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Tonight on The Sky At Night, we're going interstellar. | 0:00:03 | 0:00:06 | |
Travelling to the stars has always seemed like an impossible dream, | 0:00:06 | 0:00:09 | |
but now some scientists believe | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
that it may be possible within our lifetimes. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:13 | |
And that prospect has just become even more enticing | 0:00:13 | 0:00:16 | |
because we have a target to aim for. | 0:00:16 | 0:00:18 | |
Within the last few weeks, astronomers have announced | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
the discovery of a hospitable planet around the Sun's nearest neighbour, | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
Proxima Centauri. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:26 | |
On tonight's programme, | 0:00:27 | 0:00:29 | |
we'll be finding out how this new planet was detected | 0:00:29 | 0:00:32 | |
and why it's such an important discovery. | 0:00:32 | 0:00:34 | |
And Jim Al-Khalili will be exploring the revolutionary new technology | 0:00:36 | 0:00:39 | |
that might take us deep into space. | 0:00:39 | 0:00:42 | |
Welcome to The Sky At Night. | 0:00:42 | 0:00:44 | |
On August 24th, astronomers made an extraordinary announcement. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:19 | |
Scientists are hailing a major discovery - | 0:01:19 | 0:01:21 | |
a new planet which they've called Proxima b. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:24 | |
At just four light years away, it's relatively close to us. | 0:01:24 | 0:01:27 | |
It's roughly the same size as Earth, | 0:01:27 | 0:01:29 | |
and because it's just the right distance away from its star, | 0:01:29 | 0:01:32 | |
it could be the right temperature to have liquid water | 0:01:32 | 0:01:35 | |
and possibly life. | 0:01:35 | 0:01:37 | |
Over the last few years, | 0:01:38 | 0:01:40 | |
we have identified over 3,000 planets orbiting other stars, | 0:01:40 | 0:01:45 | |
but this one is special. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:47 | |
It's already been called one of the discoveries of the century. | 0:01:47 | 0:01:50 | |
So what makes this planet such an enticing target | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
for our first interstellar mission? | 0:01:54 | 0:01:56 | |
Proxima b is in orbit around Proxima Centauri, | 0:01:57 | 0:02:01 | |
the closest star to our sun. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:03 | |
Only discovered in 1915, Proxima is an apparently unremarkable star. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:09 | |
It's the smallest of the three stars | 0:02:09 | 0:02:11 | |
that make up the Alpha Centauri system. | 0:02:11 | 0:02:13 | |
A red dwarf, like 70% of the stars in the Milky Way, | 0:02:13 | 0:02:18 | |
it's just 12% of the mass of the sun. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:20 | |
That small size means the pressure and the temperature at the core | 0:02:24 | 0:02:28 | |
are much less than in our sun, | 0:02:28 | 0:02:31 | |
and so the processes of nuclear fusion that power the star | 0:02:31 | 0:02:34 | |
proceed much more slowly. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:36 | |
And so, Proxima Centauri is cool. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:40 | |
Its surface temperature is only half that of the sun | 0:02:40 | 0:02:43 | |
and its luminosity is 500 times lower. | 0:02:43 | 0:02:46 | |
In fact, it's so dim that even though it's the closest star to us, | 0:02:46 | 0:02:50 | |
it can't be seen from Earth with the naked eye. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:54 | |
But the discovery of a planet around Proxima Centauri | 0:02:54 | 0:02:57 | |
makes it a much more exciting neighbour. | 0:02:57 | 0:02:59 | |
This is the paper published in Nature just last month | 0:03:02 | 0:03:05 | |
that announced the discovery of the planet | 0:03:05 | 0:03:08 | |
that the team called Proxima b. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:10 | |
I've come here to Queen Mary University of London | 0:03:10 | 0:03:13 | |
to meet Guillem Anglada-Escude, | 0:03:13 | 0:03:15 | |
the leader of the team that made this remarkable discovery. | 0:03:15 | 0:03:18 | |
Anglada was part of a project called the Pale Red Dot | 0:03:20 | 0:03:24 | |
that used the European Southern Observatory's telescopes | 0:03:24 | 0:03:27 | |
in Chile to observe the star for 60 straight nights last spring, | 0:03:27 | 0:03:32 | |
and it's only now, after careful analysis, | 0:03:32 | 0:03:34 | |
that the results have been released. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:37 | |
Congratulations. Thank you. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:38 | |
It's a wonderful, wonderful discovery, | 0:03:38 | 0:03:40 | |
but how on Earth do you tell that this tiny planet is there | 0:03:40 | 0:03:43 | |
going around the star? | 0:03:43 | 0:03:46 | |
Well, that... Well, that took some time. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:49 | |
It was not something that happened from one day to the next. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:51 | |
But I think the thing that's difficult for me | 0:03:51 | 0:03:53 | |
to get my head round is I sort of imagine you taking a picture | 0:03:53 | 0:03:56 | |
and looking for the planet in the image, but that's not how it works. | 0:03:56 | 0:03:59 | |
No. No, not in these cases. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:00 | |
