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We will report on his remarkable life from prisoner to president, | :00:16. | :00:22. | |
from freedom fighter to local statesman. President Zuma has made | :00:23. | :00:28. | |
this announcement. Our beloved Nelson Mandela, the founding | :00:29. | :00:38. | |
president of our democratic nation has departed. He'd become | :00:39. | :00:42. | |
increasingly frail in recent years and died at home in Johannesburg, | :00:43. | :00:47. | |
surrounded by close family members. We've lost one of the most | :00:48. | :00:51. | |
influential, courageous and profoundly good human beings that | :00:52. | :00:57. | |
any of us will share time with on this earth. He no longer belongs to | :00:58. | :01:03. | |
us. He belongs to the ages. Tonight, one of the brightest lights of our | :01:04. | :01:11. | |
world has gone out. He spent three decades in jail, an enemy of the | :01:12. | :01:17. | |
apartheid regime and a determined fighter for democracy. There's Mr | :01:18. | :01:25. | |
Nelson Mandela, a free man, taking his first steps into a new South | :01:26. | :01:30. | |
Africa. His long walk to freedom was celebrated worldwide. He became one | :01:31. | :01:38. | |
of the towering figures of the past century. His election as South | :01:39. | :01:42. | |
Africa's first black president brought a spirit of reconciliation | :01:43. | :01:49. | |
after all the pain of apartheid. Never and never again shall it be | :01:50. | :01:57. | |
that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by | :01:58. | :02:05. | |
another. Good evening. The former South African president, Nelson | :02:06. | :02:09. | |
Mandela, has died at home at the age of 95. Mr Mandela spent nearly three | :02:10. | :02:14. | |
decades in prison, fighting for equality and in 1994, South Africa | :02:15. | :02:20. | |
held its first multiethnic, fully representative elections and he | :02:21. | :02:24. | |
became president. The former antiapartheid leader, who led the | :02:25. | :02:28. | |
struggle against white minority rule had been suffering from a recurrence | :02:29. | :02:32. | |
of a lung infection, was taken to hospital in Pretoria at the | :02:33. | :02:36. | |
beginning of June. It was the third time this year that he had needed | :02:37. | :02:39. | |
hospital treatment. He had been receiving treatment at home after | :02:40. | :02:43. | |
that. His death was announced by the South African president, Jacob Zuma. | :02:44. | :02:54. | |
Fellow South Africans, our beloved Nelson Mandela, the founding | :02:55. | :03:03. | |
president of our democratic nation has departed. He passed on | :03:04. | :03:14. | |
peacefully in the company of his family around 20. 50, on the 5th of | :03:15. | :03:30. | |
December, 2013. He is now resting. He is now at peace. Our nation has | :03:31. | :03:43. | |
lost its greatest son. Our people have lost a father. Jacob Zuma make | :03:44. | :03:51. | |
being the announcement just over an hour ago of the death of President | :03:52. | :03:56. | |
Mandela, at the age of 95 and underlining his immense contribution | :03:57. | :04:00. | |
to the people of South Africa and indeed, his status as a towering | :04:01. | :04:06. | |
figure during the Twentieth Century Anderson emblem of freedom and | :04:07. | :04:10. | |
justice throughout the world. Our correspondent is in Johannesburg and | :04:11. | :04:15. | |
Gabriel can tell us more about the tributes being paid in the past | :04:16. | :04:19. | |
hour. Yes, well we've seen tributes coming | :04:20. | :04:25. | |
not only from Jacob Zuma, as you heard there, but also from around | :04:26. | :04:31. | |
the world. David Cameron, Barack Obama, everywhere you can think of, | :04:32. | :04:37. | |
people are talking about the symbol of justice that Nelson Mandela meant | :04:38. | :04:41. | |
to the world. Looking a little bit closer at Jacob Zuma's statement, I | :04:42. | :04:46. | |
think some of the key words to pick out there are "a sense of profound | :04:47. | :04:53. | |
and enduring loss, that South Africa had lost its greatest son and that | :04:54. | :04:58. | |
our people have lost a father." He's known as Nelson Mandela to the world | :04:59. | :05:01. | |
but here in South Africa, he's often known by his tribal name Madiba or | :05:02. | :05:08. | |
simply Tata, father. Jacob Zuma went on to say, "in him we saw so much of | :05:09. | :05:15. | |
ourselves". That's a key thing here at this moment in South Africa, that | :05:16. | :05:18. | |
is what people are mourning. They feel like a part of themselves, part | :05:19. | :05:25. | |
of this nation, has left them. They identified Nelson Mandela in a | :05:26. | :05:29. | |
sense, as the emblem of their better selves, of everything they wanted to | :05:30. | :05:35. | |
achieve. Jacob Zuma said - let us reaffirm his vision of a society in | :05:36. | :05:39. | |
which no-one is exploited or oppressed, to build a united and | :05:40. | :05:45. | |
nonracial and prosperous South Africa. In the coming days, we will | :05:46. | :05:50. | |
see South Africans gathering in cities and towns and villages to | :05:51. | :05:55. | |
mark the respect with which they hold Nelson Mandela, for achieving | :05:56. | :05:59. | |
everything that he did achieve in a peaceful, relatively peaceful | :06:00. | :06:03. | |
transition from apartheid to democracy, but also, recognising, I | :06:04. | :06:09. | |
think, in the coming days, how much distance this country still has to | :06:10. | :06:13. | |
travel to achieve that vision. As you speak, we've been seeing images | :06:14. | :06:18. | |
of people at the Mandela residence in Johannesburg. Really telling us | :06:19. | :06:21. | |
something about a fusion of emotions, there'll be an outpouring | :06:22. | :06:25. | |
of grief, clearly, for many millions of people, but there is a mood of | :06:26. | :06:30. | |
celebration in one sense, celebrating all the remarkable | :06:31. | :06:34. | |
things that this man achieved. I think that's right. Mixed emotions. | :06:35. | :06:41. | |
People are sad. People feel that profound sense of loss, but Nelson | :06:42. | :06:45. | |
Mandela is a symbol of hope and people will indeed be coming | :06:46. | :06:50. | |
together to remember that, to remember him as an emblem, not just, | :06:51. | :06:54. | |
a fighter against oppression, but as a man who could forgive, who could | :06:55. | :06:59. | |
bring this country together against so many odds. I think what we've | :07:00. | :07:03. | |
seen, in fact, in the last six months, ever since Mr Mandela went | :07:04. | :07:07. | |
