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On this month's Sky at Night, | 0:00:05 | 0:00:07 | |
we'll be taking you to one of the most spectacular | 0:00:07 | 0:00:09 | |
and fascinating places in the whole night sky. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:13 | |
It's officially known as M51, | 0:00:13 | 0:00:15 | |
but most of us know it by its more romantic name - | 0:00:15 | 0:00:18 | |
the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
M51 is a stunning sight. | 0:00:22 | 0:00:25 | |
But it's more than just beautiful to look at. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:28 | |
It is also one of the most fascinating places | 0:00:29 | 0:00:31 | |
we have ever discovered. | 0:00:31 | 0:00:33 | |
Its sculptured spiral arms are a maelstrom of star formation... | 0:00:34 | 0:00:38 | |
..lit up by the light of hot young stars. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:42 | |
But it is also a stellar graveyard, | 0:00:45 | 0:00:47 | |
in which we can see neutron stars and black holes | 0:00:47 | 0:00:51 | |
tearing other stars apart. | 0:00:51 | 0:00:53 | |
So why is this galaxy so active, | 0:00:55 | 0:00:57 | |
and how did it get its majestic | 0:00:57 | 0:00:59 | |
and surprisingly prominent spiral shape? | 0:00:59 | 0:01:02 | |
Welcome to The Sky at Night. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:04 | |
We're making this Whirlpool Galaxy Day. | 0:01:32 | 0:01:35 | |
On this one day, | 0:01:35 | 0:01:36 | |
we're going to be pointing as many telescopes as we can at the object. | 0:01:36 | 0:01:40 | |
We've got amateur back-yard telescopes, | 0:01:40 | 0:01:42 | |
professional instruments like the dish behind me, | 0:01:42 | 0:01:44 | |
and on mountaintops around the world, large observatories, | 0:01:44 | 0:01:48 | |
several of which have got better weather than here in Cambridge! | 0:01:48 | 0:01:51 | |
We'll even be going above the weather, because we've got | 0:01:51 | 0:01:54 | |
special permission to use one of Nasa's space telescopes. | 0:01:54 | 0:01:57 | |
We'll be looking M51 at different wavelengths of light and different | 0:01:57 | 0:02:01 | |
magnifications to create a unique portrait of this remarkable galaxy. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:05 | |
We've come to the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory | 0:02:07 | 0:02:10 | |
just outside Cambridge. | 0:02:10 | 0:02:11 | |
Founded in 1957, | 0:02:11 | 0:02:13 | |
it helped pioneer a completely new way of observing the sky. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:18 | |
It was here...well, actually, just over that hedge, | 0:02:18 | 0:02:20 | |
that Jocelyn Bell discovered the first pulsars | 0:02:20 | 0:02:23 | |
and, later on, we'll be using some of the modern instruments | 0:02:23 | 0:02:26 | |
that still operate on the site | 0:02:26 | 0:02:28 | |
to take a close look at the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:30 | |
But our exploration of M51 doesn't start in this slightly damp field. | 0:02:30 | 0:02:35 | |
It starts somewhere with much clearer skies. | 0:02:35 | 0:02:38 | |
It's nine o'clock in the morning, | 0:02:44 | 0:02:46 | |
it's a terrible time to be trying to observe a galaxy, | 0:02:46 | 0:02:48 | |
at least from here, but this laptop is connected | 0:02:48 | 0:02:51 | |
to a telescope in Hawaii, where it's still dark. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:54 | |
It's a 0.4-metre telescope on top of the island of Maui, | 0:02:54 | 0:02:57 | |
on a dormant volcano, and you can see from this camera | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
just outside the observatory that they've got brilliant, clear skies. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
See a couple of planets, the nice Milky Way, | 0:03:04 | 0:03:07 | |
and this region of sky, where M51, our target, is located. | 0:03:07 | 0:03:11 | |
Now, the telescope's already slewed to the source | 0:03:11 | 0:03:15 | |
and it's taking a five-minute exposure | 0:03:15 | 0:03:17 | |
and so, in just a few minutes, | 0:03:17 | 0:03:19 | |
we should see our first image of the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:22 | |
Well, there it is, this is our image, | 0:03:28 | 0:03:30 | |
and you can see immediately the spiral arms in the galaxy | 0:03:30 | 0:03:33 | |
which wind round this central, bright nucleus, | 0:03:33 | 0:03:35 | |
and then the second thing you notice | 0:03:35 | 0:03:38 | |
is that there are two galaxies in the frame. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:41 | |
There's this companion which has stretched out this bright material | 0:03:41 | 0:03:44 | |
from the main galaxy, so you get this arm joining the two, | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
and there's lots of faint gas and dust around that secondary galaxy. | 0:03:47 | 0:03:52 | |
And really that's what the Whirlpool Galaxy gives us - | 0:03:52 | 0:03:54 | |
it's a chance to watch a collision between two galaxies in action. | 0:03:54 | 0:03:58 | |
It's something we can't see this well anywhere else in the sky. | 0:03:58 | 0:04:01 | |
It really is a beautiful image. | 0:04:01 | 0:04:04 | |
Maggie showed this image to galaxy expert Rob Kennicutt | 0:04:05 | 0:04:08 | |
to ask about the Whirlpool's amazing structure | 0:04:08 | 0:04:11 | |
and its relationship with its companion. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:14 | |
