Pennod 4 Aled Jones: Fy Nhaith Glasurol
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-I'm on a journey through the world -of classical music... | 0:00:32 | 0:00:35 | |
-..visiting the locations where the -great composers lived and worked. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:40 | |
-On our musical tour -of the classical greats... | 0:01:09 | 0:01:13 | |
-..we've reached -the medieval town of Regensburg. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:16 | |
-Situated on the -northernmost point of the Danube... | 0:01:19 | 0:01:22 | |
-..Regensburg was a Roman fortress -during the second century. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:26 | |
-By the Middle Ages -it became a thriving centre... | 0:01:26 | 0:01:30 | |
-..for commerce and religion. | 0:01:30 | 0:01:32 | |
-The old Roman town is famed for its -Romanesque and Gothic buildings... | 0:01:32 | 0:01:37 | |
-..centred -in the old historic quarter. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:41 | |
-With such diverse architecture -to view... | 0:01:41 | 0:01:44 | |
-..I can't wait to explore this town. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:47 | |
-Remarkably, this historic city... | 0:01:49 | 0:01:52 | |
-..avoided the bombing campaigns -which ravaged so many German towns. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:57 | |
-We've already seen many -stunning churches on our journey... | 0:02:01 | 0:02:05 | |
-..but Regensburg's Gothic cathedral -is the paragon of an ancient church. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:11 | |
-Most of it was built over a -25-year period in the 13th century. | 0:02:11 | 0:02:15 | |
-The towers are later additions. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:18 | |
-The builders -were eager to push the boundaries. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:22 | |
-The surrounding buildings -are dwarfed... | 0:02:22 | 0:02:25 | |
-..by this cathedral which ascends -into the heavens to glorify God. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:30 | |
-Interestingly, the city has changed -very little since the 13th century. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:39 | |
-The medieval bridge with its -15 arches has remained intact... | 0:02:56 | 0:03:00 | |
-..since it was built -in the 12th century. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:03 | |
-This original European stone bridge -is a renowned feature of the city. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:09 | |
-The bridge lies in the centre -of the city and is worth seeing. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:16 | |
-By the early 16th century... | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
-..Regensburg was one -of Germany's principal towns... | 0:03:21 | 0:03:25 | |
-..because of its grand buildings. | 0:03:26 | 0:03:28 | |
-Regensburg has a remarkable history. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:35 | |
-The Old Town Hall is -another magnificent Gothic building. | 0:03:35 | 0:03:39 | |
-It is here that the Reichstag -of the Holy Roman Empire convened... | 0:03:40 | 0:03:45 | |
-..for 150 years -from the mid-17th century onwards. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
-The iron rods embedded in the walls -are medieval measuring implements. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:54 | |
-The middle rod measures a foot, -the right, a yard... | 0:03:54 | 0:03:57 | |
-..and the iron rod on the left -was the emperor's height - a fathom. | 0:03:58 | 0:04:02 | |
-These measuring standards -became known aptly as rulers. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:06 | |
-The city -is also home to ancient abbeys... | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
-..which embody centuries of history. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:12 | |
-To complicate matters... | 0:04:15 | 0:04:17 | |
-..three abbeys -operated as independent states... | 0:04:17 | 0:04:20 | |
-..within Regensburg... | 0:04:21 | 0:04:22 | |
-..one of which was St Emmeram. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:25 | |
-Composer Joseph Haydn... | 0:04:25 | 0:04:27 | |
-..visited Regensburg -at the end of the 18th century... | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
-..on his way -to perform concerts in England. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:34 | |
-This piece -is taken from Symphony No 86. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:37 | |
-A journey around St Emmeram is -like a tour through the centuries... | 0:04:37 | 0:04:42 | |
-..from the Middle Ages -to present day. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:45 | |
-This is St Emmeram today. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:48 | |
-The abbey has since become -the palace of Thurn und Taxis... | 0:04:49 | 0:04:53 | |