And most of the planets don't work this way because | 0:04:00 | 0:04:02 | |
the planets are very faint compared to the stars. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:05 | |
So what you see is the star, | 0:04:05 | 0:04:07 | |
and we are using a method that is indirect. | 0:04:07 | 0:04:09 | |
So we see what the planet is doing to the star because | 0:04:09 | 0:04:11 | |
the planet and the star both have mass | 0:04:11 | 0:04:13 | |
and therefore they attract gravitationally, | 0:04:13 | 0:04:15 | |
and the planet going around the star moves the star itself, | 0:04:15 | 0:04:19 | |
and that is what we are trying to measure. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:20 | |
I was going to say, | 0:04:20 | 0:04:22 | |
because the planets are small compared to the stars, | 0:04:22 | 0:04:25 | |
so this motion must be very subtle. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:27 | |
For example, the Earth can't have much effect on the sun. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:29 | |
The effect of the Earth on the sun is small - | 0:04:29 | 0:04:31 | |
it's about 10 centimetres per second. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:33 | |
So you can think of just moving like this, like an ant. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:37 | |
For planets around stars that are much smaller, like Proxima, | 0:04:37 | 0:04:41 | |
the star is smaller, so the planet is making the star move more, | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
and in that case, the motion is about metre per second level. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:49 | |
Wow, so you are able to detect that a whole star is moving | 0:04:49 | 0:04:54 | |
at a metre per second, which is... | 0:04:54 | 0:04:56 | |
That's sort of walking pace. | 0:04:56 | 0:04:58 | |
Exactly. And it's not a trivial thing to do because what you have is | 0:04:58 | 0:05:02 | |
the planet going around the star periodically, | 0:05:02 | 0:05:04 | |
and we see this motion going up and down, up and down. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:08 | |
So you see a wave, like something like this. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:11 | |
And that's the signature that tells you that there's a planet. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:13 | |
When you see something like this in a star that repeats over time, | 0:05:13 | 0:05:16 | |
that is always consistent and a number of other things, | 0:05:16 | 0:05:20 | |
this is when you're convinced that you have a planet around a star. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:23 | |
Excellent. And then from there, the next question is, | 0:05:23 | 0:05:25 | |
what do we know about this planet? | 0:05:25 | 0:05:27 | |
What can we tell, other than the fact that it's there | 0:05:27 | 0:05:29 | |
and it's making the star move? | 0:05:29 | 0:05:31 | |
So, just from the motion that we detect, this time, | 0:05:31 | 0:05:34 | |
sorry, this curve, this oscillation, we know the period. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:37 | |
And for this planet, what is that number? | 0:05:37 | 0:05:40 | |
It's 11.2 days. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:41 | |
So it's going round pretty quickly. Yes. | 0:05:41 | 0:05:44 | |
From that we can infer the distance between the star and the planet. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:48 | |
Just from knowing how gravity works, basically. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:50 | |
Yes. This is Kepler's law, the first Kepler's law. | 0:05:50 | 0:05:53 | |
And so what is that separation for this planet? | 0:05:53 | 0:05:55 | |
In this case, it is around 5% an astronomical unit. | 0:05:55 | 0:05:58 | |
OK. So that's what? | 0:05:58 | 0:06:00 | |
That something like 7.5 million kilometres, something like that? | 0:06:00 | 0:06:04 | |
You're faster than me. Yeah, OK. | 0:06:04 | 0:06:06 | |
But it's very close to the star. | 0:06:06 | 0:06:07 | |
That's much closer to the star than Mercury is to the sun. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:10 | |
Yes. Yeah. It's about a tenth of the distance | 0:06:10 | 0:06:14 | |
between Mercury and the sun. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:16 | |
And the other thing we get from this curve is the mass of the planet. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:21 | |
And what is that mass? | 0:06:21 | 0:06:22 | |
This mass is 1.3, 1.4 Earth masses. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:26 | |
So for this system, we've got a one and a third Earth mass planet | 0:06:26 | 0:06:30 | |
going around its star every 11 days. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:33 | |
So, just thinking about that, | 0:06:33 | 0:06:34 | |
I expect... That's much closer to the star than Mercury is to the sun, | 0:06:34 | 0:06:37 | |
so I'd expect that to be hot. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:39 | |
Yes, you would expect that to be hot if that was the sun, | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
but this is Proxima and it's a red star, it's a red dwarf. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:46 | |
And it's a small red dwarf, | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
so Proxima has around 12% of the mass of the sun, | 0:06:48 | 0:06:52 | |
so this means that if you want to keep warm, | 0:06:52 | 0:06:54 | |
you have to be much closer to the star. | 0:06:54 | 0:06:56 | |