It is absolutely wonderful. | 0:04:14 | 0:04:15 | |
So there's two spiral arms. They look almost perfect. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:19 | |
The classic spiral galaxy. So how are they formed? | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
Almost all disc galaxies like this system do have spiral structure | 0:04:22 | 0:04:28 | |
but, as you say, these are spectacularly prominent arms, | 0:04:28 | 0:04:32 | |
and were quite certain now | 0:04:32 | 0:04:34 | |
that to produce such strong spiral structure, | 0:04:34 | 0:04:38 | |
you need the driving force | 0:04:38 | 0:04:39 | |
of interaction with a companion galaxy. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
Now, you see, to me, that seems counterintuitive, | 0:04:42 | 0:04:44 | |
cos when I think of collisions, I think of chaos, | 0:04:44 | 0:04:46 | |
things being thrown everywhere. | 0:04:46 | 0:04:48 | |
I don't think of structure being formed that way. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:50 | |
I agree with you - it's not intuitive, | 0:04:50 | 0:04:52 | |
but this computer simulation is designed to show | 0:04:52 | 0:04:55 | |
how these collisions between galaxies | 0:04:55 | 0:04:57 | |
can excite spiral structure. | 0:04:57 | 0:05:00 | |
So you have two galaxies, disc galaxies, much like the spiral. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:03 | |
It's looking a bit messy now, but... Wow! | 0:05:03 | 0:05:06 | |
You see, actually, the spiral forming due to the collision, | 0:05:06 | 0:05:09 | |
and in both galaxies. | 0:05:09 | 0:05:10 | |
But in this simulation, we had two similar-sized galaxies. | 0:05:10 | 0:05:13 | |
What if you had something that was more akin to the Whirlpool Galaxy? | 0:05:13 | 0:05:16 | |
What we have here is a second computer simulation, | 0:05:16 | 0:05:21 | |
and this one is actually specifically tailored | 0:05:21 | 0:05:25 | |
-to try to reproduce the two galaxies in the Whirlpool system. -Right. | 0:05:25 | 0:05:29 | |
So this kind of spiral structure you see in the beginning | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
is actually the sort of spiral structure | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
that is common | 0:05:35 | 0:05:36 | |
in galaxies like the Milky Way. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:38 | |
So, even before the interaction, | 0:05:38 | 0:05:40 | |
Whirlpool probably was a spiral galaxy, | 0:05:40 | 0:05:43 | |
but now you see the companion making its appearance. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:46 | |
Now, that doesn't look like a companion galaxy. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:48 | |
It looks more like a point mass. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:49 | |
I think that's right, to save on computing time, | 0:05:49 | 0:05:52 | |
I think they modelled the companion galaxy as a point mass, | 0:05:52 | 0:05:55 | |
and now you're beginning to see its effects already - | 0:05:55 | 0:05:58 | |
the spiral pattern is being amplified, and let's keep going. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:02 | |
-And there you are. -Whoa! | 0:06:02 | 0:06:03 | |
You've got the two distinct spiral arms, | 0:06:03 | 0:06:05 | |
and you've got the companion galaxy at one of the ends | 0:06:05 | 0:06:07 | |
-of the spiral arm, so that is a good recreation... -Indeed. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:10 | |
..of the Whirlpool and its companion. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:12 | |
But notice this is 300 million years after the start of the calculation. | 0:06:12 | 0:06:16 | |
Yes. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:17 | |
-But you think of this as now, in our world, right? -OK, yes. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:20 | |
So now, the computer's going to predict | 0:06:20 | 0:06:22 | |
what this system will look like in the future. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:24 | |
-Ah, the future of the Whirlpool Galaxy. -Indeed. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:27 | |
So, as you see, the companion continues to get closer | 0:06:27 | 0:06:31 | |
and closer to the centre of the spiral, | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
it's still on the way in, and as it goes, | 0:06:33 | 0:06:36 | |
the spiral arms are amplified even more than today, | 0:06:36 | 0:06:38 | |
-if that can be imagined. -Yes. | 0:06:38 | 0:06:40 | |
-But it's getting a lot messier! -Indeed. | 0:06:40 | 0:06:42 | |
It's now reached closest approach, and on the way out, | 0:06:42 | 0:06:45 | |
-it's leaving kind of a train wreck behind. -Yes! | 0:06:45 | 0:06:49 | |
And now, you see, the companion is coming in for a second time, | 0:06:49 | 0:06:52 | |
and the movie stops at this point, but if we were to continue it, | 0:06:52 | 0:06:56 | |
the two galaxies would totally merge together. | 0:06:56 | 0:06:59 | |
But that means that the Whirlpool Galaxy in all its perfection, | 0:06:59 | 0:07:02 | |
as it looks today, is transitory, so it will pass through that phase, | 0:07:02 | 0:07:06 | |
and at some point end up maybe more like this. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:09 | |
Yeah, indeed, and look at the scale, in about 70 million years, | 0:07:09 | 0:07:12 | |
the phase of spiral structure will be long over, | 0:07:12 | 0:07:15 | |
and you'll be left within 100 million years | 0:07:15 | 0:07:18 | |