-..and home to German nobility. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:55 | |
-It remains the family residence... | 0:04:58 | 0:05:00 | |
-..of Princess Gloria -von Thurn und Taxis. | 0:05:01 | 0:05:04 | |
-It's claimed there are more rooms -here than at Buckingham Palace... | 0:05:04 | 0:05:08 | |
-..but I don't have time -to discover if that's true! | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
-The original -Gothic cloister remains intact. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:15 | |
-The saints of Emmeram and Wolfgang -are buried here... | 0:05:15 | 0:05:19 | |
-..along with emperors, Bavarian -noblemen and Regensburg's bishops. | 0:05:19 | 0:05:24 | |
-There is a millennium's worth -of history in this cloister. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
-We are led through the centuries -on our tour of the palace... | 0:05:47 | 0:05:51 | |
-..which traces -the fascinating history... | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
-..of monks, missionaries -and aristocrats. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:57 | |
-In the 16th century... | 0:05:58 | 0:06:00 | |
-..the family -was primarily responsible... | 0:06:00 | 0:06:03 | |
-..for developing the postal service -across Europe from Brussels... | 0:06:03 | 0:06:07 | |
-..to France, Spain, -Italy and Germany. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
-The Old Town has charm -and a sense of community. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
-There are also coffee houses. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:20 | |
-It's heaven for tourists. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:22 | |
-Bavaria is renowned -for being Germany's beer capital... | 0:06:25 | 0:06:29 | |
-..with half of its 1,200 breweries -located in this state. | 0:06:29 | 0:06:33 | |
-Many of them -are situated in Regensburg. | 0:06:34 | 0:06:37 | |
-On the banks of the Danube -near the old stone bridge... | 0:06:38 | 0:06:42 | |
-..is where we find -one of Germany's oldest taverns. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:46 | |
-In order to follow in the -footsteps of the great pioneers... | 0:06:47 | 0:06:51 | |
-..they say you should sample -the local beer and German sausage. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:56 | |
-I'm told this is the perfect place -to sample that sausage. | 0:06:56 | 0:07:00 | |
-Cheers! | 0:07:02 | 0:07:03 | |
-Thank you. | 0:07:07 | 0:07:09 | |
-Cheers. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:12 | |
-This place, known as the -sausage kitchen, is 500 years old. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:22 | |
-Little of it -has changed since the Middle Ages. | 0:07:23 | 0:07:26 | |
-They make their own sausages, -prepare the sauerkraut... | 0:07:27 | 0:07:31 | |
-..and mix their own mustard here. | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
-Believe me, on a good day -they can sell 6,000 sausages. | 0:07:42 | 0:07:47 | |
-Here are your sausages. -Enjoy your meal. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:54 | |
-Thank you very much. | 0:07:54 | 0:07:55 | |
-Thank you very much. - -With mustard. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:56 | |
-Aren't you going to join me? -There's loads here! Thank you. | 0:07:57 | 0:08:01 | |
-The Beethoven of sausages! | 0:08:04 | 0:08:06 | |
-From Regensburg we head to -our next destination in Germany... | 0:08:10 | 0:08:15 | |
-..and the beautiful town of Bamberg. | 0:08:15 | 0:08:18 | |
-Mozart travelled a great deal -through this part of Bavaria... | 0:08:18 | 0:08:22 | |
-..but his principal connection -with Regensburg... | 0:08:22 | 0:08:26 | |
-..was his librettist, -Emanuel Johann Joseph Schikaneder. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:31 | |
-This impresario was a playwright, -actor, singer and composer. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:35 | |
-He enjoyed -a successful theatrical career. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:39 | |
-He was the librettist of Mozart's -most famous opera, The Magic Flute. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:44 | |
-A short journey along the river... | 0:08:44 | 0:08:47 | |
-..is the town -whose history is very different. | 0:08:48 | 0:08:51 | |
-It seems that every city we visit... | 0:08:51 | 0:08:54 | |
-..is more beautiful than the last... | 0:08:54 | 0:08:57 | |
-..but Bamberg is truly spectacular. | 0:08:57 | 0:08:59 | |
-It is a miracle that it survived -WWII relatively unscathed. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:04 | |
-The Old Town has been kept -in immaculate condition... | 0:09:04 | 0:09:08 | |
-..it is listed -as a World Heritage Site. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:10 | |
-On the river Regnitz close to its -confluence with the river Main... | 0:09:25 | 0:09:30 | |