Right. And this is when the magic happens, | 0:06:56 | 0:06:59 | |
where you put all the numbers together and you can estimate | 0:06:59 | 0:07:01 | |
how much light, how much energy is reaching the planet. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:04 | |
And this amount of energy is about 70%, | 0:07:04 | 0:07:06 | |
the amount of energy that Earth is receiving from the sun. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:10 | |
And so it's actually pretty warm by planetary standards. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:13 | |
By planetary standards. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:15 | |
The next calculation you can do is try to estimate | 0:07:15 | 0:07:17 | |
the temperature that this planet would have. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:19 | |
And you do the numbers and you get 240 Kelvins. | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
That's what? -30 centigrade. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:24 | |
-30, -40 Celsius, something like this. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:27 | |
But you would say, oh, that would be frozen, | 0:07:27 | 0:07:29 | |
but the same would happen to Earth. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:31 | |
Earth is about 255 Kelvins, | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
which means it's -20 Celsius. And this is not -20, right? | 0:07:34 | 0:07:38 | |
And what happens there is that Earth has an atmosphere and keeps it warm. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:42 | |
So in principle, this planet, if it has an atmosphere, | 0:07:42 | 0:07:45 | |
it would have a greenhouse effect, and that would keep the planet warm. | 0:07:45 | 0:07:48 | |
So with an atmosphere, it might be warm enough to have liquid water. | 0:07:48 | 0:07:51 | |
Yes. That's the... | 0:07:51 | 0:07:52 | |
That's also the highlight of the discovery. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:55 | |
Well, it's great to be talking about this. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:57 | |
Congratulations again. | 0:07:57 | 0:07:58 | |
I can't wait to see what further research comes out | 0:07:58 | 0:08:01 | |
and what else is there. Thanks a lot. Thank you. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:03 | |
The discovery of a potential earthlike planet so close to us | 0:08:05 | 0:08:09 | |
instantly raises another question - | 0:08:09 | 0:08:12 | |
could we send a spacecraft to visit it? | 0:08:12 | 0:08:15 | |
Everybody ready to say goodbye to our solar system? | 0:08:17 | 0:08:20 | |
In science fiction, interstellar travel always seems easy. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:24 | |
Here we go. | 0:08:24 | 0:08:26 | |
In the film Interstellar, | 0:08:26 | 0:08:28 | |
it's simply a matter of dropping through a wormhole. | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
Maximum warp. Punch it. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:35 | |
In Star Trek, a warp drive is used to bend the shape of space-time. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:39 | |
Compressor. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:44 | |
And in the Star Wars universe, you just need to throw a switch | 0:08:47 | 0:08:51 | |
to accelerate past light speed and into hyperspace. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:54 | |
But in reality, travelling to the stars | 0:08:58 | 0:09:00 | |
has always seemed an impossible dream. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:03 | |
Until now. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:04 | |
We asked Jim Al-Khalili to explain why it's so difficult | 0:09:05 | 0:09:09 | |
to travel to the stars and to investigate the technology | 0:09:09 | 0:09:13 | |
that might be about to make interstellar travel possible. | 0:09:13 | 0:09:16 | |
For decades, centuries, even, | 0:09:18 | 0:09:20 | |
we've been wondering what kind of fast engines would be needed | 0:09:20 | 0:09:24 | |
to carry us to the stars. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:25 | |
There's one simple overwhelming problem when it comes to | 0:09:25 | 0:09:29 | |
travelling across interstellar space. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:32 | |
As Douglas Adams once said, "Space is big. Really big." | 0:09:32 | 0:09:36 | |
And so far we've only been able to explore the tiniest fraction of it. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
The craft that we've sent furthest into space is Voyager 1. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:48 | |
Launched in 1977, | 0:09:48 | 0:09:50 | |
it visited Jupiter and Saturn before heading for the outer edges | 0:09:50 | 0:09:54 | |
of the solar system. Now, nearly 40 years later, | 0:09:54 | 0:09:58 | |
it's escaped the solar system and has started the journey | 0:09:58 | 0:10:01 | |
through interstellar space. | 0:10:01 | 0:10:03 | |
But it has a very, very long way to go | 0:10:03 | 0:10:05 | |
to get as far as Proxima Centauri. | 0:10:05 | 0:10:07 | |
Any practical mission to the stars would need to get there | 0:10:09 | 0:10:12 | |
in a reasonable amount of time - say 20 years. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:15 | |
But that means going incredibly fast. | 0:10:15 | 0:10:18 | |
The distance between Earth and Proxima Centauri | 0:10:19 | 0:10:23 | |
is just under 4.25 light years. | 0:10:23 | 0:10:27 | |
Now, that works out at roughly 40 trillion kilometres, | 0:10:27 | 0:10:31 | |