with one galaxy where there were two before. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
So, it just makes me appreciate the Whirlpool Galaxy all the more, | 0:07:21 | 0:07:24 | |
because we can appreciate its beauty right at the moment, | 0:07:24 | 0:07:26 | |
-but it won't last! -Indeed. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:28 | |
The telescope in Hawaii actually took three pictures of the galaxy, | 0:07:29 | 0:07:33 | |
each at a different wavelength. | 0:07:33 | 0:07:35 | |
When composited together, | 0:07:37 | 0:07:39 | |
they give us a colour view of the Whirlpool in all its glory. | 0:07:39 | 0:07:44 | |
But it's not just professional telescopes | 0:07:44 | 0:07:46 | |
that can capture spectacular images like these. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:49 | |
Pete has been trying to demonstrate | 0:07:50 | 0:07:52 | |
how you can view the galaxy for yourself. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:55 | |
And he's been exploring the history of our observation of this galaxy. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:59 | |
Astronomy in the UK can be a bit frustrating at times, | 0:08:00 | 0:08:04 | |
and the clouds have now come in, | 0:08:04 | 0:08:05 | |
and I really don't think I'm going to get a view of M51 tonight. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:10 | |
So welcome to the great British summer! | 0:08:10 | 0:08:12 | |
It really is a pity that it's cloudy this evening, | 0:08:17 | 0:08:20 | |
because M51 is one of the best deep sky objects up there. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:24 | |
And at the moment, it's really high up in the sky, | 0:08:24 | 0:08:27 | |
which means it's well away from any murk close to the horizon, | 0:08:27 | 0:08:30 | |
and that will give you a good view of it. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:33 | |
And it's pretty simple to find, too. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:37 | |
To locate it, first identify the Plough or Saucepan, | 0:08:37 | 0:08:41 | |
which is part of Ursa Major, | 0:08:41 | 0:08:43 | |
and is one of the most recognisable patterns in the entire night sky. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:47 | |
Identify the star in the middle of the handle | 0:08:47 | 0:08:50 | |
and the one at the end of the handle. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:52 | |
Draw a line between them and turn by 90 degrees, | 0:08:52 | 0:08:56 | |
and move for about half that distance again, | 0:08:56 | 0:08:58 | |
and that'll take you to exactly where M51 is in the sky. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:01 | |
You can't see M51 with the naked eye, | 0:09:03 | 0:09:05 | |
but it is possible to see it with just a pair of binoculars. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:08 | |
And if you've got a telescope like this, then it looks quite amazing, | 0:09:08 | 0:09:12 | |
and that will also allow you to take a picture of it. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
And I've got a picture here I took a little while ago, | 0:09:15 | 0:09:18 | |
and you can really start to make out some of the structure of the galaxy. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:21 | |
You've got the spiral arms, they're very evident there. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:24 | |
You've also got the little satellite galaxy, as well. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:27 | |
That's very obvious. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:28 | |
So if you CAN get a view of M51, | 0:09:28 | 0:09:31 | |
it's a really rewarding object to have a look at. | 0:09:31 | 0:09:34 | |
'But not everyone has always thought that M51 was fascinating.' | 0:09:37 | 0:09:41 | |
The Whirlpool Galaxy was discovered by Charles Messier in 1773, | 0:09:43 | 0:09:48 | |
and added to his famous catalogue as the 51st entry, hence the name M51. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:54 | |
But Messier wasn't interested in how fascinating M51 was. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
He was a comet hunter, | 0:10:01 | 0:10:03 | |
irritated by wasting his time pointing his telescope | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
at things that superficially resembled comets, | 0:10:06 | 0:10:09 | |
but which on closer inspection | 0:10:09 | 0:10:12 | |
were revealed to be something else entirely. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:14 | |
So he set about making a catalogue of what were, to him, | 0:10:16 | 0:10:19 | |
frustrating objects, | 0:10:19 | 0:10:20 | |
so he could ignore them in his search for comets. | 0:10:20 | 0:10:23 | |
But the irony was that in doing so, | 0:10:24 | 0:10:27 | |
he had compiled a list of nearly all of the most spectacular | 0:10:27 | 0:10:30 | |
deep sky objects - | 0:10:30 | 0:10:33 | |
nebulae like the Orion Nebula, | 0:10:33 | 0:10:36 | |
open star clusters like the Pleiades, | 0:10:36 | 0:10:39 | |
and galaxies like M51. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:42 | |
'To be fair, Messier probably couldn't resolve the Whirlpool | 0:10:43 | 0:10:47 | |
'to be much more than an indistinct, diffuse cloud - | 0:10:47 | 0:10:50 | |
'a nebula.' | 0:10:50 | 0:10:52 | |
The first time the Whirlpool Galaxy was seen in all its glory | 0:10:53 | 0:10:56 | |
was in 1845, when William Parsons, the third Earl of Rosse, | 0:10:56 | 0:11:01 | |
