Super Tanker Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections

This is one of the strangest places on Earth.

CLAP ECHOES

It's the inside of a vast, sophisticated machine,

which is driven by an ancient technology.

It's a tanker with a cargo that can power London for about a week.

A cargo equivalent to the energy of 55 nuclear bombs.

This huge ship is carrying liquefied natural gas,

millions of litres of the stuff.

At room temperature, it turns into a highly flammable gas.

That's why people want it.

The liquid inside these tankers becomes gas for cooking,

and heating your home.

Creating the technology to transport it is very complex.

Yet these ships owe their existence to some surprising connections...

..kitchen cutlery,

the father of evolution...

And there it goes.

..the world's first steam engine,

World War II fire engines,

and air-to-air refuelling.

Transporting natural gas around the planet is a big business.

This supertanker is larger than the Titanic

and is designed to carry natural gas all over the globe.

She's a big ship, yeah,

so you know everything about her is going to be super-scale

but it's only when you get close up do you realise how big.

Admittedly, I'm not the tallest chap you'll meet,

but it would make even him feel small.

The propeller alone is more than five times my height

and weighs 48 tons.

The whole ship is nearly 300 metres long.

about two-and-a-half football pitches.

And it takes a lot of looking after.

Every time she comes in to dry dock like this she's repainted.

She is quite big, so it is quite a lot of paint -

12 tons of it gets applied.

I didn't come here simply to feel small, I can do that anywhere.

I came here because I want to see how these ships

shift huge quantities of gas all around the globe.

They have vast tanks but getting inside them is very tricky.

The ships have to be in dry dock and the tanks

have to be completely purged of any trace of their hazardous cargo.

This is the inside of one of the tanks and as far as we know,

nobody's ever actually filmed inside one of these before.

That seems a shame because...look at it.

All you need is one light, one camera

and you can make a sci-fi movie.

And listen to it.

FINGER-CLICK ECHOES

That echo is real - analogue, not a digital effect.

Real sounds bouncing around this cavernous tank.

CLAP ECHOES

There's room for 34 million litres of liquid gas in here -

the equivalent volume of water would allow the average British home

to flush the toilet for 1,200 years.

And there are four of these, each at minus 160 degrees inside.

Just another world.

It's just crazy.

Just like oil, natural gas is a fossil fuel

found where ancient organisms decomposed.

It can be shifted in pipelines but they are expensive.

and impractical for crossing oceans.

Instead, engineers had to work out how to transport it by ship.

That's a challenge when you remember

that natural gas ignites at any air temperature found on Earth.

To learn how you transport gas safely

I went to a high security research facility in northern England.

This is a blast-proof chamber, a sort of industrial-scale oven.

Right, well, this device here is a supply of gas

up through this tube here.

This is an igniter. It'll create a spark, light the gas,

and it'll burn.

It's quite a lot of gas - a lot more than you're used to at home

but don't worry, this place we're in can take it.

This is a specialised blast testing facility.

They use it to test industrial safety equipment

on a massive scale, so it will be OK.

Nevertheless, I think I'll get out while we light it.

Since someone had left the oven door off,

we had to retreat to a safe distance.

Cue the spark.

Five, four, three, two, one, release gas.

That's just a few litres of gas.

Imagine a cargo of many millions of litres

that could be ignited by the tiniest of sparks.

That cargo has the energy equivalent of 55 atomic bombs.

Spilling it could be a massive disaster.

But there has never been any major accident

and the operators plan to keep it that way.

Fortunately, there's a simple solution -

turn the gas into a liquid.

As a liquid, it can't catch fire and what's more,

it takes up much less space.

If the cargo were in gas form,

the tanker would need to be impossibly big.

It would have to be six hundred times more voluminous,

which would make it ten times longer than this ship.

Two and a half thousand metres. A mile and a half.

To make the gas liquid, you chill it to minus 162 degrees Celsius,

that's nearly twice as cold as it ever gets in Antarctica.

But it only has to warm a little bit

to turn back into highly flammable gas,

so the crew are ultra-cautious with their volatile cargo,

as I found out when I went on board a fully-laden tanker.

As a liquid, it won't explode, nor will it burn.

But the operators of LNG carriers can't take any chances with safety.

