avoiding -this castle either.	0:44:43	0:44:46
-But are we willing -to accept the Normans' buildings...	0:44:46	0:44:49
-..as an image of Wales -to be promoted throughout the world?	0:44:50	0:44:54
-These days, when the Old Enemy -comes to Cardiff...	0:44:54	0:44:58
-..the battle -is on the playing field.	0:44:58	0:45:01
-Are we completely comfortable -laying claim to rugby...	0:45:01	0:45:05
-..a game that originated in English -public schools as our national game?	0:45:05	0:45:10
-Perhaps -there's a lesson to be learnt.	0:45:11	0:45:13
-If ever there was a time...	0:45:13	0:45:15
-..when castles were a symbol -of oppression and authority...	0:45:15	0:45:20
-..these days, they're a symbol -of Wales and are famous globally.	0:45:20	0:45:25
-Here, at Legoland, Windsor, -Caerphilly takes its place...	0:45:26	0:45:30
-..alongside the landmarks -of Paris, Amsterdam and London...	0:45:30	0:45:34
-..as icons familiar to us all.	0:45:35	0:45:38
-Walking around, it's obvious that -the castle's appeal hasn't waned...	0:45:41	0:45:46
-..especially -for the present generation.	0:45:46	0:45:50
-For children, -the castle is important.	0:45:50	0:45:53
-Something we can't afford to lose.	0:45:53	0:45:56
-As a child, I loved going to -the beach and building sandcastles.	0:45:57	0:46:02
-These days, children can build -entire castles from Lego bricks.	0:46:02	0:46:07
-The castle -and the idea of a castle...	0:46:07	0:46:10
-..captures -the imagination of a child.	0:46:11	0:46:13
-The magic of a bygone age.	0:46:18	0:46:19
-It's a priceless gift -for the future.	0:46:20	0:46:23
-Alun the Bear -is going on an adventure.	0:46:25	0:46:28
-Where's he going?	0:46:28	0:46:29
-Where's he going? - -He's going to the castle.	0:46:29	0:46:31
-In a war, it's safer.	0:46:32	0:46:35
-The wall's strong, -but perhaps it can break.	0:46:35	0:46:39
-It keeps people like the queen safe.	0:46:39	0:46:44
-Remembering its history, -it's little wonder...	0:46:49	0:46:53
-..that our response is mixed...	0:46:53	0:46:55
-..but for me, personally, -as a creative person...	0:46:55	0:46:59
-..I'm indebted to the castle, and -to Kidwelly Castle in particular.	0:46:59	0:47:04
-This is -where I'd come to play as a child.	0:47:06	0:47:09
-Since I had a Norman name, Gower, -though I'm a Welshman...	0:47:09	0:47:13
-..I had complex feelings.	0:47:13	0:47:15
-Then again, the castle is complex.	0:47:16	0:47:18
-It's a fortress, a court, -a family home...	0:47:18	0:47:21
-..and a centre -of power and influence.	0:47:21	0:47:24
-One thing's for sure.	0:47:24	0:47:26
-The castle is a powerful symbol -that has existed for 1,000 years...	0:47:26	0:47:31
-..and will remain part of Welsh -history for another 1,000 years.	0:47:31	0:47:35
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:48:05	0:48:07
-.	0:48:07	0:48:07

Y Castell: Addurno Y Castell

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