or 4 x 10 to the 13. | 0:10:31 | 0:10:35 | |
Now, in order to cover this vast distance in 20 years, | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
a spacecraft would have to travel at 20% the speed of light. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:43 | |
That's roughly 64,000 kilometres per second. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:49 | |
If you compare this with the speed that Voyager currently travels at - | 0:10:51 | 0:10:54 | |
a mere 17km per second. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:58 | |
It is this disparity between the speed that is required | 0:10:58 | 0:11:02 | |
and what is commonly achievable that has always made interstellar travel | 0:11:02 | 0:11:06 | |
seem almost impossible. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:08 | |
The biggest problem in reaching the speeds needed | 0:11:11 | 0:11:13 | |
for interstellar travel is the sheer amount of energy required | 0:11:13 | 0:11:17 | |
to produce the acceleration. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:19 | |
The Saturn V was the largest and most powerful rocket ever built. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:24 | |
It weighed nearly 3,000 tonnes and almost all of that was the fuel | 0:11:24 | 0:11:29 | |
required to propel its meagre 44-tonne payload to the moon. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:34 | |
Accelerating a spacecraft to the speeds needed to reach the stars | 0:11:34 | 0:11:37 | |
would require much more energy than you could ever produce | 0:11:37 | 0:11:41 | |
with a conventional rocket. | 0:11:41 | 0:11:42 | |
It would need a completely new type of propulsion system. | 0:11:42 | 0:11:46 | |
In the 1970s, the British Interplanetary Society | 0:11:48 | 0:11:51 | |
set out to see if it was possible to design a spacecraft | 0:11:51 | 0:11:54 | |
that could travel at 12% the speed of light. | 0:11:54 | 0:11:57 | |
Such a craft would reach Proxima Centauri in about 40 years. | 0:11:57 | 0:12:01 | |
They called it Project Daedalus. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:04 | |
And here it is. | 0:12:04 | 0:12:05 | |
It was to be huge craft - 200 metres along - | 0:12:05 | 0:12:09 | |
and to save on the energy of getting it off the Earth's surface, | 0:12:09 | 0:12:12 | |
it was to be built in orbit. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:14 | |
Now, it would be powered by a nuclear pulse engine | 0:12:14 | 0:12:18 | |
using nuclear fusion, a technology that hasn't even been invented yet, | 0:12:18 | 0:12:22 | |
but that was seen to provide much more energy than chemical rockets | 0:12:22 | 0:12:25 | |
that we use today. Still, to get it up to speed, | 0:12:25 | 0:12:28 | |
it would need 50,000 tonnes of deuterium helium-3 fuel | 0:12:28 | 0:12:33 | |
that would be stored in these vast tanks. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:36 | |
Now, there's not enough helium on Earth for this, | 0:12:36 | 0:12:39 | |
so they suggested that helium could be harvested | 0:12:39 | 0:12:43 | |
from the surface of Jupiter. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:45 | |
Easy, really. | 0:12:45 | 0:12:46 | |
Perhaps, unsurprisingly, | 0:12:47 | 0:12:48 | |
Project Daedalus never made it off the drawing board. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:51 | |
But, more than 40 years later, there's another suggestion. | 0:12:54 | 0:12:58 | |
In April, Stephen Hawking and Internet billionaire Yuri Milner | 0:12:58 | 0:13:02 | |
announced that they were putting up $100 million to develop | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
a new interstellar project called Breakthrough Starshot. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:10 | |
For the first time in human history, | 0:13:10 | 0:13:13 | |
we can do more than just gaze at the stars. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:16 | |
We can actually reach them. | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
There are two key features to this new system. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:22 | |
The first is that the spacecraft won't be carrying its own engines. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:26 | |
Instead, it will have a sail that is propelled by the force of light. | 0:13:26 | 0:13:31 | |
Released from a launcher in orbit, | 0:13:32 | 0:13:34 | |
the spacecraft will be accelerated by the second new concept - | 0:13:34 | 0:13:38 | |
a vast array of lasers fired from Earth. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:41 | |
Theoretically, the planned 100 gigawatt laser | 0:13:43 | 0:13:46 | |
that has about the same power output as 100 nuclear power stations | 0:13:46 | 0:13:50 | |
could accelerate a spacecraft to nearly a quarter | 0:13:50 | 0:13:53 | |
of the speed of light in about two minutes. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:56 | |
It would reach Mars in just half an hour. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:01 | |
It would overtake Voyager in about four days | 0:14:01 | 0:14:04 | |
and it would get to Proxima Centauri in little over 20 years. | 0:14:04 | 0:14:08 | |
There's only one problem - | 0:14:10 | 0:14:12 | |
to reach those speeds, the spacecraft will have to be | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
incredibly light, probably weighing no more than one gram. | 0:14:15 | 0:14:19 | |
It's not exactly the Starship Enterprise, | 0:14:20 | 0:14:22 | |