So to avoid even the remotest risk of igniting any gas vapour

electronic devices are not allowed anywhere near those tanks.

If I want to go forward from here, the bridge at the stern,

I can't even wear a microphone. So, er...it's got to go.

There you go.

Neither can I take my telephone,

my camera and certainly not a TV crew beyond the bridge.

They take no chances with this precious cargo.

If you could hear me I'd be saying that under my feet is a tank

exactly the same as the one I climbed inside earlier.

It's one of four full of ultra-cold liquid.

That's an awful lot of natural gas on these ships.

Keeping it as super-cold liquid is the first and best line of defence.

But what if any of the cargo warmed up and turned back into gas?

The consequences would be dire.

So, there is a second line of defence.

Normally the cargo is the other side of these walls,

tens of millions of litres of it. And remember that's in liquid form.

Expand it into gas ready to use and it's billions of litres.

And if any of the liquid made its way and leaked out

and turned back into vapour, well that could be a big problem.

But it doesn't, thanks to a prewar mail plane.

In the 1930s, Empire flying boats delivered mail

and passengers from Britain to Australia in 700-mile hops.

They couldn't cross the Atlantic

until they were able to take on fuel during flight.

Nowadays, we take mid-air refuelling for granted.

But, aviation fuel, just like natural gas, is highly flammable.

A single spark when the refuelling pipe makes contact and, well,

it's kaboom.

PILOT: Bingo!

What aviators needed was something to stop an explosion

if there was a spark.

What they needed, in fact, was noxious air -

that's the name Daniel Rutherford gave nitrogen

when he first isolated it in 1772.

There might be lots of nitrogen around in the atmosphere

and there is a lot but in its pure state, we can't breathe it.

Sadly it took a dead mouse in a container of the stuff

to make that particular scientific advance.

But the point here is nitrogen is an inert gas,

it doesn't react readily with anything at all.

And more importantly, it stops fuel combining with oxygen

if there's a spark.

Ignition is impossible if there's enough nitrogen around.

Fires can't breathe nitrogen either.

And that's a claim that just needs to be put to the test.

So, time to fire up the industrial oven once again,

this time with nitrogen inside it.

First, it's sealed to contain the toxic gas safely.

Nitrogen on.

I get to watch from inside a special canopy to the side.

A meter shows how the oxygen level drops,

as nitrogen replaces the normal air around the igniter.

Remember, the theory is that gas won't burn

unless there's enough oxygen present.

That 10 means there's hardly any oxygen in the chamber.

it's now mostly nitrogen.

I know the science, I know the physics,

I know this should work but suddenly I'm strangely nervous.

Maybe it's just the drama of the surroundings.

Right, if we're ready to do this, let's kill the nitrogen supply.

OK, let's have the spark on then please.

This is the igniter. No gas in there yet, remember.

So very soon we'll see the sparks at the top of the funnel.

Let's have a look. There they go - that's the spark.

Smoke on then, please. Now, the smoke is purely an indicator here,

because otherwise we won't be able to see when the gas starts flowing.

Right now, no gas going in, you can see the smoke.

As soon as the gas starts,

it'll pull the smoke up through that funnel.

The chamber is full of nitrogen.

The spark is firing.

We can have the gas on then.

And at that point, the only thing stopping ignition,

has to be the nitrogen.

There goes the gas.

Look, you can see where the smoke's coming out the top.

It's being pulled through by the gas.

That's the same gas we saw burning earlier

and yet with the nitrogen in there, look at that, nothing.

I find that strangely comforting.

Science tells you it should work, but there it is working.

Look at that, gas charging in there, the nitrogen quashing it.

It can't ignite. It can't burn.

Nitrogen also protects gas tankers, and mid-air refuelling.

A quick squirt of nitrogen down refuelling pipes

removes any risk of explosion.

Thanks to nitrogen,

an Empire flying boat made its first transatlantic flight back in 1938.

On gas tankers, the potentially poisonous nitrogen

is safely sealed inside the gas tank insulation.

This thin layer of aluminium - almost foil - is the outermost skin.

But obviously, if I were to poke my finger through it,

it wouldn't go straight into a tank

full of tens of millions of litres of liquefied natural gas.