into hospital in June, and we were told that it was very, very serious, | :07:08. | :07:12. | |
people beginning to prepare for this moment and beginning to begin to be | :07:13. | :07:17. | |
able to believe it, in a sense. Even though South Africans have had six | :07:18. | :07:21. | |
months to prepare themselves, you still constantly heard this hope | :07:22. | :07:25. | |
against hope that he might just carry on. The word "fighter" was | :07:26. | :07:30. | |
constantly used. Indeed, two days ago, on Tuesday, Nelson Mandela's | :07:31. | :07:34. | |
eldest daughter said that while she could see that her father was | :07:35. | :07:39. | |
suffering, on what she called his death bed, she said he continued to | :07:40. | :07:44. | |
inspire, continued to fight courageously, she said he continues | :07:45. | :07:49. | |
to teach us lessons. Thank you for now. | :07:50. | :07:51. | |
Remarkable scenes in Johannesburg because we have dancing and singing, | :07:52. | :07:56. | |
all of it dignified, of course, as you'd expect and really a show of | :07:57. | :08:00. | |
admiration and respect in the way that people want to share their | :08:01. | :08:05. | |
feelings and share their love for Mr Mandela. And to show that they're | :08:06. | :08:10. | |
there with the family too. Very nice scenes for us to be able to see, | :08:11. | :08:14. | |
these are the live images from Johannesburg now. | :08:15. | :08:17. | |
I do believe that we're joined on the line by the former South African | :08:18. | :08:25. | |
president FWDeKlerk. Good evening. Good evening. Thank you so much for | :08:26. | :08:29. | |
joining us on such a momentous day. Can I ask you your thoughts now that | :08:30. | :08:34. | |
you've heard the news of Mr Mandela's passing. It's a very sad | :08:35. | :08:39. | |
moment for the whole of South African and I'm -- South Africa and | :08:40. | :08:42. | |
I'm sure for millions of people around the world. I fully associate | :08:43. | :08:50. | |
myself with the dignified and feeling statement which President | :08:51. | :08:55. | |
Zuma made. I've become good friends with the late Nelson Mandela. We had | :08:56. | :09:05. | |
our moments of political opponents, but our retirement and at times, | :09:06. | :09:11. | |
during his presidency, we became very close. He's a remarkable man. | :09:12. | :09:20. | |
He was a remarkable man. Because legacy will be the emphasis on | :09:21. | :09:26. | |
reconciliation. He's a remarkable lack of bit Ernst. He -- bitterness. | :09:27. | :09:32. | |
He didn't only talk about reconciliation. He lived | :09:33. | :09:38. | |
reconciliation. He was a great union firing. -- unifier. Mr President, I | :09:39. | :09:43. | |
hope you can still hear me. Are you still there? I'm still here. Can you | :09:44. | :09:48. | |
hear me? Yes, we can. Very happy to hear you as well and pleased that | :09:49. | :09:51. | |
you're with us. The line sounded a little odd. But I'm glad you're | :09:52. | :09:55. | |
still there. What was the moment at which your relationship changed, | :09:56. | :09:58. | |
when you thought this was a man you could get on with? Yes, the very | :09:59. | :10:05. | |
first time I met him, he was brought under cover of darkness from his | :10:06. | :10:13. | |
home, where he was living. My first impression of him was he was taller | :10:14. | :10:18. | |
than I expected. He had a dignified air around him. He spoke with great | :10:19. | :10:31. | |
clarity. I found him an analytical listener. I immediately liked him | :10:32. | :10:37. | |
and there was a spark between us. That chemistry, as it developed, was | :10:38. | :10:46. | |
based on mutual respect. How did he come to show that respect given that | :10:47. | :10:56. | |
the apartheid regime had done so much for him. He had a remarkable | :10:57. | :11:01. | |
lack of bitterness, that he understood the concerns of my people | :11:02. | :11:07. | |
and what I represented in public life. And that he was prepared to go | :11:08. | :11:11. | |
out of his way to accommodate those concerns without giving up his | :11:12. | :11:17. | |
principle. From our side of negotiatiations, we also understood | :11:18. | :11:26. | |
the concerns of the ANC. We tried to accommodate it and all this led it a | :11:27. | :11:33. | |
remarkable agreement, a remarkable consensus, which is embodied in our | :11:34. | :11:40. | |
very good constitution. Mr President, how would you say that | :11:41. | :11:44. | |
the shape of modern South Africa bears the imprint of Mr Mandela? | :11:45. | :11:48. | |
What would you point to principally as his greatest legacy? I think his | :11:49. | :11:57. | |
greatest legacy and the influence on the South African nation is that we | :11:58. | :12:02. | |
are basically at peace with each other, notwithstanding our great | :12:03. | :12:09. | |
diversity, that we will be taking hands once again now, around our | :12:10. | :12:19. | |
common sadness and mourning. He's got this legacy that he was a | :12:20. | :12:25. | |
unifier and that he successfully built the bridge between the | :12:26. | :12:30. | |
conflict of the past and the peace of today. | :12:31. | :12:37. | |
As you speak to us, we're seeing images of you getting the Nobel | :12:38. | :12:42. | |
Prize and talking about unity, both of you shaking hands and celebrating | :12:43. | :12:46. | |
what you've achieved, all those years ago. Again, the warmth between | :12:47. | :12:53. | |
you is clear. I just want to finally thank you for being with us and ask | :12:54. | :12:57. | |
you for just a thought for the Mandela family and what they're | :12:58. | :13:03. | |
going through tonight. My wife and I have been close in our later years, | :13:04. | :13:08. | |
in these later years and we've reached out to his wife and to all | :13:09. | :13:18. | |
his children, also to Winnie, his former wife, his children and | :13:19. | :13:23. | |
grandchildren and great chand children, our -- great | :13:24. | :13:31. | |
grandchildren, we hold them in our sympathy. That was the former | :13:32. | :13:38. | |
president of South Africa, FWDeKlerk. More tributes in a second | :13:39. | :13:44. | |
because that's important, including President Obama. Wasn't that | :13:45. | :13:49. | |
fascinating, assen insight. For me, it was extraordinary. It's | :13:50. | :13:58. | |
interesting that President DE Klerk he took over from the last great | :13:59. | :14:03. | |
tyrant of South Africa, who was rigidly against compromise. None of | :14:04. | :14:10. | |
us knew where President De-Klerk would leave South Africa. I don't | :14:11. | :14:13. | |