but what could you achieve with a one-gram spacecraft? | 0:14:22 | 0:14:26 | |
I called up Harvard cosmologist Avi Loeb, | 0:14:26 | 0:14:29 | |
one of the scientists behind the project, to find out more. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:31 | |
Avi, this is a hugely ambitious project. | 0:14:33 | 0:14:36 | |
Do you really think it's possible? | 0:14:36 | 0:14:38 | |
Yes, we hope that we can achieve the goals | 0:14:38 | 0:14:41 | |
of this very ambitious project | 0:14:41 | 0:14:43 | |
within the lifetime of our generation. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:45 | |
This project is as ambitious as was building the pyramids | 0:14:46 | 0:14:51 | |
or building cathedrals in ancient times. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:56 | |
You can think of it as the cathedral of our generation. | 0:14:56 | 0:15:00 | |
The only difference from past cathedrals is that it reaches | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
all the way out the stars. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:06 | |
And what about the cost? | 0:15:06 | 0:15:08 | |
Presumably this is going to be hugely expensive. | 0:15:08 | 0:15:10 | |
The cost is up to $10 billion - | 0:15:12 | 0:15:16 | |
of the order of the biggest science projects that we encountered so far, | 0:15:16 | 0:15:21 | |
such as Cern or the James Webb Space Telescope. | 0:15:21 | 0:15:26 | |
A critic will say that's a lot of money to send a one-gram spacecraft | 0:15:26 | 0:15:31 | |
through space. How much science can you do with a one-gram payload? | 0:15:31 | 0:15:36 | |
Fortunately, these days we can pack a lot of smart electronics | 0:15:36 | 0:15:41 | |
into a single gram. If you look at a cellphone and strip it | 0:15:41 | 0:15:45 | |
from the protective case | 0:15:45 | 0:15:49 | |
and strip it from the human interface, | 0:15:49 | 0:15:51 | |
you're left roughly with a gram, and that includes a camera, | 0:15:51 | 0:15:55 | |
a communication device, navigation - | 0:15:55 | 0:15:59 | |
all of the ingredients we need in the Starshot spacecraft. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:03 | |
And presumably, if the technology is successful, | 0:16:03 | 0:16:07 | |
it could be used for other than just interstellar travel. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:10 | |
Yes, this technology can be used to explore the space in between us | 0:16:10 | 0:16:14 | |
and the nearest star. | 0:16:14 | 0:16:16 | |
For example, we could search for life within the solar system. | 0:16:16 | 0:16:21 | |
It would take us only a few days to reach Pluto, | 0:16:21 | 0:16:24 | |
instead of about a decade that it took New Horizons to get there. | 0:16:24 | 0:16:29 | |
And so, in principle, the technology that we develop | 0:16:29 | 0:16:31 | |
will allow us to probe the edge of the solar system | 0:16:31 | 0:16:35 | |
within a relatively short time. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:37 | |
And what's the timescale for the project? | 0:16:37 | 0:16:40 | |
What happens next? | 0:16:40 | 0:16:41 | |
The first five to ten years will be dedicated to a feasibility study, | 0:16:41 | 0:16:46 | |
where we will demonstrate the technology of reaching a speed | 0:16:46 | 0:16:51 | |
far larger than previously reached with chemical rocketry | 0:16:51 | 0:16:55 | |
in a laboratory set-up. | 0:16:55 | 0:16:57 | |
And after demonstrating that, we hope to expand the system | 0:16:57 | 0:17:03 | |
until we reach the final design | 0:17:03 | 0:17:05 | |
within about 20 to 30 years from now. | 0:17:05 | 0:17:09 | |
Following that, we hope to launch the spacecrafts, | 0:17:09 | 0:17:12 | |
and it will take them about 20 years to reach Alpha Centauri, | 0:17:12 | 0:17:16 | |
and another four years for the signal from them to teach us. | 0:17:16 | 0:17:21 | |
And so, altogether, | 0:17:21 | 0:17:23 | |
we hope to get those signals while we are still alive. | 0:17:23 | 0:17:29 | |
I'm the same age as you, | 0:17:29 | 0:17:31 | |
so I just hope we're both around to see this project completed | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
and successful in our lifetime. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
I wish you the very best of luck. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:38 | |
Thank you so much. | 0:17:38 | 0:17:39 | |
Before the system becomes a reality, | 0:17:43 | 0:17:45 | |
there are many other technical problems to solve... | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
..like building a material that can withstand a 100 gigawatt laser | 0:17:49 | 0:17:53 | |
without burning up, | 0:17:53 | 0:17:56 | |
and how to get a signal back from a tiny spacecraft | 0:17:56 | 0:17:59 | |
hurtling away from us at 20% the speed of light. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:03 | |
It's an exciting prospect. | 0:18:04 | 0:18:06 | |
There are still many practical problems to solve and, you know, | 0:18:06 | 0:18:09 | |
it's still hard to believe that it would succeed. | 0:18:09 | 0:18:12 | |
But looking at this project makes me realise that something I always | 0:18:12 | 0:18:16 | |
thought was unreachable may actually be possible. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:21 | |
If it succeeds, it wouldn't just revolutionise space travel, | 0:18:21 | 0:18:24 | |
it would vastly increase our knowledge of the universe around us. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:28 | |
And who knows? With the will and the money, | 0:18:28 | 0:18:31 | |
