Pennod 11 Aled Jones: Fy Nhaith Glasurol


Pennod 11

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-Welcome to my classical journey...

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-..from the Finnish capital,

-Helsinki.

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-I will be

-tracing the life of Jean Sibelius...

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-..one of

-the 20th century's great composers.

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-We will also outline

-the life and work of Edvard Grieg...

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-..a native of Norway,

-which isn't too far from here.

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-Sibelius was one of his era's

-prominent composers...

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-..leading the movement away from

-Italian and German influences.

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-He developed ideas and themes

-relevant to their own countries.

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-Sibelius's music

-is intrinsically Finnish...

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-..inspired by the country

-and the views...

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-..which are

-just as beautiful in winter.

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-Jean Sibelius was born

-100km north of the capital city...

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-..in December 1865.

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-Finland belonged

-to the Russian Empire...

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-..having been part of Sweden

-from the 12th century onwards.

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-During Sibelius's childhood,

-Finland strived for independence.

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-He became integral

-to the national campaign.

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-Although he is lauded for his music,

-he is also regarded a national hero.

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-Although Swedish

-was the language of the home...

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-..Sibelius attended

-a Finnish-medium school.

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-This significant decision

-was taken by his mother.

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-He became a staunch nationalist...

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-..and his Finnish identity

-came to the fore...

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-..as a talented composer.

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-His full name

-was Johan Julius Christian...

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-..but during his teenage years,

-he changed his name to Jean...

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-..as his sailor uncle had done...

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-..in order to impress the women

-he met on his travels!

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-He was a bright child and a talented

-composer by the time he was 10.

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-Sibelius became very serious

-and feckless with age...

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-..although he composed the most

-captivating music ever heard.

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-As he matured, he earned

-a reputation as a womanizer...

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-..and unfortunately

-became an alcoholic.

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-I'm in Sibelius Park

-in the centre of Helsinki...

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-..a place which attracts

-thousands of visitors.

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-This striking memorial

-was unveiled in 1967...

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-..to celebrate

-the life and music of Sibelius...

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-..and weighs more than 20 tonnes.

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-This was a later addition.

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-He looks very serious, doesn't he?

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-More than 600 hollow pipes

-make up this incredible structure.

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-When the wind blows, they make

-their own music to honour Sibelius.

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-You must admit,

-it is a remarkable creation.

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-There are 60,000 lakes in Finland...

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-..and the harbour and the beaches

-are central to Helsinki.

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-During the summer months...

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-..it is warm enough

-to visit the beach.

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-But during winter, temperatures

-drop to minus 20 degrees Celsius.

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-Summer or winter,

-the harbour is picturesque.

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-In winter, the water freezes over

-and becomes a tourist attraction.

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-However, it's business as usual

-in the city.

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-Helsinki is located

-in the south of Finland.

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-It is a port in the Gulf of Finland.

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-Stockholm, Sweden,

-is 400km in that direction....

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-..and St Petersburg, Russia,

-is 300km behind me.

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-The Swedes established Helsinki

-as a port in the mid-16th century...

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-..but it didn't flourish until it

-became a naval base in the 18thC.

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-Today, Helsinki's South Harbour

-is an important link...

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-..to the Baltic ports.

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-Excursions operate in summer, making

-it a pleasant way to sightsee.

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-An overnight ferry

-runs to Stockholm...

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-..and an overnight train

-runs to St Petersburg.

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-It is a wonderful overnight getaway.

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-It's easy to get around

-and very friendly.

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-There is plenty to see,

-including this glorious cathedral...

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-..which claims its rightful place

-in the heart of Helsinki.

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-The Lutheran cathedral was erected

-in the first half of the 19thC...

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-..the brainchild

-of Carl Ludvig Engel...

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-..who was given the task

-of redesigning the city centre.

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-Engel passed away 12 years

-before the work was completed...

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-..but he has certainly

-left his mark on the city.

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-It was here

-that Sibelius's funeral was held.

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-Thousands of Fins

-bid their last farewell...

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-..to the man

-who became their national hero.

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-Like many young composers

-of his time...

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-..Sibelius

-was unaware of his talent.

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-He first studied law at university.

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-Fortunately, Ferruccio Busoni...

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-..an Italian composer and pianist

-who was a tutor there...

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-..convinced Jean that music,

-not law, was his specialty.

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-After studying music

-in Berlin and Vienna...

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-..where he did much partying...

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-..Sibelius

-returned to Finland in 1891...

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-..a more accomplished musician

-than before.

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-Soon he composed

-his first masterpiece, Kullervo...