pointed a 1.8 metre reflecting telescope, based in Birr, Ireland, | 0:11:01 | 0:11:06 | |
which was then the largest telescope in the world, at M51. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:11 | |
And this is a sketch he made of that object, | 0:11:11 | 0:11:14 | |
and it's absolutely incredible. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:16 | |
There's so much structure to see here, | 0:11:16 | 0:11:18 | |
but what's really evident is the spiral nature of the galaxy. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:22 | |
And that was the first time this had ever been recorded | 0:11:22 | 0:11:26 | |
in a celestial object. | 0:11:26 | 0:11:27 | |
The picture was quite a sensation at the time, | 0:11:30 | 0:11:32 | |
and was published all over the world. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:35 | |
It's even suggested that his swirling drawing | 0:11:36 | 0:11:39 | |
was the inspiration for Van Gogh's Starry Night. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:43 | |
But we still didn't know what the Whirlpool was or where it was, | 0:11:45 | 0:11:49 | |
and it was only in 1924 that Edwin Hubble demonstrated | 0:11:49 | 0:11:53 | |
that nebulous objects like these | 0:11:53 | 0:11:56 | |
were in fact distant galaxies in space. | 0:11:56 | 0:11:58 | |
We now know it's about 30 million light years away, | 0:12:00 | 0:12:03 | |
and although much smaller than the Milky Way, the disc is huge, | 0:12:03 | 0:12:08 | |
measuring 60,000 light years across. | 0:12:08 | 0:12:10 | |
Images like these, taken by Sky At Night viewers, | 0:12:14 | 0:12:17 | |
clearly show why M51 is one of the most exciting places | 0:12:17 | 0:12:21 | |
in the universe. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:22 | |
But they cannot show us | 0:12:25 | 0:12:26 | |
many of the secrets that are hidden deep within those spiral arms. | 0:12:26 | 0:12:31 | |
'To reveal those secrets, | 0:12:34 | 0:12:35 | |
'we need to find different ways to look at the galaxy.' | 0:12:35 | 0:12:39 | |
These dishes are radio telescopes. | 0:12:44 | 0:12:47 | |
They're just a receiver, not too dissimilar to an FM radio, | 0:12:47 | 0:12:50 | |
but they're much, much bigger. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:52 | |
That's because the signals they're trying to pick up from space | 0:12:52 | 0:12:55 | |
are absolutely minuscule. | 0:12:55 | 0:12:58 | |
In fact, it has been calculated | 0:13:00 | 0:13:02 | |
that if you add up every radio signal ever picked up | 0:13:02 | 0:13:05 | |
by all the radio telescopes in the world, | 0:13:05 | 0:13:08 | |
the combined energy of that radiation | 0:13:08 | 0:13:10 | |
would be enough to melt just three snowflakes. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:14 | |
These telescopes are actually lining up right now | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
to come in line with M51, the Whirlpool Galaxy, | 0:13:18 | 0:13:22 | |
which lies around 30 million light years away in that direction. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:28 | |
These are the radio images | 0:13:30 | 0:13:32 | |
captured by the Mullard Observatory dishes. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:35 | |
Superficially, these pictures are not as impressive, | 0:13:35 | 0:13:38 | |
but they show details that we could never reveal | 0:13:38 | 0:13:41 | |
with conventional telescopes. | 0:13:41 | 0:13:43 | |
The result of intense magnetic fields | 0:13:43 | 0:13:46 | |
and the glow of hot gas around young stars. | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
And this remarkable image, | 0:13:50 | 0:13:52 | |
from the Very Large Array Radio Telescope in New Mexico, | 0:13:52 | 0:13:55 | |
reveals the distribution of hydrogen throughout the galaxy - | 0:13:55 | 0:13:59 | |
the raw material from which the stars are made | 0:13:59 | 0:14:01 | |
stretching far beyond the main disc. | 0:14:01 | 0:14:04 | |
And as Maggie's been discovering, | 0:14:07 | 0:14:09 | |
radio astronomy is just one of the many alternative ways | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
we have to observe M51. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:14 | |
For centuries, we only had one way of studying the night sky - | 0:14:19 | 0:14:24 | |
using telescopes that operated in visible light - | 0:14:24 | 0:14:27 | |
that tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum | 0:14:27 | 0:14:30 | |
that our eyes can detect. | 0:14:30 | 0:14:32 | |
We can only see things if they're actively emitting light | 0:14:34 | 0:14:38 | |
or reflecting light in the visible part of the spectrum, | 0:14:38 | 0:14:41 | |
and if there's no source... | 0:14:41 | 0:14:43 | |
then we can't see anything at all. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:45 | |
But in addition to radio waves, | 0:14:46 | 0:14:48 | |
there's a lot more to the electromagnetic spectrum, | 0:14:48 | 0:14:51 | |
and if we tune into this, | 0:14:51 | 0:14:53 | |
then we can detect a lot more of what's out there, | 0:14:53 | 0:14:56 | |
hidden in the darkness. | 0:14:56 | 0:14:58 | |
Now, this is a camera that is sensitive to infrared light. | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
That's a wavelength that is slightly longer | 0:15:04 | 0:15:06 | |
than we can detect with our eyes, | 0:15:06 | 0:15:07 | |
and it allows us to see things | 0:15:07 | 0:15:09 | |