-..the city of Bamberg was founded -some time in the 10th century. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:34 | |
-The Old Town Hall... | 0:09:34 | 0:09:36 | |
-..sits in between the two bridges. | 0:09:37 | 0:09:39 | |
-The city views -are spectacular from the water. | 0:09:39 | 0:09:43 | |
-Legend has it that the bishop -refused the people the land... | 0:09:44 | 0:09:48 | |
-..to build the town hall, -so they built it above the water. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:52 | |
-Bamberg Cathedral stands in the -centre of an enormous town square... | 0:10:04 | 0:10:09 | |
-..making it easier -to appreciate its splendour. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:12 | |
-Very few churches in Europe -are situated in such an open space. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:17 | |
-The architecture is -of Romanesque and Gothic design. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:21 | |
-The old courthouse -situated near the cathedral... | 0:10:27 | 0:10:31 | |
-..was the bishops' residence -before they became princes. | 0:10:31 | 0:10:35 | |
-It is typical -of 15th-century architecture. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
-At the time, Bamberg -was part of the Holy Roman Empire. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:45 | |
-The bishops were also princes -and they ruled the city. | 0:10:45 | 0:10:49 | |
-They were extremely wealthy... | 0:10:50 | 0:10:52 | |
-..and like many German -and Austrian towns... | 0:10:52 | 0:10:55 | |
-..monumental buildings -were created from their wealth... | 0:10:56 | 0:11:00 | |
-..beginning with their homes. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:02 | |
-Surprisingly, these two buildings -are merely extensions. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:15 | |
-A substantial rose garden -is part of the property too. | 0:11:15 | 0:11:19 | |
-But the views across the city -create far more of an impact. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:23 | |
-Bamberg is also famed -for its Rauchbier. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:33 | |
-There are several breweries here -but far more beer houses. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:38 | |
-Religion and beer thrived at the -same time in this part of the world. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:44 | |
-. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:52 | |
-Subtitles | 0:11:53 | 0:11:53 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:11:53 | 0:11:55 | |
-We're in Bamberg, Germany, -at its spacious concert hall... | 0:12:06 | 0:12:11 | |
-..known locally -as Sinfonie an der Regnitz. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:14 | |
-Despite being a small city, this -hall is one of the world's greatest. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:19 | |
-Germany is a renowned -classical music stronghold. | 0:12:20 | 0:12:23 | |
-The hall is home to -Bamberg's symphony orchestra... | 0:12:30 | 0:12:34 | |
-..formed over 60 years ago. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
-When the hall -was opened in the 1990s... | 0:12:36 | 0:12:39 | |
-..the first performance -was of Mahler's Symphony No.8... | 0:12:39 | 0:12:43 | |
-..which simply -can't be conducted in a small hall. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
-It's called -the Symphony of a Thousand... | 0:12:47 | 0:12:50 | |
-..because it was written -for a large orchestra... | 0:12:50 | 0:12:54 | |
-..along with a choir -of up to a thousand voices. | 0:12:54 | 0:12:57 | |
-Mahler's aim was to create a great -sound to express great ideas. | 0:12:58 | 0:13:02 | |
-What you see is the result of major -work carried out some years ago. | 0:13:02 | 0:13:07 | |
-It meant creating a new stage... | 0:13:07 | 0:13:10 | |
-..and scraping off all the varnish -to improve acoustics. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:14 | |
-Yes, music is an art form... | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
-..but making it -worth listening to is a science. | 0:13:18 | 0:13:21 | |
-Little Venice is another -of the Old Town's main attractions. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:28 | |
-It was merely a fishing village -during the Middle Ages. | 0:13:28 | 0:13:32 | |
-The timber-framed houses -on the river makes fishing easy... | 0:13:32 | 0:13:36 | |
-..from any one of the balconies. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
-Situated in another part of -Little Venice is the old abattoir. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:49 | |
-The facade -dates back to the 17th century. | 0:13:49 | 0:13:54 | |
-It was built on the river so that -waste could be thrown into it. | 0:13:54 | 0:13:59 | |
-The crane -belongs to the old dock area... | 0:14:00 | 0:14:03 | |
-..to serve the trade ships -on the former canal. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:07 | |