it may actually happen in my lifetime. | 0:18:31 | 0:18:33 | |
If we do develop the means to travel to the stars, | 0:18:37 | 0:18:40 | |
Proxima Centauri won't be our only destination. | 0:18:40 | 0:18:43 | |
There are other nearby stars we could visit. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:46 | |
Pete has been identifying some of the other potential targets. | 0:18:47 | 0:18:51 | |
Within 15 light years of the sun, there are approximately 58 stars | 0:18:54 | 0:18:59 | |
in 39 separate stellar systems, each being very different. | 0:18:59 | 0:19:03 | |
This group of stars are the closest to being within reach | 0:19:04 | 0:19:07 | |
of an interstellar mission. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:09 | |
Many of them are cool red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri, | 0:19:09 | 0:19:12 | |
and the more optimistic studies place at least one planet | 0:19:12 | 0:19:16 | |
in the habitable zone around each one. | 0:19:16 | 0:19:19 | |
One of the closest red dwarfs is Barnard's Star. | 0:19:19 | 0:19:22 | |
Just six light years away, | 0:19:22 | 0:19:24 | |
it has the highest proper motion of any star in the sky. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:27 | |
At present, it's well placed in the west-southwest at around 9pm, | 0:19:27 | 0:19:32 | |
positioned off the eastern shoulder of Ophiuchus. | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
To find it, look for a faint V in the sky known as Poniatovski's Bull. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:42 | |
Barnard's Star sits to the top right. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:44 | |
The closest sunlike star to ours is Tau Ceti. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:48 | |
11.9 light years away, it sits low in the constellation of Cetus, | 0:19:48 | 0:19:53 | |
rising in the east-southeast, | 0:19:53 | 0:19:55 | |
and is one of my favourite stars to observe. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
It's at its highest from 3am. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:01 | |
Locate the Great Square of Pegasus, | 0:20:01 | 0:20:03 | |
then follow the left-hand side down | 0:20:03 | 0:20:06 | |
to a bright star known as Deneb Kaitos. | 0:20:06 | 0:20:09 | |
Off to the left is a quadrilateral of fainter stars, | 0:20:09 | 0:20:12 | |
Tau being the southernmost of these four. | 0:20:12 | 0:20:15 | |
With a possible system of five planets in orbit, | 0:20:16 | 0:20:19 | |
including one in the habitable zone, | 0:20:19 | 0:20:21 | |
Tau Ceti would make an exciting target for an interstellar mission. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:25 | |
There are likely to be unique and bizarre planets in orbit | 0:20:26 | 0:20:29 | |
around almost all of the stars in the sky. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:32 | |
And if we could send a tiny probe to just one of these stars, | 0:20:35 | 0:20:39 | |
imagine how amazing it would be to be able to look at | 0:20:39 | 0:20:42 | |
another solar system at close quarters. | 0:20:42 | 0:20:44 | |
Proxima b is undoubtedly an exciting discovery, | 0:20:48 | 0:20:51 | |
but just because it could have liquid water on the surface | 0:20:51 | 0:20:54 | |
doesn't mean it's going to turn out like Earth. | 0:20:54 | 0:20:57 | |
And it certainly doesn't mean that it will be habitable, | 0:20:57 | 0:21:00 | |
because planets in very similar environments | 0:21:00 | 0:21:03 | |
can develop in very different ways. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:05 | |
Just look at Earth and Venus - | 0:21:07 | 0:21:10 | |
twin planets of about the same size | 0:21:10 | 0:21:12 | |
and at a similar distance from the sun. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:15 | |
But they've developed very differently. | 0:21:15 | 0:21:18 | |
Where the Earth became a warm and temperate world, a haven for life, | 0:21:18 | 0:21:23 | |
Venus lost its water and succumbed to a runaway greenhouse effect. | 0:21:23 | 0:21:27 | |
Its sulphurous atmosphere heated its surface | 0:21:29 | 0:21:32 | |
to more than 450 degrees centigrade. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:36 | |
It is completely unsuitable for life. | 0:21:36 | 0:21:39 | |
Proxima b might be like Earth, | 0:21:40 | 0:21:42 | |
but it could equally well be like Venus, | 0:21:42 | 0:21:45 | |
or like something else entirely. | 0:21:45 | 0:21:47 | |
And so, what can we say about conditions on the planet | 0:21:47 | 0:21:50 | |
and about its chances of being hospitable to life? | 0:21:50 | 0:21:53 | |
Maggie has been talking to expert on planetary atmospheres Jo Barstow. | 0:21:54 | 0:21:59 | |
Yes. | 0:21:59 | 0:22:00 | |
So, Joanna, can you tell me how excited you are about | 0:22:03 | 0:22:06 | |
the discovery of this new exoplanet? | 0:22:06 | 0:22:08 | |
Well, incredibly excited. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:10 | |
I think this is pretty much going to transform the field that I work in. | 0:22:10 | 0:22:14 | |
How is it similar to Earth, or how is it different? | 0:22:14 | 0:22:17 | |
Well, one of the things we think is the same based on the mass | 0:22:17 | 0:22:20 | |
that's been measured with these new results | 0:22:20 | 0:22:22 | |
is that it's likely to be rocky, and that's a good sign. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:25 | |
That means that it should have a solid surface, | 0:22:25 | 0:22:27 | |
that means that there should be potential, maybe, | 0:22:27 | 0:22:29 | |