that would otherwise appear to be invisible. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:11 | |
We can see things in the infrared because of their temperature. | 0:15:13 | 0:15:17 | |
On Earth, all objects radiate part of their heat as infrared light. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:23 | |
How much and that what frequency depends on how hot they are. | 0:15:23 | 0:15:27 | |
It's just the same in space. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:29 | |
There's a lot of stuff hiding out there | 0:15:29 | 0:15:30 | |
that we just can't detect with visible light, | 0:15:30 | 0:15:33 | |
but if we tune our telescopes to detect infrared wavelengths, | 0:15:33 | 0:15:36 | |
then suddenly, a lot more is revealed. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:39 | |
Most of the infrared radiation from space is absorbed by the atmosphere, | 0:15:42 | 0:15:46 | |
so infrared telescopes have to be situated on top of tall mountains. | 0:15:46 | 0:15:51 | |
This is the Liverpool Telescope, | 0:15:53 | 0:15:55 | |
located at over 2,300 metres on the island of La Palma in the Canaries. | 0:15:55 | 0:16:01 | |
Late on the night of the 31st of May, | 0:16:01 | 0:16:03 | |
it took an infrared image of the Whirlpool Galaxy | 0:16:03 | 0:16:07 | |
especially for The Sky At Night. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:09 | |
This is the infrared image taken for us | 0:16:10 | 0:16:12 | |
by the Liverpool Telescope just last night. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:15 | |
Actually, it's two images, | 0:16:15 | 0:16:17 | |
because the galaxy doesn't fit on a single frame. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:19 | |
What we can see in this image is light from more stars | 0:16:19 | 0:16:22 | |
than we'd otherwise see in the visible. | 0:16:22 | 0:16:24 | |
By using the infrared, we're able to peer through the dust | 0:16:24 | 0:16:27 | |
that would otherwise obscure our view. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:30 | |
But this is an image in the near infrared - | 0:16:30 | 0:16:33 | |
we're only just past the red in the visible, | 0:16:33 | 0:16:35 | |
and we can go further than that, | 0:16:35 | 0:16:37 | |
and the colour here | 0:16:37 | 0:16:38 | |
represents the different wavelengths of infrared light. | 0:16:38 | 0:16:40 | |
You can immediately see there's a difference between the two galaxies. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:44 | |
The small companion galaxy is bright blue, | 0:16:44 | 0:16:47 | |
and in this image, blue light comes from old stars, | 0:16:47 | 0:16:51 | |
so this galaxy has an old stellar population - | 0:16:51 | 0:16:53 | |
there's not much going on there right now. | 0:16:53 | 0:16:56 | |
In contrast, the Whirlpool itself has this brilliant red glow. | 0:16:56 | 0:17:01 | |
That's light from the dust and gas, the fuel of star formation, | 0:17:01 | 0:17:04 | |
which you can see is spread throughout the disc, | 0:17:04 | 0:17:07 | |
and has this wonderful structure, not just the spiral arms, | 0:17:07 | 0:17:10 | |
but these filaments and these spokes in the disc, as well. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:13 | |
But if you look along the spiral arms themselves, | 0:17:13 | 0:17:16 | |
and only on the spiral arms, | 0:17:16 | 0:17:18 | |
you see these bright knots, | 0:17:18 | 0:17:19 | |
these bright blobs that are shining very brightly, | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
and these are nebulae - | 0:17:22 | 0:17:24 | |
they're places where thousands of stars are being born, | 0:17:24 | 0:17:27 | |
and it's the light from those young stars | 0:17:27 | 0:17:30 | |
that is causing these blobs to glow quite so brightly. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:33 | |
We have similar features in our own galaxy. | 0:17:35 | 0:17:38 | |
Places like the Orion Nebula, where stars are still being born today. | 0:17:38 | 0:17:44 | |
But this is happening on a much grander scale | 0:17:44 | 0:17:46 | |
in the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:17:46 | 0:17:48 | |
Each of these bright dots is a stellar nursery | 0:17:48 | 0:17:51 | |
100 times bigger than the Orion Nebula. | 0:17:51 | 0:17:54 | |
These are all signs that the spiral arms in the Whirlpool | 0:17:55 | 0:17:58 | |
are active - very active. | 0:17:58 | 0:18:00 | |
So what this tells us | 0:18:00 | 0:18:02 | |
is that it's not enough to have the raw materials for star formation - | 0:18:02 | 0:18:05 | |
there's dust and there's gas throughout the disc - | 0:18:05 | 0:18:08 | |
but it's only when it gets twisted up into these spiral arms | 0:18:08 | 0:18:12 | |
that it can become dense enough to form stars. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:15 | |
The spiral arms are where the action is. | 0:18:15 | 0:18:18 | |
But to find out what's actually going on in there, | 0:18:18 | 0:18:21 | |
we're going to need yet another way of looking at the galaxy, | 0:18:21 | 0:18:24 | |
and to use a very, very special piece of kit. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:26 | |
RADIO CRACKLE | 0:18:26 | 0:18:28 | |
MUSIC PLAYS ON RADIO | 0:18:28 | 0:18:32 | |
'Radio waves and infrared | 0:18:32 | 0:18:33 | |
'are both from the lower energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum.' | 0:18:33 | 0:18:38 | |
SHE TURNS RADIO OFF | 0:18:38 | 0:18:39 | |
'But we can also pick up higher energy radiation. | 0:18:39 | 0:18:42 | |