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-..based on

-the Nordic epic poem, Kalevala.

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-It was an adventurous offering...

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-..for such a young composer

-who had yet to turn 30.

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-But Sibelius triumphed and his

-composition is one of the classics.

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-After its debut in 1892...

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-..at the university hall

-in Helsinki...

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-..Sibelius became one of Finland's

-most influential composers.

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-He was an overnight success...

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-..with his symphony breaking new

-ground in Finland's musical history.

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-Following his success, he married

-his fiancee, Aino Jarnefelt...

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-..calling her "the most

-beautiful woman in Finland".

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-She hailed

-from an aristocratic family.

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-Sibelius had to prove his worth

-before they were allowed to marry.

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-But Aino

-had no idea what awaited her.

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-Hotel Kamp is Helsinki's

-most luxurious hotel...

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-..and one of Finland's most famous.

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-Opened in 1887,

-this is where they convened...

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-..to establish Finnish independence

-in the early 20thC.

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-Some of the most important decisions

-have been made here.

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-Kamp was Sibelius's favourite place.

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-A bar has been named in his honour.

-Thank you.

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-His fondness for the hotel bar

-led to his ruin.

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-He stayed here far too often,

-drinking until the early hours.

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-Cheers!

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-His wife often sent friends

-to the Kamp to bring him home.

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-He told them to deliver the message

-that he was alright...

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-..and that he was working hard

-when, in fact, he was at the bar.

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-He was such a regular...

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-..that an artist paid tribute to him

-and his friends in this painting.

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-The Kamp has honoured

-its most famous customer...

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-..by naming a suite after him.

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-The hotel

-welcomes royalty, politicians...

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-..and the occasional musician.

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-Sibelius was a prolific composer.

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-From 1893 to 1903, he composed his

-first symphony, the Karelia Suite...

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-..The Swan of Tuonela,

-based on folk poems, and Finlandia.

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-He also composed

-his second symphony...

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-..the Violin Concerto in D Minor.

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-All his works

-are powerful and full of symbolism.

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-They touched

-the Finnish people's hearts.

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-Finlandia

-was so closely associated...

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-..with Finland's campaign for

-independence that Russia banned it.

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-It made little difference.

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-It became one of the most famous

-classical pieces of all time.

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-It conveys the beauty

-of the country that inspired it.

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-Finlandia, set to the hymn, Dros

-Gymru'n Gwlad by Lewis Valentine...

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-..is familiar to us all

-and is sentimental.

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-Sibelius didn't stay in Helsinki

-for the duration.

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-Aino's father rented a house for

-the family in the village of Vaani.

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-It's easy to see how Sibelius

-would have been inspired.

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-It is home to

-the annual Sibelius Festival.

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-Sibelius took his piano on holiday,

-by train, to Lahti...

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-..on the other side of the lake.

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-It was

-transported by boat to Vaani...

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-..where people carried it to the

-summer house in return for Cognac!

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-He was inspired

-by Nordic mythology...

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-..its literature

-and extreme climate.

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-But mostly by his own experiences...

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-..and his campaign

-to establish Finnish identity.

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-At times, Sibelius was keen

-to play his piano outdoors...

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-..and wanted it positioned

-on the rocks beside the lake.

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-It was during those summers...

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-..that much of his

-most memorable work was composed.

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-Some claim that campfires

-inspired Fire on the Island...

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-..a rousing piece

-for male voice choirs.

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-Youths lighting fires during parties

-on the lake's islands.

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-Sibelius was fond of a good party.

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-However, others claim that

-the sunset provided the inspiration.

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-Either way,

-it was the world around him...

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-..which inspired

-his grandiose music.

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-.

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-Subtitles

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-Subtitles

-

-Subtitles

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-Welcome back to Finland,

-the home of Sibelius.

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-Lahti is located

-to the north-east of Helsinki...

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-..and is integral

-to Sibelius's history.

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-A concert hall was erected and it is

-home to the Sibelius Festival...

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-..which attracts thousands

-each year.

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-Visitors can take the same journey

-as Sibelius's piano...

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-..aboard a steamer

-which crosses the lake to Vaani.

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-Sibelius spent periods in the lakes

-and mountains of northern Finland.

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-These breathtaking views

-would have inspired him.

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-Finnish nationalism was a constant

-theme running through his work.

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-Musically, he could no wrong.

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-But by now he was an alcoholic...

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-..and suffered

-episodes of depression.

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-Despite his success,

-he spent more than he could afford.

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-In 1903, Aino decided

-to take her husband away...

