23/01/2016 Click - Short Edition

women to avoid these countries in the Americas and beyond. Those are

the latest headlines from BBC World News. Coming up it is News watch,

but first it is click. Think 3-D printing and you might

think of weird trinkets like these. But did you know that 3-D printing

can also be done on one of these. It's a company known for computer

design and 3-D graphic software. But here in San Francisco, it is

home to the creative workshop. The place where researchers

and artists are invited to test the software on 3-D printers

of all shapes and sizes. From conventional printers to

giant five axis machines. All faithfully reproducing the

models as they appear on screen. The resolution

of the latest 3-D printers is now high enough to produce some really

intricate models. In fact, it is so high, that if

you want, you can print a record. It does not sound brilliant,

but the bumps and grooves give One of the artists is recreating

artefacts that have been destroyed Because she has not been able to

3-D scan them, she has had to use reference photographs to build

within the 3-D modelling software. This was

an artefact that was outside It was life-size

and way bigger than this. Why did you feel that

you wanted to do this? As an artist I'm interested

in ways in which you can work with historians and archaeologists

and how 3-D printers can go beyond just beyond the technical

tool and think about 3-D printing You can think about it

as a personal, political Some serious and some not

so serious. What is universally amazing to

me is the materials that one Some 3-D printers can print

in different materials in the same run and that has opened

up even more possibilities. If you had asked me half-an-hour ago

if you could 3-D print a system of moving parts all in one go I

would have said no. But this is a 3-D printed system

of moving parts. It gets washed away

as it comes out of the printer. It allows

the parts to move independently, Some

of these moving objects could not be Try building these impossible things

within two years It is things that cannot be made

in other ways. If there was not solid steel but had

a lattice. It could not be cast that way but you could 3-D printed.

That is another great addition of 3-D printing.

Maybe it will change over time and will have to be cast

Every year that you grow they need a new prosthetic.

Those are the times we see it to be the most groundbreaking.

These printers here have been made specially.

They are able to do things in micron level detail.

They don't just create little beautiful things like this.

They are capable of printing things much more important.

They have been finding out more in the wet lab just down there.

Imagine a future where instead of taking bones out of your body

for a transplant, you could build your own new bones

This is a company that uses software and 3-D fabrication to

In a series of relatively simple steps.

Firstly, they take a CT scan that needs the bone replacement.

They create a scaffold of bone tissue

from a cow that has been stripped of all of its cellular material.

Than a small sample of stem cells is taken from the tissue.

The structure is housed in a bio reactor where it grows

We ask how we can get the cells to live inside here.

We engineered a system that goes around it and you

can see that there is space for a scaffold to live inside of it.

Each bio reactor that we engineer is perfectly matched to each

of these different shapes that you would have here.

We cultivate the bone inside of you with cells and deliver the growth

factors and the environmental conditioning that the cells need to

With approval, it could be implanted into clinical

trials into humans in the next couple of years and commercially

The focus now is on small bones for facial reconstruction but could one

Could you actually grow bones if somebody lost a limb?

If you think into the far field where this is

When you think about a limb you think

What do they need in those environments, it is it

It is moving towards being able to grow pieces of tissue

But you can imagine for a limb it gets exponentially more difficult.

But you can see the world moving in that way.

Have you ever watched a game of American football?

The impact that the players experience are frightening.

In fact, recently some people have been calling for the sport to be

banned because of the head injuries that the players can suffer.

We have been checking out some of the research that is designed to

detect early signs of these injuries and make

When you get down here you will realise how hard

It is relentless all the way through the game.

They may be playing for ten or 15 years in their career, but the

research is really warning about what is happening to these players.

Almost a quarter of professional football players are

That is double compared to the general population.

But shocking discovery is the subject of Concussion,

Repetitive head trauma chokes the brain.

He discovers the real damage caused to American footballers.

After intense pressure, and the multimillion dollar lawsuits,

the league is finally starting to take the threat seriously.

It's down here were all the players medical staff and players

In a small room up there there are two experts with binoculars watching

to see if there is a possible head injury.

If they spot anything that looks troubling, that player has to be

It is here at Stanford University were some groundbreaking technology

A project funded by the Department of Defence aims to detect

when a player is concussed almost immediately.

After a hit to the head the brain gets scrambled

We use eye tracking as a method of how much you pay attention.

It's part of the protocol to assess athletes for possible concussion

We use it on the sideline because it is great

This is an Oculus Rift basically with cameras inside

of it that can track and follow the quality of eye movements that we're

What we do is we have them place it over their face like this and they

should be able to see the red dot, which is the beginning of the test.

And we are looking for nice fluid tracing of that circle.

As you can see, it is not fluid, it is slightly abnormal and this is

in line with what you see with someone with mild impairment.

Players are faster and bigger but we have to focus on protective gear.

We need to get away from the helmet design into more of a helmet torso

The American public's love of this game shows no sign of going away and

it is hoped research like this will prevent the sport prematurely taking

We will be back and we expect to see back in London.