think he knew where he would leave South Africa. He knew that he had to | :14:14. | :14:25. | |
do something. That stick him most when he met Nelson Mandela. | :14:26. | :15:06. | |
We are joined by the Reverend Jesse Jackson, thank you very much. Your | :15:07. | :15:18. | |
thoughts this evening? A moment of sadness, but Nelson Mandela took us | :15:19. | :15:27. | |
to unbelievable heights, this takes us to unbelievable depths, he was a | :15:28. | :15:33. | |
force for good. Having suffered on his way into prominence, with his | :15:34. | :15:36. | |
suffering and his vision, he chose at a critical moment reconciliation | :15:37. | :15:42. | |
over retribution. If he had she was in retribution for the years of | :15:43. | :15:46. | |
suffering, there would have been a bloody and divided both Africa even | :15:47. | :15:54. | |
today. But this sets an example for the world. Using the political | :15:55. | :16:00. | |
process for resolution. Not a violent one. The former president, | :16:01. | :16:08. | |
President FW de Klerk, seeing this man commanded authority we he went. | :16:09. | :16:12. | |
What was your experience that authority? He was a talented and | :16:13. | :16:22. | |
bright lawyer. Oliver is life was caught up -- all of his life was | :16:23. | :16:26. | |
caught up in this ambition to free his country. He came up in the | :16:27. | :16:30. | |
ranks, tried nonviolence for a wild, and the government was told rigid, | :16:31. | :16:36. | |
killing people with massacres in Soweto and other places, finally | :16:37. | :16:42. | |
becoming the general of the military arm of Free South Africa. A remember | :16:43. | :16:49. | |
him saying in our last conversation, when they finally find him, they had | :16:50. | :16:53. | |
been bombing installations, railroads and the like, and were | :16:54. | :16:56. | |
about to escalate again to attack some people, maybe hospitals and | :16:57. | :17:01. | |
schools, and he was glad he was caught, rather than suffering in | :17:02. | :17:05. | |
jail than killing innocent people. That's ends of principle, tough | :17:06. | :17:10. | |
mind, tender heart, was Nelson Mandela. Everywhere he went, there | :17:11. | :17:16. | |
was an army of people waiting to admire and express their views. And | :17:17. | :17:23. | |
yet, this was a man whose reputation change significantly. How did he | :17:24. | :17:28. | |
manage that a change and what was your perception of that? People have | :17:29. | :17:34. | |
the capacity to change and not the landlocked. He saw the power of | :17:35. | :17:43. | |
suffering and nonviolence. He saw the power of reconciliation. He saw | :17:44. | :17:47. | |
a new South Africa that would have to be a nonracial South Africa, | :17:48. | :17:52. | |
white people having a place, everyone having a place. He knew | :17:53. | :17:57. | |
there was some history of the role of Mahatma Gandhi. A strong Indian | :17:58. | :18:08. | |
constituency. He knew that some people would not support that. He | :18:09. | :18:11. | |
had to reconcile these moving parts and did so with a keen analytical | :18:12. | :18:18. | |
mind. But one thing that struck me when he came out of jail that | :18:19. | :18:24. | |
Sunday, after 27 years, piratical it he was. His mind remained sharp to | :18:25. | :18:34. | |
the very end. We have more remarkable scenes, this time from | :18:35. | :18:42. | |
Soweto. Such a symbolically important township, of course, where | :18:43. | :18:45. | |
there were a lot of incidents reported in the past, some of them | :18:46. | :18:49. | |
travelling. And right at the heart of the story of South Africa. As we | :18:50. | :18:54. | |
are seeing those images, we're there will be lots of grief, but also | :18:55. | :19:00. | |
celebrating, Mr Jackson, tell us how this is likely to impact on people | :19:01. | :19:04. | |
in the United States, where let's face it, there will be many millions | :19:05. | :19:09. | |
of people, black people, looking at this news and pondering what he | :19:10. | :19:13. | |
achieved but the future of South Africa, which in recent years has | :19:14. | :19:16. | |
been maybe more unsteady than it should have been? And steady, | :19:17. | :19:23. | |
because Africa is free but not equal. There is that economical | :19:24. | :19:28. | |
disparity where do people own the land and corporate power. Many | :19:29. | :19:33. | |
people language than poverty. That is unfinished business. -- more | :19:34. | :19:40. | |
people languish in poverty. Fighting against degradation, R Buddhism, -- | :19:41. | :19:48. | |
fighting against degradation, and he fought against that. He could have | :19:49. | :19:52. | |
been the lifetime president. I'd have him comes Thabo Mbeki, then | :19:53. | :20:02. | |
Jacob Zuma. -- out of him. That is a part of his legacy. We end with a | :20:03. | :20:09. | |
lovely photograph of you with Nelson Mandela, and we thank you for your | :20:10. | :20:14. | |
comments tonight. Reverend Jesse Jackson there. I think on the line | :20:15. | :20:20. | |
from Johannesburg, we have the South African businessman, Saki Macozoma, | :20:21. | :20:25. | |
who spent time on Robben Island with Nelson Mandela. Thank you so much | :20:26. | :20:30. | |
for joining us. Can I have your thoughts on this sad news? Thank you | :20:31. | :20:36. | |
very much. I think this is something a lot of us had been expecting. He | :20:37. | :20:43. | |
had been ill for a long time. And I have been listening to all the | :20:44. | :20:46. | |
tributes that have been paid to him and I can confirm I have not heard | :20:47. | :20:53. | |
any exaggeration. When Nelson Mandela was released, I was in Cape | :20:54. | :21:02. | |
Town, I was there, I was going around South Africa at the time, and | :21:03. | :21:12. | |
remember fondly on that day. Whatever your memories of the | :21:13. | :21:16. | |
election itself? We are looking at those powerful, well-known images of | :21:17. | :21:20. | |
his release. Then the election that followed, what was your sense of the | :21:21. | :21:24. | |
transformation of South Africa on the day of the election? Actually, | :21:25. | :21:30. | |
that transformation took a couple of years before the election. The real | :21:31. | :21:35. | |
herculean task was the times when Nelson Mandela had to go into places | :21:36. | :21:43. | |
like Soweto, and people were being mown down by a known men in the | :21:44. | :21:48. | |
middle of the night and people would get into a train and killed, | :21:49. | :21:52. | |