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-..from all the temptations

-of Helsinki...

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-..that had consumed her husband

-for far too long.

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-It had affected his composing.

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-He once admitted, "In Helsinki,

-all the song inside me died."

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-They chose a beauty spot

-on Lake Jarvenpaa...

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-..and built a house,

-some 40km north of the city.

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-Aino couldn't have come up with

-a better plan.

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-The pair could enjoy

-solitude and peace here.

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-It's believed

-she designed the house.

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-She was a remarkable woman who took

-care of her husband and daughters.

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-As a way of acknowledging

-her contribution...

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-..the house was called Ainola.

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-In the quiet surroundings

-and views of the lake...

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-..Sibelius was revived.

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-He wrote his second symphony

-and concerto for violin.

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-Sibelius insisted that a sauna

-be incorporated into the house.

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-Once again, his wife designed it.

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-It's a Nordic custom

-to take a sauna...

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-..then jog to a freezing lake

-to take a dip...

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-..and back to the hot sauna

-as many times as possible...

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-..to feel the benefit.

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-A sauna is a common feature in

-every house and flat in the country.

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-Of all the composers' houses

-that we've visited...

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-..this is one of

-the most remarkable.

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-6,000 visitors flock here each year

-to see the house and museum.

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-Sibelius called his house

-a Symphony of Trees...

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-..and acknowledged that silence

-was imperative for his work.

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-He needed to hear the wind,

-the birdsong and the lake...

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-..which can be heard

-throughout his music.

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-But it wouldn't be his paradise

-for ever, however.

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-In 1908, he suffered problems

-with his neck.

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-He underwent 13 operations.

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-WWI broke out,

-preventing him from travelling.

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-He made a financial loss.

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-Perhaps this explains why the fourth

-symphony sounds so melancholy.

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-It was composed

-three years before WWI...

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-..and exudes a sense of foreboding.

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-He was anxious about his health

-and was aware of his own mortality.

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-Sibelius was given

-a flash of hope...

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-..when Finland

-declared independence...

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-..following

-the 1917 Russian Revolution...

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-..which led to a bloody civil war

-and the death of his brother.

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-In the end, Finland elected

-its first president in 1919...

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-..by which time

-Sibelius was in his 50s...

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-..and his creative flair

-had weakened.

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-He composed his final symphonies

-in 1923 and 1924...

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-..and his very last

-was composed in 1929.

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-He lived

-to the grand old age of 91...

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-..much to the surprise

-of his medics.

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-"All the doctors who told me

-not to drink and smoke...

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-"..have all died years ago,

-but I'm still here."

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-In September 1957,

-he took a walk in the woods...

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-..and saw a flock of cranes

-migrating south.

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-"There they come, the birds

-of my youth," he exclaimed.

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-On 20 September

-he died from a brain haemorrhage.

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-At the time, Malcolm Sargent was

-conducting his fifth symphony...

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-..at Helsinki University.

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-He is buried

-in the garden of his home.

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-His wife lived on

-for another 12 years.

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-She was 98

-when she passed away in 1969.

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-It was her wish

-to be buried with her beloved Jean.

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-Rarely has a composer contributed

-so much to his homeland...

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-..and meant so much

-to the people of that country.

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-The rest of the world

-benefits from his legacy.

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-In the same year

-as Sibelius was born...

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-..Norwegian composer, Edvard Grieg,

-was 22 years old.

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-He was born in the city of Bergen

-in the west of Norway...

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-..where another important

-Scandinavian port is situated.

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-His family

-was from Scotland originally.

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-Grieg was already famous

-by the time he was 22.

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-He started playing the piano

-when he was six.

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-Three years later, he was composing

-his first piece of music.

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-At 15, he attended the prestigious

-Leipzig Conservatory...

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-..where he met Robert Schumann,

-who became an influence on him.

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-He was also heavily influenced

-by Norwegian folk music.

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-This marked the beginning of his

-love affair with the landscape.

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-Following a serious bout of pleurisy

-when he was 17...

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-..he was plagued with ill health

-throughout his life.

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-Norway's mountains inspired him.

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-He had a strong sense

-of his national identity.

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-Norway provided the inspiration

-on many different levels.

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-In 1865, when he was finishing his

-musical education in Copenhagen...

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-..Grieg met his cousin, Nina

-Hagerup, a talented soprano.

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-The pair fell in love...

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-..and they married

-two years later in Norway.

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-One of Grieg's most notable works

-is the Piano Concerto in A minor.

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-It was composed in 1868.