On the other side of the aluminium there's a layer of insulation

that's, critically, to keep the temperature low.

Then there's the aluminium tank itself.

But that layer of insulation isn't just about temperature.

It's porous and it's been steeped in nitrogen.

So if there is a problem in the tank

nothing can burn - there's no oxygen.

It's inert.

In case of a leak,

nitrogen stops the volatile cargo reacting with oxygen,

and the insulation keeps it in liquid form.

The gas is chilled on shore

and the liquid is then piped onto the tanker.

But these super-cold temperatures pose big engineering challenges.

You can't just use standard steel pipes to do the job.

Moving the ultra-cold liquid around the place -

off the ship and around the ship on pipes like these -

presented a whole new set of problems

that could only be resolved by recourse to the engineering might

of this.

And...of this.

And even...of this.

No, no, not actual cutlery, obviously, that would take hours.

No, what it's made of.

Stainless steel.

A hundred years ago, cutlery was made of other metals -

silver, say, or plain steel for everyday tableware.

But steel rusts, off-putting at dinner and, like many materials,

it changes completely when you put it in the deep, deep freeze.

Sub-Antarctic temperatures are a game changer.

Suddenly strong things that you thought you could rely on

like metal, behave differently

when you put them in the deep, deep freeze.

It's all about ductile to brittle transition temperatures

which is how the properties of things change with temperature.

An example, bread.

At room temperature, a slice of bread is bendy, flexible -

ductile in the jargon.

Take the same piece, freeze it, it's harder but brittle.

Wouldn't it be terrible if steel behaved the same way?

It does.

Jackie Butterfield, a materials specialist

and steel consultant, introduced me to a medieval torture device.

This is the sort of equipment that we'd use

to test the toughness of a metal.

-Right, can I help?

-Absolutely.

-Oh, good, what do I do?

First thing you can do is lift this weight up

and we'll lock it in position.

I always get the nice jobs.

Right, so just swing this back.

It's got a lot of weight!

'Just for the record, I'm not being a complete weakling.

'It is actually quite heavy. Well, 10kg.'

-So it's a fitness programme.

-It is, absolutely.

-Right.

So that's...the weight is primed.

Yep, so what this is going to do, this weight has potential energy.

So that's a measured dose of energy that we can apply to the sample down there.

It's the same each time because the weight is the same.

Step forward victim number one - a length of standard steel tube,

just like a scaffolding pole.

Triggering test.

So this is going to return a specific amount of potential energy

transferred into kinetic energy that will be absorbed, or not,

by the sample.

OK, here we go.

Three, two, one.

Woohoo! It's, er...

..not even dented it.

Despite the full force of the weight slamming into it,

at air temperature, the bog-standard carbon steel remained undamaged

whilst the energy ricocheted through the frame around it.

-So this sample has survived then?

-Absolutely.

-What do we do now?

We test some of the carbon steel

at the cryogenic temperatures with the liquid nitrogen.

-So this is where we introduce our tricky sub-Antarctic temperatures?

-Absolutely.

Cue liquid nitrogen.

Minus 195 degrees Celsius.

This will give the steel the same kind of thermal shock

as the chilled liquid natural gas going into the tanker.

Thank you, mysterious man with a large...

large vat of liquid nitrogen.

He just follows me around.

I've got to be really careful here.

Goggles.

-Erm, I just put it in?

-Yep.

So...the liquid nitrogen is going to be removing the heat from the steel.

For how long do we have to leave that?

Just for about ten seconds.

It should get down to the right temperature.

In ten seconds that liquid nitrogen

will have removed that much heat energy from the steel?

-Yes.

-That quickly?

No wonder you have to be careful not to spill it on yourself.

Right, coming through.

So, the liquid nitrogen has dramatically lowered

the temperature of the steel,

just as the gas cargo would do as it's piped on board the ship.

Right, if we're ready. Three, two, one.

It's broken...badly.

Look at that!

It's just shattered.

So it's exactly the same sample, same metal.

This one barely a scratch, this one...

well, ruined. Just shattered. It behaved completely differently.

-In a brittle manner.

-Brittle, ductile, brittle, ductile.

Cold.