innocent people. Those were the most difficult times. I remember those | :21:53. | :21:58. | |
trips with him, many a time, times when he had to call of negotiation | :21:59. | :22:04. | |
in order to put the point across that the government could not | :22:05. | :22:09. | |
negotiate on the one hand, and allows sinister forces to be keeping | :22:10. | :22:14. | |
people all around. Nelson Mandela also gained respect in the | :22:15. | :22:20. | |
negotiated settlement when he stood up to President FW de Klerk and the | :22:21. | :22:28. | |
dated him for not following the agreed protocol -- berated him. A | :22:29. | :22:34. | |
lot of people who might have lost faith in him realised that Nelson | :22:35. | :22:42. | |
Mandela was not a big teddy bear, that as smooth as he was, there was | :22:43. | :22:51. | |
strength to him. Still looking at nice images from South Africa, the | :22:52. | :22:54. | |
flag, being patriotic, clearly paying respect, and the question I | :22:55. | :23:00. | |
want to ask you now is about Robben Island, because earlier we were | :23:01. | :23:03. | |
discussing the transformation that happened for Mr Mandela, and you are | :23:04. | :23:12. | |
the best person to ask, what is your sense of how 27 years in jail | :23:13. | :23:19. | |
changed this man? He used to talk about it quite a lot about how the | :23:20. | :23:27. | |
patients he had -- about the patients he needed, that he was not | :23:28. | :23:32. | |
always a patient man, and he was often irritated, because all of the | :23:33. | :23:38. | |
time it would take so much time talking to one client, not making | :23:39. | :23:42. | |
much money in the process, and he said being on Robben Island, having | :23:43. | :23:46. | |
the time to read and think and contemplate and debate made him the | :23:47. | :23:53. | |
person that he was, to read about the struggles of other people, and | :23:54. | :23:58. | |
the stories of other leaders and what mistakes they had made. One of | :23:59. | :24:02. | |
the striking things when I arrived on Robben Island was how keen they | :24:03. | :24:07. | |
were to listen to those of buyers who were young at the time, coming | :24:08. | :24:12. | |
forth, trying to understand our psychology, what issues concerned as | :24:13. | :24:20. | |
most. And the generation that we were. Robben Island had a lot of | :24:21. | :24:27. | |
input for him, and the character that he became. That was not | :24:28. | :24:33. | |
something that came naturally, it was cultivated, part of preparing to | :24:34. | :24:42. | |
lead a people. Fascinating to Torquay to -- to talk to you and, on | :24:43. | :24:49. | |
today of all days, thank you. James Robbins is still here. The | :24:50. | :24:54. | |
former correspondent in South Africa during that amend this time in the | :24:55. | :25:01. | |
early 1990s. And one of our current correspondence now. She happens to | :25:02. | :25:06. | |
be in London at this time. For you, you mentioned earlier on the power | :25:07. | :25:11. | |
of the release of, and the fact that your mother was in tears when it | :25:12. | :25:17. | |
happened, and you were a young girl trying to grasp the enormity of what | :25:18. | :25:21. | |
was happening. Tell us today a full about the fact that this news | :25:22. | :25:26. | |
clearly is going to mean a lot to most South Africans, but they had | :25:27. | :25:31. | |
been expecting it for a long time. It is still a shock, and I want to | :25:32. | :25:37. | |
talk about the kind of mood we are seeing. Looking at these images now, | :25:38. | :25:43. | |
how would you describe to a UK audience why people would be dancing | :25:44. | :25:47. | |
and celebrating as part of the response to this news? South | :25:48. | :25:52. | |
Africans have always been described as a confused nation. When it comes | :25:53. | :25:57. | |
to South Africans protesting, you will see chanting and dancing on the | :25:58. | :26:01. | |
streets. When they are happy, the chant and dance and laugh and cry. | :26:02. | :26:11. | |
That is the spirit of South Africa, which was also harnessed by | :26:12. | :26:13. | |
President Nelson Mandela when he was preaching reconciliation. We are | :26:14. | :26:18. | |
likely to hear a lot of songs that were being sung, even during | :26:19. | :26:23. | |
apartheid, when Nelson Mandela was the leader of the armed struggle. | :26:24. | :26:27. | |
Both in and out of South Africa, songs that pay tribute to Nelson | :26:28. | :26:32. | |
Mandela, songs that they Nelson Mandela, -- that say to Nelson | :26:33. | :26:40. | |
Mandela, there is no one like you. And there is no one item anywhere in | :26:41. | :26:49. | |
South Africa. Look at Soweto, it is like a party. Underlined the | :26:50. | :26:59. | |
importance of Soweto? We are seeing those streets, because he used to | :27:00. | :27:02. | |
live on the streets, that house where people are celebrating and | :27:03. | :27:06. | |
morning showing the tutors, that is the house that has been turned into | :27:07. | :27:13. | |
a museum. -- celebrating and mourning. Not all South Africans can | :27:14. | :27:19. | |
fit into a hospital waiting room, or where he has been taken, but a lot | :27:20. | :27:25. | |
of, particularly black South Africans still living in townships | :27:26. | :27:30. | |
like Soweto, that place holds significance for a lot of South | :27:31. | :27:35. | |
Africans. Let us hold that thought, because we have been talking to some | :27:36. | :27:38. | |
people in Johannesburg since this news was announced, and this is the | :27:39. | :27:43. | |
kind of thing people are seeing there tonight. I am sad, but at the | :27:44. | :27:50. | |
same time, he has had his part in life and he did it very well. It is | :27:51. | :27:57. | |
fine that he goes, he did all he could, he was old, you know. It is a | :27:58. | :28:04. | |
tragedy, and we have lost a great hero, and people will be upset. It | :28:05. | :28:10. | |
is quite tragic, like being around the families and knowing that the | :28:11. | :28:13. | |
person you have no knowledge of life has gone. That is how we feel right | :28:14. | :28:19. | |
now. At the same time, we should celebrate what he has achieved and | :28:20. | :28:24. | |
given as. I would not be free if it was not for him. What a powerful | :28:25. | :28:33. | |
statement. Absolutely, and he said we should also celebrate. And those | :28:34. | :28:39. | |
scenes on that street. That is where, within a few days of Nelson | :28:40. | :28:42. | |
Mandela being released in prison, that is the one to which he | :28:43. | :28:47. | |