-It's time -to bid farewell to Bamberg... | 0:14:08 | 0:14:11 | |
-..and take a short journey -to another destination. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:15 | |
-Nuremberg was founded -in the 11th century... | 0:14:23 | 0:14:27 | |
-..but it is widely known -for the events of last century. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:32 | |
-It was customary for Germans -in the Middle Ages... | 0:14:35 | 0:14:39 | |
-..to build castles -around which towns would develop. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:43 | |
-Nuremberg's imposing castle -is the Imperial Castle. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:48 | |
-Spectacular views of the city -can be seen from it. | 0:14:48 | 0:14:52 | |
-The red rooftops -are very attractive. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:54 | |
-Nuremberg was established as -a fort to safeguard trade routes... | 0:14:55 | 0:14:59 | |
-..which included the river. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:01 | |
-It became a major trade centre -and the site of the first senate... | 0:15:01 | 0:15:05 | |
-..from the 15th century -until the 18th century. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:08 | |
-The Crown Jewels were kept here. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:11 | |
-It was a golden era -in German history. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:14 | |
-Although its political importance -began to wane in the 19th century... | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
-..Nuremberg was still -a cultural and historical icon... | 0:15:22 | 0:15:26 | |
-..which influenced its standing -in 20th-century history. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:31 | |
-This pleasant square was once -Nuremberg's old marketplace. | 0:15:33 | 0:15:37 | |
-Trading happens daily and many -of the city's attractions are here. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:45 | |
-It's hard to miss the decorative -tower in the town square... | 0:15:52 | 0:15:56 | |
-..which is a fountain. | 0:15:56 | 0:15:58 | |
-Our Lady's Church -was erected seven centuries ago... | 0:16:03 | 0:16:06 | |
-..and has recently been restored. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:09 | |
-The church is a good example -of the city's religious history. | 0:16:09 | 0:16:14 | |
-Originally Protestant, -the Catholics took it over... | 0:16:14 | 0:16:18 | |
-..when Nuremberg yielded -to the Bavarians in 1806. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:22 | |
-The area is renowned -for its spicy gingerbread, nuts... | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
-..and sugar-coated fruit... | 0:16:28 | 0:16:30 | |
-..which traditionally -was only eaten at Christmas. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:34 | |
-Nuremberg's long history is palpable -at St Johannis Church Cemetery. | 0:16:39 | 0:16:44 | |
-These gravestones are a perfect -example of history through the ages. | 0:16:47 | 0:16:52 | |
-Among the dead, -life is represented... | 0:16:53 | 0:16:57 | |
-..by numerous rose bushes. | 0:16:58 | 0:17:00 | |
-That is why -it is aptly named Rose Cemetery. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:03 | |
-Anyone of any importance... | 0:17:03 | 0:17:06 | |
-..has been buried here... | 0:17:06 | 0:17:08 | |
-..including the renowned -German painter Albrecht Durer. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:12 | |
-St Johannis Church is remarkable -for surviving the ruin of WWII. | 0:17:14 | 0:17:20 | |
-It was the only church -to remain intact... | 0:17:20 | 0:17:23 | |
-..and is a remarkable example -of ancient architecture. | 0:17:23 | 0:17:27 | |
-Nuremberg -is characteristically German... | 0:17:37 | 0:17:41 | |
-..which is why Hitler -and his Nazi Party were drawn here. | 0:17:41 | 0:17:44 | |
-It was here -that he held his major rallies. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:50 | |
-The city served as an -important centre for the Nazi Party. | 0:17:50 | 0:17:54 | |
-Military weapons -were also manufactured here. | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
-Nuremberg paid the price... | 0:17:59 | 0:18:01 | |
-..by becoming the target -for Britain's bombs. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:05 | |
-In one raid, -90% of the city was demolished. | 0:18:05 | 0:18:08 | |
-The Nazis had more ambitious plans -for this city. | 0:18:09 | 0:18:13 | |
-Only part of the rally ground -was built, which is chilling enough. | 0:18:13 | 0:18:18 | |
-It's a taste of what might -have happened if the Nazis had won. | 0:18:18 | 0:18:23 | |
-I felt -awfully uncomfortable here. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:26 | |
-They had intended building a stadium -to hold 400,000 people... | 0:18:26 | 0:18:31 | |