Clearly then, you wouldn't want to rely on that anywhere really cold.

in a liquid gas tanker for instance.

Instead, the tanker engineers needed a material

that can withstand super-cold temperatures,

which brings us back to cutlery, of the stainless steel variety.

In 1913, British chemist Harry Brearley

was looking for a tough metal for gun barrels.

He mixed chromium and steel...

but it was too soft.

However, the reject alloy revealed two unexpected benefits.

It didn't rust, which was good for cutlery.

And even better for liquid gas tankers,

putting this new stainless steel in the deep freeze

doesn't make it brittle.

So, loading it in.

Ooh!

Oh, that's slightly sort of frightening when you do that.

Right, here is the frozen sample.

Three, two, one.

It's completely... it's just shrugged it off.

So what's actually happening in it that's so different?

Why is this fine and that ruined?

Because of the alloying elements in the stainless steel,

it's changed the crystal structure -

the way the atoms are arranged in the metal.

So the difference between these two samples

-is right down at the atomic level.

-It is, yes.

And that's where its ability to absorb the energy

or be ruined by it stems from, right down at that level.

Simply adding some chromium can make ordinary brittle steel

stand up to cryogenic temperatures.

The engineers who built the LNG carriers

ensured that not only were the hulls fit for the seven seas

but that the thousands of metres of intricate pipe-work

with all their vulnerable bends, joints, and tapes

were made of a material that could take it when the going gets cold -

stainless steel.

But transporting liquid by ship brings another challenge -

stopping it from sloshing.

And engineers have two liquids to worry about on these tankers.

On the way out, they have a cargo of liquid gas,

and on the return journey when it's empty,

they carry water as ballast to stabilise the ship.

The same problem in two different forms.

If a liquid cargo starts to wash around on a ship,

it can be a real problem.

Basically when wind or waves rock the ship itself

that can send the liquid sloshing from side to side in the tanks.

That motion can build, emphasising the rocking of the ship itself

and well, it can be disastrous.

It's called the free surface effect.

I set out to discover just how bad it can be.

And, yeah, given my driving record I am, well,

perhaps more than a little nervous.

But only a bit.

Right, what I have here is a van, perfectly ordinary

apart from the massive tank fitted into the back containing water,

a lot of it. Water that's free to slosh about.

So what I'm looking to experience is for myself, first hand,

the free surface effect.

The free surface is literally the area available

for a liquid to slosh around freely.

And just in case it does affect the van

I'm securely harnessed inside a roll cage.

First, I took it slowly to ensure just a little bit of sloshing.

As I turn into the corner,

obviously, the water wants to stay where it is

and sloshes off to the right.

Ooh, it does, yes. It is sort of affecting the way it feels.

If I go this way and then this way to get the feel.

Yeah, it's sloshing.

I can feel it suddenly jerk the vehicle

in a direction other than the one in which I want it to go.

I don't know whether it's me driving or the tank of water.

That's a strange feeling.

Time to step on it and imagine our ship

and its liquid cargo rolling through stormy seas.

Well, step on it as much as I can in a van.

Yeah, a lot of water going everywhere. It's very unpleasant.

Yeah, that didn't go as well as it might have done.

As I corner, the momentum of the slosh capsizes my little van.

Yeah, that is the free surface effect.

As it turns out, it's deeply uncomfortable.

Scale my tumble up to a whole ship and disaster ensues.

In 1987, the free surface effect

capsized the Herald Of Free Enterprise ferry

when water gushed in through doors that had accidentally remained open.

And almost 200 people died.

Liquid natural gas tankers have a surprising solution to this problem.

To reduce the free surface area the gas tanks are spherical,

like great big balls. There's less room for sloshing

as long as the tank is full or nearly empty.

These tankers fill up with cargo -

98% full.

Set off, make a long journey, get there and discharge it

or nearly all of it,

keeping back just enough to use as fuel for the journey home.

So the tank in normal circumstances is either almost entirely full,

or almost entirely empty.

No sloshing.

Empty of cargo, the tanker would ride high in the sea.

To lower it, water is pumped into ballast compartments

in the hull beneath the gas tanks.

Space doesn't allow these compartments to be spherical,

so preventing sloshing here calls for a different solution.

Rewind to World War II.