returned, -- released from prison, that is where he returned, and gave | :28:48. | :28:52. | |
his first interview to the BBC with me, within days of coming out of | :28:53. | :28:56. | |
prison. It was a powerful symbol for him. He insisted he wanted to go | :28:57. | :29:02. | |
back to Soweto, to his people. He did not want to put on the clothes | :29:03. | :29:05. | |
of a leader, but be back amongst his people in the home that was | :29:06. | :29:09. | |
important to him at the early stages of his life before going into prison | :29:10. | :29:14. | |
for such a long time, though he renewed his connection with the | :29:15. | :29:17. | |
people of South Africa, broken by that long imprisonment, and hugely | :29:18. | :29:21. | |
symbolic, and strange to see that house, which is now a museum, but | :29:22. | :29:28. | |
hardly surprising, and it is in a predominantly middle-class area of | :29:29. | :29:33. | |
Soweto. In the 1990s, to me, when he came out of prison, that was not | :29:34. | :29:38. | |
imaginable, because the black middle class was almost nonexistent. He and | :29:39. | :29:42. | |
others around him is shared in the poverty of Soweto, because that was | :29:43. | :29:47. | |
forced on them by apartheid. Job reservation, the insistence by white | :29:48. | :29:50. | |
South Africa that black people could only have their jobs, could only | :29:51. | :29:55. | |
have certain levels of education, the delivered minimisation of | :29:56. | :29:58. | |
spending on black education, all things holding black South Africa | :29:59. | :30:03. | |
back, he's so partly helped to change. -- so powerfully help to | :30:04. | :30:16. | |
change. This is a special programme from BBC News, we are reporting | :30:17. | :30:21. | |
about the death of Nelson Mandela at the age of 95. Many tributes have | :30:22. | :30:28. | |
been paid. People want to underline their admiration and love for Nelson | :30:29. | :30:31. | |
Mandela and what he has made to them, not just in South Africa but | :30:32. | :30:36. | |
across the world. Our correspondent considers the people and the places | :30:37. | :30:40. | |
which influenced Nelson Mandela and drove his struggle against the | :30:41. | :30:48. | |
partied regime. -- the apartheid regime. His story is remarkable. Few | :30:49. | :30:55. | |
in history have in history have injured oppression with such little | :30:56. | :31:00. | |
rancour or overcome the oppressor with such little bloodshed. I, | :31:01. | :31:09. | |
Nelson Mandela, do hereby swear to be faithful to the Republic of South | :31:10. | :31:19. | |
Africa. In May 1994, Nelson Mandela, the man white South Africa had | :31:20. | :31:23. | |
imprisoned for nearly 30 years, was sworn in as the first black | :31:24. | :31:26. | |
president of the country. Through his courageous leadership the | :31:27. | :31:32. | |
African National Congress had broken the stranglehold of partied and | :31:33. | :31:37. | |
transformed South Africa into a multiracial democracy. -- of | :31:38. | :31:44. | |
apartheid. Nelson Mandela was born in 1916 in the Eastern Cape of South | :31:45. | :31:48. | |
Africa. He was the son of a tribal chief. He qualified as a lawyer and | :31:49. | :31:55. | |
set up a partnership with a lifelong friend and ally, Oliver Tambo. | :31:56. | :32:00. | |
Together they campaigned against apartheid, an exercise in social | :32:01. | :32:05. | |
engineering under which the white minority in South Africa crushed the | :32:06. | :32:11. | |
aspirations of the black jollity. Mandela was among activists to be | :32:12. | :32:18. | |
charged of high treason. The trial lasted four years before the charges | :32:19. | :32:24. | |
were dropped. The Sharpeville massacre in 1964 speed ANC to change | :32:25. | :32:29. | |
strategy. The police opened fire on demonstrators. The ANC was outlawed | :32:30. | :32:35. | |
and peaceful resistance became a thing of the past. Many people fear | :32:36. | :32:43. | |
that it is useful and futile to continue a campaign of nonviolence | :32:44. | :32:46. | |
against a current -- a government whose only reply is savage action | :32:47. | :32:54. | |
against unarmed people. He undertook a campaign of sabotage against the | :32:55. | :32:59. | |
state. He was eventually arrested and charged with conspiracy to | :33:00. | :33:03. | |
overthrow the government. He made a three-hour speech from the Dock at | :33:04. | :33:08. | |
his trial. This was his final plea for freedom and democracy for all | :33:09. | :33:11. | |
South Africans will stop it was to a cold down the 27 years he remained a | :33:12. | :33:15. | |
political prisoner. Sentenced to life imprisonment, he | :33:16. | :33:47. | |
was sent to Robin Island, a top security prison in Table Bay in Cape | :33:48. | :33:53. | |
Town. Photographs of them were banned from publication. | :33:54. | :33:58. | |
Astonishingly, he was not embittered by his imprisonment. We are not | :33:59. | :34:07. | |
conducting a struggle against individual whites. In the course of | :34:08. | :34:15. | |
that struggle, we had formed friendships with people from the | :34:16. | :34:20. | |
other side. Outside, time is running out for apartheid. With the ANC | :34:21. | :34:26. | |
readership in jail, even the children in Soweto were helping to | :34:27. | :34:30. | |
sustain the revolution. The hardline government tried to crush the | :34:31. | :34:36. | |
uprising but gradually more liberal white people began to realise | :34:37. | :34:40. | |
Mandela was the solution, not the problem. An international campaign | :34:41. | :34:47. | |
was begun for the release of Nelson Mandela, as around the world, | :34:48. | :34:51. | |
governments impose sanctions on South Africa. In 1919 80, President | :34:52. | :35:01. | |
FW de Klerk announced the ANC would be on band. -- in 1990. Nelson | :35:02. | :35:11. | |
Mandela taking the first three steps into democracy. Nelson Mandela | :35:12. | :35:17. | |
walked to freedom with his then wife Winnie Mandela at his side. How soon | :35:18. | :35:26. | |
turned to despair. Township islands had blacks fighting blacks. And | :35:27. | :35:31. | |
Della repeatedly appealed for peace. Take your gun, your knife and throw | :35:32. | :35:43. | |
them into the river. -- Nelson Mandela repeatedly appealed for | :35:44. | :35:50. | |
peace. He cast his vote in the first multiracial elections. The result | :35:51. | :35:57. | |
was a landslide for the ANC. Nelson Mandela was president of the new | :35:58. | :36:05. | |
South Africa. Never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land | :36:06. | :36:12. | |