for something to live on that surface. | 0:22:29 | 0:22:32 | |
The major difference is driven by the fact that it's orbiting | 0:22:32 | 0:22:35 | |
much closer to that star, | 0:22:35 | 0:22:37 | |
and that introduces all sorts of potential problems. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:42 | |
And one of those is that we think the planet | 0:22:42 | 0:22:44 | |
is something we call tidally locked. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:47 | |
And I have here a very small star. | 0:22:47 | 0:22:50 | |
Oh, yes. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:52 | |
And a very large planet. And a very large, not to scale, planet at all. | 0:22:52 | 0:22:55 | |
So what's happening, because the planet is so close to the star, | 0:22:56 | 0:22:59 | |
tidal forces mean that the same side of the planet | 0:22:59 | 0:23:03 | |
is always facing the star. | 0:23:03 | 0:23:05 | |
So as it goes round the star, it's rotating like this. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:08 | |
Its day is actually the same length as its year. | 0:23:08 | 0:23:12 | |
So that's like the moon? Exactly like the moon. | 0:23:12 | 0:23:15 | |
From Earth we can only see one side of the moon because that's the side | 0:23:15 | 0:23:18 | |
that always faces the Earth. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:19 | |
And so what that means is that one side is getting all of the light | 0:23:19 | 0:23:22 | |
from the star and therefore getting much hotter | 0:23:22 | 0:23:25 | |
than the other side of the planet. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:27 | |
And that could potentially produce | 0:23:27 | 0:23:29 | |
very extreme temperature differences. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:31 | |
So, looking at life, how does that impact? | 0:23:31 | 0:23:33 | |
Is there any way of evening out that temperature or do you always have | 0:23:33 | 0:23:36 | |
that sort of dichotomy - the hot side and the cold side? | 0:23:36 | 0:23:38 | |
Well, thankfully, if the planet has an atmosphere, then it might help | 0:23:38 | 0:23:42 | |
to even out that temperature difference. | 0:23:42 | 0:23:44 | |
The atmosphere actually sort of lets the heat be distributed | 0:23:44 | 0:23:46 | |
around the planet? Yes. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:48 | |
Basically, it enables the heat to be distributed from | 0:23:48 | 0:23:51 | |
what we call the day side, the side that's receiving all the light, | 0:23:51 | 0:23:54 | |
round to the night side, and it evens everything out. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:57 | |
What is the likelihood of having an atmosphere? | 0:23:57 | 0:23:59 | |
I mean, because it's closer to that star. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:01 | |
Yes, and that is also a bit of a problem. | 0:24:01 | 0:24:03 | |
I mean, we want it to have an atmosphere quite apart from the fact | 0:24:03 | 0:24:06 | |
that it can even out temperature differences to give any life there | 0:24:06 | 0:24:10 | |
something to breathe. And if you were going to have an ocean | 0:24:10 | 0:24:13 | |
or liquid water, then you also need to have an atmosphere. | 0:24:13 | 0:24:16 | |
But because it's so close to the star, it's possible it may no longer | 0:24:16 | 0:24:21 | |
have an atmosphere, even if it did once. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:23 | |
So this star doesn't give out as much light as the sun, | 0:24:23 | 0:24:26 | |
but what it does do is it gives out about the same amount of X-rays | 0:24:26 | 0:24:30 | |
as the sun does. And for us out at Earth, | 0:24:30 | 0:24:33 | |
the sun's X-rays are not an enormous problem, | 0:24:33 | 0:24:35 | |
but if you imagine being 20 times closer, | 0:24:35 | 0:24:38 | |
then suddenly those X-rays do become a bit of a problem. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:41 | |
X-rays are not great for life. | 0:24:41 | 0:24:44 | |
Also, when this star experiences what we call coronal mass ejections, | 0:24:45 | 0:24:49 | |
which are events where some of the material actually leaves the star | 0:24:49 | 0:24:53 | |
and goes out into space, | 0:24:53 | 0:24:54 | |
that causes on Earth beautiful auroral displays, | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
but for a planet like Proxima Cen b... | 0:24:57 | 0:24:59 | |
That much closer. ..then you're going to have problems, potentially, | 0:24:59 | 0:25:03 | |
because those coronal mass ejections could actually start | 0:25:03 | 0:25:05 | |
to eat away at the atmosphere of that planet. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:08 | |
And if it experiences enough of those, | 0:25:08 | 0:25:10 | |
then eventually the atmosphere could potentially | 0:25:10 | 0:25:12 | |
get physically stripped away. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:14 | |
Let's assume that this planet has an atmosphere | 0:25:14 | 0:25:16 | |
and it's a benign atmosphere, it has liquid water - | 0:25:16 | 0:25:19 | |
what sort of life do you think could possibly live on this planet? | 0:25:19 | 0:25:22 | |
Well, I think we can fairly safely say it isn't going to look | 0:25:22 | 0:25:25 | |
exactly like life on Earth. | 0:25:25 | 0:25:27 | |
And one of the things that I think you're very unlikely to see | 0:25:27 | 0:25:30 | |
are lots of beautiful green, leafy plants. | 0:25:30 | 0:25:33 | |
If there is any kind of plant life, | 0:25:33 | 0:25:34 | |
it's likely to be a different colour. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:36 | |