Bombing raids kept British fire fighters busy.

They used a tanker lorry, carrying almost 4,000 litres of water.

The free surface effect made it dangerous to drive.

By contrast, modern fire engines hurtle around without overturning.

And that is thanks to baffles.

Not as in confusion but load dividers.

These are physical barriers,

first introduced in the 1880s to stop oil tankers capsizing.

Obviously, what led to my slight incident there

was the free surface affect allowing the water to slosh from side to side

and it brought the whole van over.

So the key ones here in my baffles are these longitudinal ones

that stop the water going from side to side.

Apparently this works. Let's find out.

Yeah, so far, all seems OK.

And just as they keep the van stable,

baffles also protect tankers from capsizing.

Dividers in those ballast compartments under the gas tanks

stop the water from sloshing around.

No free surface effect.

Surprisingly, they don't use baffles in the gas tanks,

one reason is because friction could heat up the cargo,

turning it back into gas.

And you wouldn't want that.

Empty or full, these ships are stable.

But propelling a full tanker is more than a little challenging.

Fully laden this tanker weighs 113,000 tons.

Once underway, it takes an hour to bring it to a complete standstill.

But how do you get it going in the first place?

You might expect a modern vessel

to be driven by a complicated computer system

with some very fancy mechanisms.

Well, you'd be right about the computers,

but the mechanisms are a different matter.

At the heart of this vast tanker

there is, not surprisingly, a vast engine.

It's immensely powerful, making 30,000 horsepower, in fact,

to drive the ships across the seas around the world.

It's very clever, it's very high tech

but inside it's based on a principle

that was first used hundreds of years ago.

Tens of hundreds in fact.

Meet the 2,000-year-old aeolipile

or, as it's more commonly known, Hero's engine,

after the Greek scientist who invented it.

Here's how it works. In the base here is a reservoir of water.

What I'm going to do is heat that water up, thus.

When you heat the water it turns to steam.

This bit goes on top, so the steam rises up here

and now the only way out for the steam

is through tiny, tiny holes in the ends of these nozzles here.

Then it all gets a bit Newtonian,

because when the steam comes out that way

it exerts an equal and opposite reaction

and push that way and sets the top spinning.

All we've got to do now is wait for it to build up pressure.

There wasn't much to be doing in those days, obviously,

so waiting for things was great.

Do some philosophy while we wait, perhaps.

You might think this spinning pot is simply a toy.

But no, this same principle was used by the Ancient Greeks

in a machine to open temple doors.

Fast forward a couple of thousand years

and steam transforms the world, powering industry and transport.

And then steam engines went the way of top hats

and now we think of them as yesterday's machines.

But, in a safely remote muddy field, I set out to learn

what the engineers of liquid gas tankers know very well.

Steam is powerful. You just need to put it under pressure.

The more the better.

I've brought steam engine specialist Richard Gibbon -

Gibbo - along to demonstrate steam's true potential...

with a bomb.

We're going to put water in this super strong container

buried in the mud.

Steam from the traction engine will heat the water.

Normally it would boil, turn into gas and escape,

just as it does from your kettle.

But that shiny lid prevents the water from turning to steam

because it can't expand. There isn't room.

Instead the pressure inside will simply get higher and higher

until it explodes.

So this whole set up, Richard, is all about the power of steam.

Now, I'll be honest, I think steam - aw, look at that sweet old thing,

it's from the past and you've got this little pot in the ground

here and a pipe. Is stream that powerful?

Yes, it is and there's a massive amount of energy

locked up in water that is changing to steam

and that's what this experiment will demonstrate.

Er, Richard, what's the shed for?

The shed's just to demonstrate

that steam has a lot of force, power, energy.

-So you're going to break this shed, I'm guessing.

-Hope so.

Even well above its normal boiling point, the water won't turn to steam

until the pressure is released when the lid bursts off.

Then it will expand instantaneously creating an explosion.

First though, the sacrificial shed.

Nobody walk on the big disc.

How many crack engineers does it take to move a garden shed?

Well, quite a lot it seems, and even then they managed to break it.

-Oh, no, has anyone seen the steam bomb?

-Oh!

Well, we'd never done this before. It's new!

It's going well this.