'Radiation in the ultraviolet and X-ray bands of the spectrum.' | 0:18:45 | 0:18:50 | |
They're both familiar to us. | 0:18:50 | 0:18:52 | |
X-rays can penetrate our skin and flesh, but not the bone, | 0:18:52 | 0:18:56 | |
and that turns out to be really useful medically. | 0:18:56 | 0:18:58 | |
UV rays from the sun are powerful enough to damage our skin - | 0:18:58 | 0:19:02 | |
that's what causes sunburn. | 0:19:02 | 0:19:04 | |
In space, this high-energy radiation is only generated | 0:19:05 | 0:19:08 | |
in really extreme conditions, | 0:19:08 | 0:19:10 | |
where the temperature is impossibly high - millions of degrees. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:15 | |
Now, UV and X-ray emissions coming from something as far away | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
as the M51 galaxy is so weak that it gets absorbed by our atmosphere, | 0:19:18 | 0:19:23 | |
so the only way to observe it is to get up above our atmosphere. | 0:19:23 | 0:19:27 | |
That's why we're incredibly lucky | 0:19:27 | 0:19:29 | |
to have been given time on one of Nasa's space telescopes, Swift. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:34 | |
And right now, | 0:19:34 | 0:19:35 | |
it's slewing its way round to set its sights on the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:19:35 | 0:19:39 | |
The Swift satellite sits in an orbit | 0:19:41 | 0:19:43 | |
almost 600km above the Earth's surface. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:46 | |
It is armed with telescopes designed to detect gamma rays, | 0:19:47 | 0:19:51 | |
ultraviolet, X-rays, and visible light. | 0:19:51 | 0:19:55 | |
And these are the images that the Swift telescope captured for us. | 0:19:56 | 0:20:00 | |
They show the galaxy in both ultraviolet light, | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
revealing the familiar spiral again, | 0:20:03 | 0:20:06 | |
and in X-rays that transform the galaxy | 0:20:06 | 0:20:08 | |
into a patchwork of bright points of light. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:12 | |
I asked astronomer Karen Masters what these images tell us | 0:20:14 | 0:20:18 | |
about star formation in M51. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:21 | |
When you, somebody who studies galaxies, look at this, | 0:20:21 | 0:20:24 | |
what do you see? | 0:20:24 | 0:20:25 | |
Well, obviously you can see the main body of the Whirlpool Galaxy here. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:28 | |
The spiral arms are really, really emphasised in the UV. | 0:20:28 | 0:20:31 | |
When we see a galaxy that's bright in the UV, | 0:20:31 | 0:20:33 | |
we know that it's forming stars vigorously, | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
and that's because it's only the very hottest, most massive stars | 0:20:35 | 0:20:40 | |
that glow so brightly in the UV, | 0:20:40 | 0:20:42 | |
and those massive, hot stars have very short lifetimes - | 0:20:42 | 0:20:44 | |
just tens of millions of years. | 0:20:44 | 0:20:46 | |
And that's pretty quick for anything astronomical. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:48 | |
That's hugely quick for astronomical timescales. | 0:20:48 | 0:20:50 | |
And so, when you see a galaxy that's very bright in UV, | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
you know that it's been forming stars vigorously. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:55 | |
Basically right now on astronomical timescales, | 0:20:55 | 0:20:57 | |
ten million years is nothing. | 0:20:57 | 0:20:58 | |
And how would this compare to our Milky Way? | 0:20:58 | 0:21:00 | |
Well, if you do the sums, you can sort of estimate | 0:21:00 | 0:21:02 | |
the star formation rate of the galaxy from that UV image. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:05 | |
You have it forming about five solar masses' worth of stars every year. | 0:21:05 | 0:21:08 | |
That's two, three, four, five times the rate of the Milky Way. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
That's right, yeah, and the Whirlpool Galaxy is not as big | 0:21:11 | 0:21:14 | |
as the Milky Way, either, | 0:21:14 | 0:21:15 | |
so it's a galaxy smaller than the Milky Way, | 0:21:15 | 0:21:17 | |
forming stars at a faster rate than the Milky Way. | 0:21:17 | 0:21:19 | |
Well, that's the ultraviolet, but we can have a look at a different view. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:22 | |
So Swift is also an X-ray telescope, and here, slightly smaller, | 0:21:22 | 0:21:26 | |
is the X-ray view, and it looks like the spiral arms have disappeared. | 0:21:26 | 0:21:30 | |
What are we seeing here? | 0:21:30 | 0:21:31 | |
So, there's a nice contrast here with X-ray and UV. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:33 | |
The UV is picking out the birth of stars, | 0:21:33 | 0:21:35 | |
whereas the X-ray here is really going to be picking out | 0:21:35 | 0:21:38 | |
mostly the deaths of stars. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:39 | |
To create X-rays, | 0:21:39 | 0:21:40 | |
the very short wavelength, very energetic emission, | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
we need some of the most energetic processes | 0:21:43 | 0:21:45 | |
that happen in the universe, | 0:21:45 | 0:21:47 | |
and we need material that's falling onto massive objects, | 0:21:47 | 0:21:49 | |
and what we've got going on in the centre of these galaxies | 0:21:49 | 0:21:52 | |