will again experience the oppression of one by another. Three years | :36:13. | :36:20. | |
later, Nelson Mandela gave up the presidency of the ANC in favour of | :36:21. | :36:26. | |
Thabo Mbeki, who also succeeded him as head of state. | :36:27. | :36:33. | |
Nelson Mandela was fated throughout the world, as here in London. There | :36:34. | :36:43. | |
had been personal sadness. His long-time managed to Winnie, had | :36:44. | :36:54. | |
ended. -- marriage. In 19 90, he married grass shell, the widow of | :36:55. | :37:03. | |
the late president of was unbeaten. -- Graca Machel. He enjoyed family | :37:04. | :37:12. | |
life which is long-term imprisonment had denied him. He visited Robben | :37:13. | :37:19. | |
Island again. He lit a candle to symbolise reconciliation. It was | :37:20. | :37:25. | |
passed to an African child to represent the hopes of the continent | :37:26. | :37:30. | |
for the future, I hope inspired by the life and ideals of one of the | :37:31. | :37:34. | |
truly great leaders of our time, Nelson Mandela. | :37:35. | :37:43. | |
Nicholas Witchel on the remarkable life and times of Nelson Mandela. | :37:44. | :37:51. | |
Let us stop to a professor from Johannesburg University. -- let us | :37:52. | :37:58. | |
talk to. Thank you for joining us. I should ask you for your tribute and | :37:59. | :38:02. | |
your thoughts tonight. It is a very poignant moments. Nelson Mandela was | :38:03. | :38:08. | |
one of our most illustrious other night. He had spent many years | :38:09. | :38:15. | |
there, with many of his contemporaries. They went on as a | :38:16. | :38:21. | |
collective to transform our country and to do so in a way that could | :38:22. | :38:27. | |
only be better. For most South Africans and especially students, | :38:28. | :38:33. | |
staff and other night of this university it is a very sad moment. | :38:34. | :38:39. | |
We are seeing lots of images of people in Johannesburg and in | :38:40. | :38:42. | |
Soweto, of people who have gathered at the former family home. What do | :38:43. | :38:50. | |
you think people want to see in the days and weeks that head, what kind | :38:51. | :38:56. | |
of recognition and what kind of state formality would be like to see | :38:57. | :39:01. | |
which would do justice to this man? I think what everybody would like to | :39:02. | :39:07. | |
see is that the death of Nelson Mandela brings this country together | :39:08. | :39:11. | |
like nothing else has. He is the one symbol which can unite South Africa | :39:12. | :39:18. | |
in the way nothing else can. He can unite people across class, religion | :39:19. | :39:22. | |
and race. In the days ahead you will see that. That is quite an elaborate | :39:23. | :39:30. | |
system are to honour Nelson Mandela. It will be done officially through | :39:31. | :39:37. | |
the union house. There will be a big memorial service in Johannesburg. | :39:38. | :39:40. | |
There will be another big funeral service in the chance gal. -- in the | :39:41. | :39:48. | |
Eastern Cape. We will see South Africans coming together in ways we | :39:49. | :39:54. | |
have not seen before. You will see the world coming together because | :39:55. | :40:00. | |
Nelson Mandela was the greatest son of South Africa, but he was also an | :40:01. | :40:04. | |
icon for the world. Across the world, people involved in struggles | :40:05. | :40:10. | |
against oppression and exploitation use him as a symbol to unite that | :40:11. | :40:16. | |
struggle. We will see the world coming together to honour what is a | :40:17. | :40:23. | |
magnificent life, a magnificent contribution not only to South | :40:24. | :40:28. | |
Africa and the continent, but to the whole of humanity. As you speak | :40:29. | :40:33. | |
recess, the British Foreign Secretary has offered his own | :40:34. | :40:41. | |
tribute. # as you speak, Professor. He says his name will go down | :40:42. | :40:46. | |
through the ages for his immense contribution to Africa and the world | :40:47. | :40:51. | |
and his tireless work to peace and reconciliation. His example to us | :40:52. | :40:54. | |
all of tireless courage and fortitude. What for you is the place | :40:55. | :41:01. | |
in history that people should be recognising today? I think there are | :41:02. | :41:08. | |
two things. One of the most striking things about him is that he gave up | :41:09. | :41:12. | |
power after five years. He could have been a life president. After | :41:13. | :41:19. | |
five years, he handed over power to Thabo Mbeki. He gave up the | :41:20. | :41:25. | |
political presidency but he became a global icon and became a symbol for | :41:26. | :41:30. | |
freedom across the world. That is what people should remember. He | :41:31. | :41:33. | |
spent 27 years in prison and came out, at that point, he saw South | :41:34. | :41:42. | |
Africa needed reconciliation. He stood up for reconciliation. He | :41:43. | :41:47. | |
united South Africans. He gave South Africa the moment where it could | :41:48. | :41:52. | |
route its democracy, that moment of peace which are loaded to avoid a | :41:53. | :41:59. | |
civil war. It allowed it to establish a firm democracy. We have | :42:00. | :42:03. | |
serious problems of inequality and poverty, we have serious | :42:04. | :42:09. | |
challenges, but what is not questionable is the fact we will | :42:10. | :42:11. | |
move forward as a stable political system. That possibility was | :42:12. | :42:20. | |
bequeathed to us by Nelson Mandela. It was a pleasure to talk to you. | :42:21. | :42:29. | |
Thank you very much. Thank you. We have had tributes from all around | :42:30. | :42:35. | |
the world. No fewer than four former US Presidents have been paying | :42:36. | :42:39. | |
tribute to Mr Mandela, to his achievements and his life. We are | :42:40. | :42:45. | |
reporting here his death at the age of 95. President Jacob Zuma | :42:46. | :42:50. | |
announced his death just a couple of hours ago, paying tribute to this | :42:51. | :42:54. | |
remarkable contribution, not just to South Africa but to the cause of | :42:55. | :43:01. | |
justice around the world. Former US presidents joining in the tributes. | :43:02. | :43:08. | |
President Obamas, of course the first lack American president, has | :43:09. | :43:16. | |
been expressing his feelings and paying his tribute to Nelson | :43:17. | :43:21. | |
Mandela. At his trial in 1964, Nelson Mandela composed a statement | :43:22. | :43:33. | |
saying, I have fought against white domination and black domination. I | :43:34. | :43:39. | |
have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which | :43:40. | :43:42. | |