With the soon to be ex-shed in place, we fired up the boilers

and Richard opened the valve to pump steam into our underground kettle.

I'm slightly nervous.

Our steam bomb is ticking and now all we can do is wait.

As the metal kettle gets hotter

you can see the puddles around it boil and turn into steam.

But the water inside, although it's well above boiling point,

can't turn into steam until the lid blows off.

-It's moving.

-Yes, it's moving.

The pressure gauge needle slowly ticked up.

Gibbo expected it to blow at around 5.5 bar,

which is five-and-a-half times atmospheric pressure.

The boiling muddy puddles make the shed steam like a Finnish sauna.

The kettle lid starts to buckle under the mounting pressure.

I think we should be at the bridge.

We retreated.

Six-and-a-half.

And now we really are into unknown territory.

Coming up to seven.

Properly dangerous now.

Any more and we'll be close to running out of steam.

The traction engine can only handle ten bar and if that lets go...

That went! Brilliant.

-What did that reach?

-Seven-and-a-half bar.

And the shed is no more.

The simple power of boiling water

had given our shed an extreme steam-clean

and completely obliterated it.

The vessel itself was fine, while the lid had been blown off.

-There are the discs.

-Yeah.

And you can't really see but the vessel is empty and dry.

Every single bit of water turned instantly to steam,

and therefore expanded massively. So it's just force.

-Sorry about your shed.

-You've ruined it.

Yep, steam is perhaps more powerful than I thought.

And it's that same steam power

that drives giant liquid gas carriers through the world's oceans.

As you might expect, everything about these tankers

puts our mini steam-bomb to shame.

This is also a pressure vessel.

Like the one I used to clean the shed, only it is a bit bigger.

And there are two of them.

And these are generating high pressure steam all day, every day.

So although in some ways this whole engine room looks a bit inert,

a bit inactive, it's actually generating

and containing incredible quantities of energy and power, all the time.

Compared to 140 degrees in our pressure kettle in the shed,

the steam here is at 510 degrees.

And the pressure is eight times higher.

Mark Hodgson manages a liquid gas tanker fleet.

'He puts the power produced

'by those two massive containers into perspective.'

They're just boilers making steam

and together they produce 110 tons an hour.

That is equivalent to about an Olympic-sized swimming pool

processed by these units every day.

And that steam pressure

and temperature is delivered downstairs to the turbine.

So steam made here in big boilers.

Steam goes downstairs to the turbine and this is where Hero's Engine comes in.

So, the same principle that turned Hero's engine

powers these monster tankers.

It turns the propeller.

It also provides all of the electricity

for every single appliance on board,

right down to the crew's TV.

On these ships, the secret of harnessing power from steam

lies in their turbines.

Mark shows me the amazingly simple machine

that generates the ship's electricity.

Its lid was off and you could see the hundreds of turbine blades

that the steam physically turns.

OK, so steam comes in that end?

-Yes.

-And then what?

As the steam is injected at each stage this is where you get

the rotational forces applied to the rotor itself.

So this is where it starts to turn the whole thing.

So there's an immense amount of force

which explains the enormous stud bolts here,

because the pressure contained within this

when it's up and running is huge.

It's a large casing, it has to contain 60 bar steam.

There is such a thing as a beautiful simplicity and this,

this incredibly clever device has one moving part.

The engine that drives this entire ship has one moving part -

this, turned by steam.

-You wouldn't want to catch your tie in it would you?

-Not really.

This turbine is powerful but the one that drives the ship

delivers seven-and-a-half times more power.

The steam made in the boilers drives the turbine over there behind me.

That comes through to the gear box

and from the gear box is transferred to the propeller shaft there

and then out there at the stern of the ship

the propeller shaft turns the propeller itself.

At that point it bites into the water

and shoves forward with incredible force.

These tankers are designed to be super-efficient.

They cannibalise their own cargo to produce steam.

And for the 25 tons of water they consume every day

they turn to the surrounding ocean.

But salt water is horribly corrosive

and the crew just refuse to drink it.

Softies.

So all the sea water is boiled and evaporated to remove the salt.

And once again it's steam that does the work.

But to make it even more efficient

calls for a principle noted by the father of evolution,

naturalist Charles Darwin.