is a supermassive black hole. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:54 | |
There's a supermassive black hole in the centre of pretty much | 0:21:54 | 0:21:56 | |
every galaxy, but again, what you're seeing glowing in X-ray there | 0:21:56 | 0:21:59 | |
is the material falling down onto that black hole, | 0:21:59 | 0:22:01 | |
and the gravitational energy it picks up | 0:22:01 | 0:22:03 | |
as it falls onto that black hole. | 0:22:03 | 0:22:04 | |
And the friction as it moves against the rest of the material | 0:22:04 | 0:22:07 | |
falling onto the black hole and orbiting it in this accretion disc | 0:22:07 | 0:22:10 | |
makes that material so hot that it starts glowing in X-rays. | 0:22:10 | 0:22:12 | |
The black hole at the centre of M51 is affecting its surroundings. | 0:22:15 | 0:22:20 | |
We can see that in this remarkable picture of the galactic core, | 0:22:20 | 0:22:24 | |
showing two doughnut-shaped rings of dust surrounding the black hole. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:28 | |
But the Swift image also shows many other sources of X-ray emission - | 0:22:29 | 0:22:33 | |
places where we must find equally extreme conditions. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:37 | |
Mostly, these are going to be binary stars in the galaxy, | 0:22:39 | 0:22:42 | |
but very special binary stars - | 0:22:42 | 0:22:43 | |
one of the pair will have come to the end of its main sequence life, | 0:22:43 | 0:22:46 | |
gone supernovae, and either turned into a neutron star or black hole, | 0:22:46 | 0:22:49 | |
and managed to do that without completely disrupting its companion. | 0:22:49 | 0:22:52 | |
But the companion then gets close enough | 0:22:52 | 0:22:54 | |
that it starts losing material onto that black hole or neutron star, | 0:22:54 | 0:22:57 | |
which spirals around it in an accretion disc, | 0:22:57 | 0:22:59 | |
and all of the energy that it picks up makes it incredibly hot, | 0:22:59 | 0:23:02 | |
and so starts glowing in the X-ray, | 0:23:02 | 0:23:04 | |
and so, you see stellar death, really, in this image. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
And so, from Swift, | 0:23:07 | 0:23:08 | |
you might be forgiven for thinking there are just these few | 0:23:08 | 0:23:10 | |
interesting sources, but I've got another X-ray image, | 0:23:10 | 0:23:13 | |
this one from Chandra, which is a larger, | 0:23:13 | 0:23:15 | |
more sensitive X-ray telescope, and here, | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
you see not just the individual points, | 0:23:17 | 0:23:19 | |
the X-ray stars that we were looking at, | 0:23:19 | 0:23:21 | |
but now there's this purple glow, as well. | 0:23:21 | 0:23:24 | |
What are we seeing there? | 0:23:24 | 0:23:26 | |
This is hot gas, but not tied to individual stars. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:28 | |
This is now hot shocked gas in the spiral arms. | 0:23:28 | 0:23:31 | |
It's actually revealing the physics | 0:23:31 | 0:23:33 | |
which is starting the star formation in those spiral arms - | 0:23:33 | 0:23:35 | |
the compression of gas being driven very quickly from supernovae, | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
or winds from hot stars shocking it, and causing star formation to start. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:43 | |
Really, just seeing this glowing | 0:23:43 | 0:23:45 | |
is evidence that this is a dynamic place. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:47 | |
What's driving those changes? | 0:23:47 | 0:23:49 | |
The whole structure is driven by this companion | 0:23:49 | 0:23:51 | |
and the interaction with this companion, | 0:23:51 | 0:23:53 | |
and the timescales there are hundreds of millions of years. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:56 | |
So it did its last pass about 100 million years ago, | 0:23:56 | 0:23:58 | |
and a few hundred million years from now, | 0:23:58 | 0:24:00 | |
it's going to have merged completely with the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
It's a strange thought, isn't it, | 0:24:03 | 0:24:04 | |
that it's going to change quite so utterly, | 0:24:04 | 0:24:06 | |
and this familiar shape will disappear. | 0:24:06 | 0:24:08 | |
I suppose we're just lucky to be able to see it | 0:24:08 | 0:24:10 | |
while all of this is going on. | 0:24:10 | 0:24:12 | |
This is the beauty of modern astronomy. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:17 | |
By using all the tools available | 0:24:18 | 0:24:20 | |
to look at M51 in different wavelengths, | 0:24:20 | 0:24:23 | |
we can reveal the secrets of the Whirlpool Galaxy. | 0:24:23 | 0:24:26 | |
We can understand its past and its future. | 0:24:27 | 0:24:31 | |
The optical wavelengths show us light | 0:24:32 | 0:24:34 | |
from just some of the stars in the galaxy, | 0:24:34 | 0:24:36 | |
radio reveals the distribution of gas, | 0:24:36 | 0:24:39 | |
and infrared, the clouds of dust from which the stars are made. | 0:24:39 | 0:24:43 | |
UV light detects the hot young stars formed from that gas and dust... | 0:24:46 | 0:24:50 | |
..and X-ray emissions pinpoint | 0:24:52 | 0:24:53 | |
what happens to those stars when they die. | 0:24:53 | 0:24:56 | |
And all these processes are concentrated in the spiral arms - | 0:24:57 | 0:25:01 | |
dense waves of material created by the collision | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
between the Whirlpool and its companion galaxy. | 0:25:04 | 0:25:07 | |