And the reason for that is that plant life on Earth has evolved | 0:25:36 | 0:25:40 | |
to take advantage of exactly the kind of light | 0:25:40 | 0:25:43 | |
that we receive from the sun. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:45 | |
Now, the star Proxima Centauri is a much redder star than the sun, | 0:25:45 | 0:25:49 | |
so it puts out much more light in the red part of the spectrum. | 0:25:49 | 0:25:54 | |
It also puts out quite a lot of infrared radiation | 0:25:54 | 0:25:56 | |
that we can't even perceive. | 0:25:56 | 0:25:58 | |
And so that means plant life on that planet, if there is any, | 0:25:58 | 0:26:03 | |
it could look red or it could even look black or grey. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:06 | |
What do you think the probability is of going there? | 0:26:06 | 0:26:09 | |
I mean, there are really exciting projects like Starshot. | 0:26:09 | 0:26:11 | |
Do you think we'll ever get there within our lifetime? | 0:26:11 | 0:26:13 | |
I think, actually, it's possible, | 0:26:13 | 0:26:15 | |
and that's the first time I've ever thought it's possible, | 0:26:15 | 0:26:17 | |
which is why I'm so excited about this. | 0:26:17 | 0:26:19 | |
The thing about Starshot is that, unlike most of the ideas | 0:26:19 | 0:26:23 | |
that are thrown around about interstellar travel, | 0:26:23 | 0:26:26 | |
there aren't actually any hard theoretical barriers to doing that. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
It is theoretically possible. | 0:26:30 | 0:26:32 | |
It's a technological challenge, but it's perhaps of a magnitude | 0:26:32 | 0:26:37 | |
similar to challenges we've already overcome as a species. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:40 | |
I can see why you're excited. Yes! | 0:26:40 | 0:26:43 | |
Well, thank you. That's been fascinating. Thank you. | 0:26:43 | 0:26:46 | |
Well, Maggie, you're the engineer here. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:50 | |
Do you really think this idea of an interstellar probe is possible? | 0:26:50 | 0:26:54 | |
I'd like to think so, | 0:26:54 | 0:26:55 | |
but the problem is the stars are so far away, | 0:26:55 | 0:26:57 | |
so the technical challenge is quite huge. | 0:26:57 | 0:27:00 | |
But looking at the theory, it does seem viable. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:02 | |
It's an exciting solution as well. | 0:27:02 | 0:27:04 | |
It's like something out of science fiction - | 0:27:04 | 0:27:06 | |
we have a giant laser pushing this probe towards the stars. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:10 | |
It's a wonderful story to tell. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:12 | |
It is. And I think it's going to be expensive, | 0:27:12 | 0:27:14 | |
but I think it might be worth the effort. | 0:27:14 | 0:27:15 | |
Space science is great at doing miniaturisation, | 0:27:15 | 0:27:18 | |
and this space probe is going to have to be tiny, | 0:27:18 | 0:27:20 | |
have an onboard camera, a transmitter | 0:27:20 | 0:27:22 | |
to send information back, and so the technology | 0:27:22 | 0:27:24 | |
that goes into that can help us all. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:25 | |
Yeah. I suppose if we've got one of these things | 0:27:25 | 0:27:28 | |
to go to Proxima Centauri we can send them to other stars | 0:27:28 | 0:27:30 | |
with other planets, we could shoot around the solar system as well. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:34 | |
I do find the cost difficult, though. | 0:27:34 | 0:27:36 | |
From a scientific point of view, I think there's probably | 0:27:36 | 0:27:39 | |
other places to spend the money. | 0:27:39 | 0:27:40 | |
But the inspirational value is great. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:42 | |
Knowing that that planet's there, | 0:27:42 | 0:27:44 | |
it would be sad if we weren't trying to get there, don't you think? | 0:27:44 | 0:27:46 | |
I think so. It's our next-door neighbour star, | 0:27:46 | 0:27:49 | |
it's got something that looks fairly earthlike - | 0:27:49 | 0:27:51 | |
we've just got to go there, and this seems like a good way of doing it. | 0:27:51 | 0:27:54 | |
Yeah. Just knowing the probe is on the way would be so exciting. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:57 | |
Well, that's all we've got time for this month, | 0:27:57 | 0:28:00 | |
but do make sure you check out the star guide, which is on the website. | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
We'll be back next month with a final update on the Rosetta mission, | 0:28:04 | 0:28:09 | |
including the latest exciting images that reveal the fate | 0:28:09 | 0:28:12 | |
of the Philae lander that disappeared on the surface | 0:28:12 | 0:28:16 | |
of a comet nearly two years ago. | 0:28:16 | 0:28:18 | |
But, in the meantime, get outside and... | 0:28:18 | 0:28:21 | |
get looking up. Goodnight. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:22 | |
You see clips of a pile of bricks causing anger in a gallery. | 0:28:53 | 0:28:57 | |
And a pickled shark floating in a tank. | 0:28:57 | 0:29:00 | |
Then a voiceover asks you... | 0:29:00 | 0:29:02 | |
"Is art just an idea?" | 0:29:02 | 0:29:04 | |
BBC4 gets very conceptual. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:08 | |
Three nights of programmes... | 0:29:08 | 0:29:09 | |
That's my shower! | 0:29:12 | 0:29:12 | |
I shan't have dirty old men abluting in it. | 0:29:12 | 0:29:12 | |
Laughs galore on BBC Four. | 0:29:12 | 0:29:14 |