-..along with a field for -the Zeppelin and a military base. | 0:18:31 | 0:18:35 | |
-This enormous congress hall -was based on the Colosseum's design. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:41 | |
-The place has since been -turned into a playing field. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:53 | |
-Nearby is a stadium -which was built for the World Cup. | 0:18:53 | 0:18:57 | |
-The area in front of Hitler's -platform is now a car racing grid. | 0:18:57 | 0:19:01 | |
-It's interesting that there is -no respect for the former site. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:10 | |
-The world... | 0:19:11 | 0:19:13 | |
-..is now free to move forward. | 0:19:13 | 0:19:16 | |
-The Documentation Centre -offers a chance to reflect. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:20 | |
-It is purposely modern and the aim -of its dramatic architecture... | 0:19:20 | 0:19:25 | |
-..is to send a symbolic spear -through the congress hall... | 0:19:25 | 0:19:30 | |
-..and Nazism. | 0:19:30 | 0:19:32 | |
-It houses an exhibition... | 0:19:32 | 0:19:35 | |
-..which conveys a person's fear -and loathing about coming here. | 0:19:35 | 0:19:39 | |
-It's a true representation of what -happened to Germany under Hitler... | 0:19:48 | 0:19:53 | |
-..and the consequences of that. | 0:19:53 | 0:19:55 | |
-They make no excuses. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:57 | |
-They're ensuring that such treachery -will never happen again... | 0:19:57 | 0:20:02 | |
-..as WWII -sinks further away in history. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
-When the war ended, -Nuremberg was symbolically chosen... | 0:20:15 | 0:20:19 | |
-..as the location -for the atrocities of war trials... | 0:20:19 | 0:20:22 | |
-..which were held -in this courthouse. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:25 | |
-Chief US Prosecutor Robert H Jackson -concisely detailed the reasons... | 0:20:26 | 0:20:31 | |
-..why the trials -should be conducted. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:33 | |
-"The wrongs which we seek -to condemn and punish... | 0:20:34 | 0:20:37 | |
-"..have been so calculated, -so malignant and so devastating... | 0:20:37 | 0:20:41 | |
-"..that civilization cannot tolerate -their being ignored... | 0:20:41 | 0:20:45 | |
-"..because it cannot survive -their being repeated." | 0:20:45 | 0:20:49 | |
-The Palace of Justice -was undamaged by WWII. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:56 | |
-It was one of the few places -in Germany... | 0:20:57 | 0:21:00 | |
-..where such a complicated trial -could be conducted. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:04 | |
-There were 80 courtrooms -and more than 500 offices. | 0:21:04 | 0:21:08 | |
-There was a prison nearby too. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
-In August 1945... | 0:21:11 | 0:21:13 | |
-..the Americans -took over the building. | 0:21:13 | 0:21:16 | |
-Being here -is an astounding experience... | 0:21:28 | 0:21:30 | |
-..but a clear message is conveyed. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:33 | |
-Atrocities against humanity -will never be forgotten. | 0:21:33 | 0:21:36 | |
-The trials of the chief Nazi leaders -took place in courtroom number 600. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:45 | |
-It still functions as a court... | 0:21:45 | 0:21:47 | |
-..and was in session -the day we were filming. | 0:21:47 | 0:21:51 | |
-Looking at the locked doors -was an unsavoury experience. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:56 | |
-The prosecution began -on 20th November, 1945. | 0:22:00 | 0:22:05 | |
-The judges came from America, -Russia, Britain and France. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:09 | |
-As many as 280 witnesses -were questioned... | 0:22:09 | 0:22:13 | |
-..and it took two days -to announce the sentences. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:16 | |
-The Nuremberg Trials -were the basis... | 0:22:16 | 0:22:19 | |
-..for founding the International -Court of Justice in The Hague. | 0:22:19 | 0:22:24 | |
-I can almost hear -the marching boots out here. | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
-But the other sound people -would have heard at these rallies... | 0:22:39 | 0:22:43 | |
-..was the music of Hitler's -favourite composer, Richard Wagner. | 0:22:43 | 0:22:48 | |
-The connection -did Wagner no favours... | 0:22:53 | 0:22:56 | |
-..but he was also a man -with extreme views. | 0:22:56 | 0:22:59 | |
-He's certainly one of classical -music's more complex characters. | 0:22:59 | 0:23:04 | |
-We will visit Bayreuth -in the next episode... | 0:23:06 | 0:23:10 | |
-..and explore the life of Richard -Wagner and his famous opera house. | 0:23:10 | 0:23:15 | |
-I hope you can join me. | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:47 | |
-. | 0:23:47 | 0:23:48 |