all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is | :43:43. | :43:47. | |
an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. If needs be, it is | :43:48. | :43:53. | |
an ideal for which I am prepared to die. Nelson Mandela lived for that | :43:54. | :44:01. | |
ideal and he made it real. He achieved more than could be expected | :44:02. | :44:11. | |
of any man. Today he has gone home. We have lost one of the most | :44:12. | :44:15. | |
influential, courageous and profoundly good human beings that | :44:16. | :44:19. | |
any of us will share time with on this earth. He no longer belongs to | :44:20. | :44:26. | |
us. He belongs to the Angels. For his fears dignity and unbending will | :44:27. | :44:32. | |
to sacrifice his own freedom for the sake of others, he transformed South | :44:33. | :44:39. | |
Africa and moved all of us. His journey from a prisoner to a | :44:40. | :44:43. | |
president embodied the promise that human beings and countries can | :44:44. | :44:49. | |
change for the better. His commitment to transfer power, to | :44:50. | :44:54. | |
reconcile with those who jailed him was an example that all humanity | :44:55. | :45:03. | |
should aspire to. President Obama speaking at the White House in the | :45:04. | :45:09. | |
last hour. Very keen to pages tribute to former president Mandela | :45:10. | :45:15. | |
of South Africa. Tributes from all over the world. Including here in | :45:16. | :45:22. | |
London as Prime Minister Cameron has been speaking in Downing Street | :45:23. | :45:28. | |
tonight. One of the brightest lights of our world has gone out tonight. | :45:29. | :45:33. | |
Nelson Mandela was not just the hero of our time, but I hero of all time. | :45:34. | :45:41. | |
The first president of a free South Africa, a man who suffered so much | :45:42. | :45:46. | |
for freedom and justice, and a man who, through his dignity and | :45:47. | :45:52. | |
triumph, inspired millions. The strongest impression of all when you | :45:53. | :45:57. | |
met him was of his extraordinary compassion and generosity and | :45:58. | :46:02. | |
forgiveness. Tonight, families across Britain will mourn with his | :46:03. | :46:07. | |
family and everyone in South Africa. Your greatest son has moved | :46:08. | :46:13. | |
millions and I believe that his inspiration for the future will be | :46:14. | :46:17. | |
every bit as parcel as the extraordinary things -- will be | :46:18. | :46:22. | |
every bit as powerful as the extraordinary thing they achieved in | :46:23. | :46:27. | |
his remarkable life. David Cameron speaking a short while ago. The Duke | :46:28. | :46:32. | |
and Duchess of Cambridge have earlier this evening been attending | :46:33. | :46:35. | |
the premiere of a film of Nelson Mandela's life. She time ago, they | :46:36. | :46:44. | |
gave their reaction. -- short time ago. Sad and tragic news and we are | :46:45. | :46:51. | |
reminded what an extraordinary and inspiring man he was. Thoughts and | :46:52. | :46:54. | |
prayers are with his family right now. That was the brief but solemn | :46:55. | :47:05. | |
response from the Duke and just -- Duke and Duchess of Cambridge | :47:06. | :47:08. | |
attending that film premiere. All around the world, over the next 24 | :47:09. | :47:12. | |
hours, there will be moments of silence. People will want to reflect | :47:13. | :47:17. | |
on the astonishing contribution and achievements of former President | :47:18. | :47:22. | |
Mandela. This is what happened at the United Nations short while ago. | :47:23. | :47:33. | |
-- a short while ago. Those gathered from nations all around the world, | :47:34. | :47:36. | |
standing respectfully and with dignity in silence to mark the news | :47:37. | :47:43. | |
that Nelson Mandela has passed away at the age of 95. Let us speak to | :47:44. | :47:49. | |
someone who knows the Mandela family very well. On the line we have an | :47:50. | :47:56. | |
opposition leader who knows the family and he is from the Eastern | :47:57. | :47:59. | |
Cape, the area where Mr Mandela grew up and stop thank you so much for | :48:00. | :48:03. | |
joining us. What are your thoughts tonight? We join the rest of the | :48:04. | :48:13. | |
world in passing condolences to the Mandela family. He lived very well | :48:14. | :48:25. | |
during his innings, Madiba, and when he said to as some years back, I | :48:26. | :48:31. | |
think we were in London at the concert, it is now in your hands. We | :48:32. | :48:41. | |
knew what that meant. It was a way forward. And we feel strongly that | :48:42. | :48:52. | |
the teachings of Mandela should never be forgotten by this country, | :48:53. | :49:02. | |
especially the discipline he displayed during the time he was in | :49:03. | :49:06. | |
jail, during the time he was outside, but being consistent that | :49:07. | :49:13. | |
his fighting for the quality of lives for South Africans. What has | :49:14. | :49:20. | |
been your contact with the family in recent days? I was with the family | :49:21. | :49:31. | |
earlier this afternoon and I had the privilege also of seeing Madiba, | :49:32. | :49:46. | |
then I left and the family, you could see that they have no more or | :49:47. | :49:55. | |
less accepted the reality. And when they said, in the last few days, | :49:56. | :49:59. | |
that he was at peace, is that conclusion that you would also offer | :50:00. | :50:05. | |
after your contact in the 24 hours? At peace? At least. -- at peace. | :50:06. | :50:20. | |
Madiba, since he left hospital, he kept staying in his bed, kept quiet, | :50:21. | :50:30. | |
all alone, and I do not think the family was wrong to say he was at. | :50:31. | :50:40. | |
-- he was at peace. This afternoon, you could see he was struggling to | :50:41. | :50:46. | |
breathe. You say you knew him and the family, and he was strong minded | :50:47. | :50:50. | |
character, very strong willed, and lots of people describing this | :50:51. | :50:55. | |
length of his character. What was your experience of that and how | :50:56. | :50:58. | |
challenging could he be if he was very determined? Well, Madiba, I | :50:59. | :51:07. | |
would say he was a courageous man, and when it was not fashionable, in | :51:08. | :51:17. | |
the 1960s, he called for the ANC two embark on a struggle against | :51:18. | :51:19. | |
apartheid, whilst others thought they could negotiate with the | :51:20. | :51:26. | |
apartheid government. Later on, the same Madiba had the courage to say | :51:27. | :51:32. | |
to stop fighting and to negotiate. Others were still keen to fight on. | :51:33. | :51:40. | |