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-It has Nordic themes running

-through it from start to finish.

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-Franz Liszt met Grieg in Rome,

-where he was a student.

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-It was a significant meeting

-in his career.

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-The gifted pianist

-sight read his challenging concerto.

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-It was a remarkable feat.

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-Liszt told him it was a masterpiece,

-which was high praise indeed.

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-While he was in Rome...

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-..he also met

-fellow countryman, Henrik Ibsen.

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-The upshot of this is Peer Gynt,

-which is still as popular today.

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-Bergen is Norway's

-second largest city after Oslo.

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-It nestles in the mountains

-on the north-west coast.

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-The views are breathtaking.

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-The first settlers

-came here in the 11th century...

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-..and it became

-an important trading centre.

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-In the 13thC, it was important

-enough to be a capital city.

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-The city has a turbulent past.

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-Throughout the centuries,

-it has been attacked...

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-..with the harbour

-making it an easy target.

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-As recently as WWII...

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-..it was the first Scandinavian city

-to be invaded by the Germans.

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-However, it survived,

-and is worth a visit.

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-It's still an important port

-and its harbour has a long history.

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-Because of his music...

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-..and his tireless effort

-to promote Norwegian music...

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-..Grieg was paid by the government.

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-It meant he was able

-to focus entirely on his composing.

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-For two years

-at the end of the 19thC...

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-..he was the principal conductor of

-the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra.

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-Edvard and Nina built a summer house

-that overlooked Hardangerfjord...

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-..in the north of Bergen -

-it was called Troldhaugen.

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-It means Trolls' Hill,

-which is apt...

0:22:120:22:14

-..since fairy tales

-inspired Grieg's work.

0:22:140:22:18

-As well as the villa, Grieg built

-a composing cabin near the fjord...

0:22:190:22:24

-..where he could sit in silence

-and wait to be inspired.

0:22:250:22:29

-Little has changed.

-It is a tranquil place to compose.

0:22:340:22:37

-It is difficult, however, to ignore

-the music on the piano stool.

0:22:380:22:42

-They are the works of Beethoven,

-not that Grieg was ever a fan.

0:22:420:22:47

-But they were here to prop him up...

0:22:470:22:49

-..so that he was

-more comfortable at the piano.

0:22:490:22:52

-Grieg was slight in stature.

0:22:530:22:55

-In 1985, a small concert hall

-was erected on the Troldhaugen site.

0:22:560:23:01

-It's called Troldsalen.

0:23:010:23:03

-It is aptly situated directly

-opposite Grieg's composing cabin.

0:23:030:23:08

-This is a fitting memorial to

-Grieg, who was a self-effacing man.

0:23:080:23:13

-It would be wonderful

-listening to a concert here...

0:23:130:23:18

-..since the music was composed

-a stone's throw from the hall.

0:23:180:23:22

-Edvard and Nina spent every spring

-and summer here for 22 years.

0:23:230:23:27

-For the rest of the time, they were

-on tour or helping young composers.

0:23:270:23:32

-Everywhere they went,

-Edvard was praised and honoured.

0:23:320:23:36

-He was a shy and retiring man

-who never indulged in any scandal.

0:23:390:23:43

-He was liked by all who knew him.

0:23:440:23:46

-In the end, his poor health

-got the better of him...

0:23:490:23:52

-..though he continued to tour

-until his death.

0:23:520:23:56

-He was on his way

-to a music festival...

0:23:560:23:58

-..when he suffered a fatal

-heart attack and died aged 64.

0:23:590:24:03

-He and Nina's ashes

-are entombed in a mountain crypt...

0:24:040:24:08

-..near his house in Troldhaugen.

0:24:080:24:11

-The simplicity of it all

-is typical of the man.

0:24:110:24:14

-He was keen for his music

-to speak for itself.

0:24:140:24:18

-It continues to do so to this day.

0:24:180:24:20

-He might not

-have been aware of it...

0:24:210:24:23

-..but Grieg's effort to safeguard

-Norway's musical heritage...

0:24:240:24:28

-..was a strong influence

-on his contemporaries.

0:24:280:24:31

-It was Grieg's connection

-with Norway's landscape...

0:24:320:24:35

-..that created a lasting impression

-on the great composer, Delius.

0:24:360:24:40

-On the final leg

-of my classical journey...

0:24:400:24:43

-..I visit Yorkshire,

-the birthplace of Delius.

0:24:440:24:47

-I hope you'll join me then.

0:24:470:24:49

-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.

0:25:180:25:20

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0:25:200:25:20

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