Investigating wildlife in the Andes mountains,

Darwin noticed something

that plagues all mountaineers who try to boil potatoes -

they take ages to cook.

Darwin put it down to altitude. And he was right.

We learn that water boils at 100 degrees C.

But as Darwin noticed the boiling point varies

if you're up a mountain.

The potatoes were taking longer to cook because at altitude

air pressure is lower, so water boils at a lower temperature.

The boiling water just wasn't hot,

and you can't cook potatoes in cold water.

You can even boil water without heating it at all

if you reduce atmospheric pressure enough.

Right, switch the pump on.

That is sucking the air out of there, that's lowering the pressure.

This is to prove that water will boil

at a lower temperature at lower pressure.

So my marshmallow man is to prove - see - that's a vacuum in there.

As you can see, marshmallows expand in low pressure. Useful to know.

Yeah...it's grisly, sorry

But the point here is not to prove what happens to marshmallow men

in low pressure - albeit quite funny -

it's what happens to water.

Actually this is just like taking it up to high altitude

where the pressure's lower. But this is easier.

In fact, the pressure in the jar

is the equivalent of being at 85,000 feet -

almost three times the height of Mount Everest.

I think I can see some bubbles at the bottom.

Remember, I'm introducing no heat here,

it's just at room temperature and this room is...

at a very low temperature.

Oh, dear.

And there it goes.

That's not just splashing about for the fun of it.

That water is boiling

and that's not because I've introduced any more heat to it,

that's because I've lowered the pressure.

Right, I shall now prove that it really is just at room temperature.

Air flooding back in. Pressure coming back up,

Sorry marshmallow man - bad day.

The point being - room temperature, in fact really very cold.

But boiling away happily. You wouldn't want to make a cup of tea with it

but point, I think, is proved.

So, boiling doesn't mean water reaches 100 degrees.

It simply means it turns from liquid to gas,

which it does at different temperatures, according to pressure.

And on this ship, just as I did in my vacuum flask,

they boil water at a low temperature by reducing the pressure.

Once again, they harness steam.

But they reverse the high-pressure process,

when you make water expand quickly into steam.

You make low pressure by going back the other way.

Condensing steam rapidly into water.

You need something called a flash condenser.

I'm going to build my own. One barrel to start off with.

On board they use leftover steam from the engines,

but I need to rustle up my own.

So, first, add a little water.

Apply heat.

Wait. And wait.

And wait.

And hey presto.

Right, finally we've got steam.

So, very quickly, I'm going to remove the heat

and seal it, as quickly as I can.

So, the heat comes out.

Lid goes on.

I'm going to really seal it cos it's important no air can get in.

That's sealed. Right, it's full of steam, what I'm going to do now

is condense that steam back into water, quickly.

Here's the way.

Right.

Cold water will flash condense the steam, reducing the pressure.

You can hear it creaking and groaning

as that steam condenses back into water, shrinks,

lowers the pressure in there...

and the outside of the barrel still has to stand up, remember,

to atmospheric pressure pushing in.

Ooh!

Yep. That's what happens when you lower the pressure inside.

There was no way for air to get in to build the pressure up again.

Atmospheric pressure was too much and, bang, it collapsed.

Liquid gas carriers instantly turn steam back to water

using flash condensation.

And that creates a low pressure area like my vacuum jar,

in which they boil sea water at just 50 degrees C.

They don't bother with the marshmallows.

That was just my idea.

Thanks to a principle noted by the father of evolution...

..gas tankers save a huge amount of energy.

And energy is the precious cargo these ships deliver.

This is not some fuel-wasting monster carrying a ticking bomb.

This giant ship is a smart and self-sufficient recycling plant.

It takes all the water it needs from the ocean.

It generates its own electricity.

And its own cargo powers it day and night around the globe.

You could say these ships are like huge self-propelled gas bottles.

Well, you could.

But the fact is they are remarkable vessels,

using extraordinary technology

to keep a potentially hazardous cargo safe...and very cold.

And it was all made possible by...

stainless steel cutlery,

a problem with a fire truck,

an ancient method for opening tomb doors,

Charles Darwin's potatoes

and a pre-war mail plane.

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

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