Really, this is the person who was taking decisions at critical times | :51:41. | :51:49. | |
for the benefit of the country. This is Madiba who spoke directly to | :51:50. | :51:56. | |
decision-makers. I remember actually talking about George Bush Snr, it | :51:57. | :52:06. | |
was in 1992, when he called him with his authority to have -- authority | :52:07. | :52:17. | |
to approach, asking George Bush to request his UN representative to | :52:18. | :52:24. | |
endorse the resolution to send monitors to monitor violence in | :52:25. | :52:29. | |
South Africa, before we left together from New York, he had got | :52:30. | :52:35. | |
all the leaders and we knew that by the time we presented our case, that | :52:36. | :52:43. | |
this request would be endorsed, so he was very authoritative, but with | :52:44. | :52:54. | |
humility and also he connected with all kinds of people with ease, | :52:55. | :52:59. | |
because he was not an assuming person. Thank you so much for | :53:00. | :53:07. | |
spending time talking to us. Thank you. While he was sharing his views, | :53:08. | :53:17. | |
we have been gathering some views in and around Johannesburg, where lots | :53:18. | :53:21. | |
of people have been ready to talk and share their tributes and | :53:22. | :53:24. | |
thoughts having him the news of his death. I am sad, but at the same | :53:25. | :53:33. | |
time, I think he has had his part in life and he did it very well. It is | :53:34. | :53:39. | |
fine that he goes. He did all he could, he was old, yeah. A real | :53:40. | :53:46. | |
tragedy, we have lost a great hero in South Africa. Quite tragic. Like | :53:47. | :53:54. | |
being around the family's home and that the person you know all your | :53:55. | :53:59. | |
life has gone. It is tragic, sad, but I think we should celebrate what | :54:00. | :54:03. | |
he has achieved and what he has given us. I would not be free if it | :54:04. | :54:11. | |
was not for him. Such power and strength in those tributes, and | :54:12. | :54:20. | |
there will be more. Just chatting there, and trying to get into the | :54:21. | :54:25. | |
area of personality and strength, and the caller was being diplomatic, | :54:26. | :54:28. | |
just wanting to reinforce and there are people who are big allies today | :54:29. | :54:35. | |
who were maybe -- who maybe had big differences in the past? There were | :54:36. | :54:43. | |
egg differences. -- there were big political differences. Those also | :54:44. | :54:49. | |
led to President Mandela expelling some members. But there was still a | :54:50. | :54:56. | |
connection. There was still a family connection. In the media, we have | :54:57. | :55:03. | |
seen the fact that there are clashes between certain numbers members of | :55:04. | :55:14. | |
the family. And one diplomatic person was the negotiator between | :55:15. | :55:20. | |
the family and government for them to reconcile, going back to them, | :55:21. | :55:27. | |
saying that Mandela is a brand, the family needs to emulate what Mandela | :55:28. | :55:31. | |
stands for. That is what the family needs to see. And thoughts, now we | :55:32. | :55:38. | |
are in the last few minutes of this part of the coverage, really as well | :55:39. | :55:44. | |
about what Mr Mandela made of the South Africa that is to date, over | :55:45. | :55:49. | |
20 years after he was released, and after his period in office, ending | :55:50. | :55:54. | |
in the late 1990s, he made his views plain about some developments. What | :55:55. | :55:58. | |
was his take on modern South Africa and was he overwhelmingly happy with | :55:59. | :56:05. | |
the shape of it? We do not think he was overwhelmingly happy, but happy | :56:06. | :56:09. | |
with the overriding truth of freedom. He could be very caustic. | :56:10. | :56:17. | |
He spoke out famously when in London against President Mugabe in | :56:18. | :56:19. | |
Zimbabwe, against many people he thought had abused power, and he was | :56:20. | :56:26. | |
certainly privately very critical of some of the directions that his | :56:27. | :56:30. | |
successors in the presidency led South Africa into. But very careful | :56:31. | :56:34. | |
and cautious not to undermine them publicly, because as far as he was | :56:35. | :56:38. | |
concerned, the important thing was that they had been elected in a | :56:39. | :56:43. | |
proper, democratic process, unlike anything that could have happened if | :56:44. | :56:47. | |
he had not brought it about. And we saw fleetingly the diplomats that | :56:48. | :56:52. | |
the security council in the United Nations in New York standing around | :56:53. | :56:55. | |
that table in tribute, silent tribute. That was a powerful piece | :56:56. | :57:00. | |
of symbolism, not unprecedented, but very rear for such a thing to | :57:01. | :57:07. | |
happen. -- very rare. Recognising, surely, a true peacemaker, when they | :57:08. | :57:12. | |
are so often divided over issues of peace and war, not finding it | :57:13. | :57:17. | |
difficult to unite behind the memory of Nelson Mandela. Thank you both | :57:18. | :57:24. | |
for your company. Thank you for sharing your experiences. That is it | :57:25. | :57:27. | |
from me, there is continuing coverage here on the BBC on the | :57:28. | :57:32. | |
death of the former president Nelson Mandela, the first like presidents | :57:33. | :57:37. | |
-- the first black president of South Africa. We leave you with | :57:38. | :57:41. | |
images that defined a remarkable lifetime. | :57:42. | :57:56. | |
There are many people who feel it is useless and futile for us to | :57:57. | :58:02. | |
continue talking peace and nonviolence against the government | :58:03. | :58:07. | |
whose reply is only savage attacks. One and an people -- on a non-armed | :58:08. | :58:19. | |
and defenceless people. It is something for which I am prepared to | :58:20. | :58:23. | |
die. One of the things that is difficult | :58:24. | :58:27. | |
for me to comprehend is that I spent such a long time here. | :58:28. | :58:35. | |
There is Mr Mandela, Mr Nelson Mandela, after the man that backdrop | :58:36. | :58:44. | |
a free man. We have realised our greatest team of being free at last. | :58:45. | :58:52. | |
In our own country. Never, never, and never again, shall | :58:53. | :59:03. | |
aid the that this beautiful land shall again experience the operation | :59:04. | :59:11. | |
of one by another. It is time for a new heads to lift | :59:12. | :59:25. | |
the Burtons. It is in your hands now. -- left the burdens. | :59:26. | :59:27. |