All this information allows us to build a portrait of the galaxy - | 0:25:09 | 0:25:12 | |
one that reveals it in all of its beauty and complexity. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:17 | |
And isn't it amazing to think what else might be going on in M51? | 0:25:19 | 0:25:23 | |
Around those stars, there must be planets. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:27 | |
But is there life? | 0:25:28 | 0:25:29 | |
Or even other civilisations looking back at us? | 0:25:31 | 0:25:34 | |
Thanks to everybody who contributed images for tonight's programme. | 0:25:36 | 0:25:39 | |
But if you want to do some more astronomy, | 0:25:39 | 0:25:41 | |
even if you don't have a telescope, | 0:25:41 | 0:25:43 | |
we're letting you participate in some live research, | 0:25:43 | 0:25:46 | |
all part of the BBC's Do Something Great season, | 0:25:46 | 0:25:50 | |
because we want you to become comet hunters. | 0:25:50 | 0:25:53 | |
We need you to take part in an exciting project, | 0:25:54 | 0:25:57 | |
searching for a new population of comets hidden in the asteroid belt. | 0:25:57 | 0:26:01 | |
'It's run by Meg Schwamb.' | 0:26:01 | 0:26:04 | |
-Hi, Meg. -Hi. | 0:26:04 | 0:26:05 | |
Now, you're one of the lead scientists on this project, | 0:26:05 | 0:26:08 | |
but can you tell me, why are you hunting comets? | 0:26:08 | 0:26:11 | |
Well, we're looking for a unique type of comet, | 0:26:11 | 0:26:14 | |
and these are really wolves in sheep's clothing, | 0:26:14 | 0:26:17 | |
so these are asteroids that start looking like comets. | 0:26:17 | 0:26:20 | |
So when you think of a traditional comet, | 0:26:20 | 0:26:22 | |
you think of an icy body coming in from the outer solar system | 0:26:22 | 0:26:25 | |
and heating up, and sublimating its ices off, | 0:26:25 | 0:26:27 | |
but these are very different. So these are typical, plain, | 0:26:27 | 0:26:30 | |
ordinary asteroids sitting between Jupiter and Mars, | 0:26:30 | 0:26:34 | |
and when we occasionally look at these objects, | 0:26:34 | 0:26:36 | |
we start to see that they have tails. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:38 | |
Like in this image here, where you see this dust tail. | 0:26:38 | 0:26:42 | |
Very similar to what you see with a comet, but that's still an asteroid. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:45 | |
So what do you think is causing this? | 0:26:45 | 0:26:47 | |
We don't know what the dominant mechanism is, | 0:26:47 | 0:26:49 | |
but one source is water ice, which shouldn't be there, | 0:26:49 | 0:26:52 | |
but there could be buried water ice | 0:26:52 | 0:26:54 | |
underneath the surfaces of some of these asteroids | 0:26:54 | 0:26:56 | |
that somehow gets exposed. | 0:26:56 | 0:26:58 | |
So why is this of scientific interest, | 0:26:58 | 0:27:00 | |
the fact that we have these comets, | 0:27:00 | 0:27:01 | |
and they could potentially contain water? | 0:27:01 | 0:27:03 | |
Well, water is important for life, | 0:27:03 | 0:27:06 | |
and one of the interesting things is to wonder, | 0:27:06 | 0:27:08 | |
where did Earth's water come from? | 0:27:08 | 0:27:09 | |
And we don't fully know. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:11 | |
And potentially, there's now a new source of water ice | 0:27:11 | 0:27:14 | |
that could have been deposited on the Earth early on, | 0:27:14 | 0:27:16 | |
and so understanding where these | 0:27:16 | 0:27:18 | |
main-belt comets originally came from, | 0:27:18 | 0:27:21 | |
how did they get into the asteroid belt, | 0:27:21 | 0:27:23 | |
and how many of them are there, | 0:27:23 | 0:27:25 | |
might tell us about whether or not this could be a source | 0:27:25 | 0:27:27 | |
for Earth's water. | 0:27:27 | 0:27:28 | |
So the point of the project is to find many, many more examples, | 0:27:28 | 0:27:31 | |
hopefully. How can our viewers help? | 0:27:31 | 0:27:33 | |
Well, you can go to comethunters.org and get started right away. | 0:27:33 | 0:27:37 | |
All you need is a web browser and your eyes. | 0:27:37 | 0:27:40 | |
So what does the website look like? | 0:27:40 | 0:27:42 | |
So, what we're showing is two images of the asteroid | 0:27:42 | 0:27:44 | |
taken at two different times during the night, | 0:27:44 | 0:27:46 | |
and what we want you to do is use your eyes to spot the tail. | 0:27:46 | 0:27:49 | |
Human beings are really good at spotting patterns | 0:27:49 | 0:27:52 | |
and things that don't match and so we need the eyeballs of anyone | 0:27:52 | 0:27:56 | |
who wants to look, and for the viewers of The Sky At Night | 0:27:56 | 0:27:58 | |
to help us because you are better than a machine at finding these. | 0:27:58 | 0:28:03 | |
This is your chance to be able to help discover a comet. | 0:28:03 | 0:28:06 | |
Well, you've convinced me. I want to go and find a comet, | 0:28:06 | 0:28:08 | |
so thank you very much. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:10 | |
If you want to get involved, the website is on the screen | 0:28:10 | 0:28:13 | |
right now, so good luck, and happy hunting. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:16 | |
That's all for this month, but when we come back next month, | 0:28:20 | 0:28:23 | |
we'll be reporting from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory | 0:28:23 | 0:28:27 | |
as the Juno probe arrives at Jupiter. | 0:28:27 | 0:28:30 | |
-Until then, get outside, get looking up! -Good night. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:34 |