06/12/2016 The One Show


06/12/2016

Similar Content

Browse content similar to 06/12/2016. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!

Transcript


LineFromTo

Hello and welcome to The One Show with Alex Jones...

:00:17.:00:18.

As Private Eye editor and have I got News Hugh team captain our guest

:00:19.:00:31.

thrives on big stories. 2016 has been a struggle. He has had to deal

:00:32.:00:41.

with Brexit. Donald Trump winning the presidential election. A new

:00:42.:00:47.

Prime Minister. And these. Goodness me. There they are. How has he

:00:48.:00:55.

managed it? Let's find out, it's Ian Hislop.

:00:56.:01:00.

Nice to see you again. Rich pickings. Quite a dull year, we hack

:01:01.:01:12.

to make it up! Your favourite? We had two elections which we got

:01:13.:01:17.

completely wrong. We got the referendum completely wrong and

:01:18.:01:21.

Trump completely wrong and everybody in my business should be thinking

:01:22.:01:25.

probably Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister next. We have predicted

:01:26.:01:29.

nothing right so far and so the only thing to do is laugh, thank

:01:30.:01:35.

goodness. Before 2016, what was the most remarkable time? Bush- Tony

:01:36.:01:42.

Blair years. We had a US president then we assumed was rather stupid.

:01:43.:01:48.

Times have changed hugely! We were worried. George Bush saying

:01:49.:01:57.

countdown to war and he was counting down, ten, nine, seven, eight, five?

:01:58.:02:03.

Anyway, we are back to that sort of madness now and next year, we have

:02:04.:02:08.

President Trump and Prime Minister Theresa May, possibly. I mean, you

:02:09.:02:16.

know. We might get onto that later. Anything can happen, you don't know.

:02:17.:02:22.

We will look back at a turbulent year later on.

:02:23.:02:25.

First, though, a 2016 story that some may feel hasn't got

:02:26.:02:27.

the attention it deserves - the government's controversial

:02:28.:02:30.

new powers to gather information about all of us.

:02:31.:02:33.

Last night, Nick Wallis gave us a glimpse inside the government's

:02:34.:02:37.

secret communications centre, GCHQ, where all that

:02:38.:02:39.

Tonight he speaks to a senior man in charge who defends his department's

:02:40.:02:57.

work. GCHQ, Cheltenham. Inside what they call the Doughnut agents tackle

:02:58.:03:01.

cyber security and gather intelligence on behalf of the

:03:02.:03:05.

government. For the past 100 years the spy agency has had to stay ahead

:03:06.:03:11.

of the game when it comes to secure communications. It is our job to

:03:12.:03:17.

keep the communications of the Prime Minister and generals secure. This

:03:18.:03:20.

former analyst has seen a lot of change in his 33 years but says the

:03:21.:03:26.

techniques of the Enigma machine from World War II still apply. This

:03:27.:03:37.

is a device designed in 1926. If I press P, it gives me letter Z. Every

:03:38.:03:44.

time I press a key, it scrambles the letter and then will scramble it a

:03:45.:03:49.

different way next time I press it. This is the 21st-century equivalent.

:03:50.:03:54.

What is inside this mobile phone? Fundamentally some ring similar to

:03:55.:03:58.

what happens on this machine. They are kept secure by putting a device

:03:59.:04:03.

onto the machine that ensures speeches scrambled so anyone

:04:04.:04:07.

listening will simply hear white noise. As well as protecting

:04:08.:04:14.

government and military from hostile surveillance, GCHQ protects us from

:04:15.:04:19.

things such as terrorism, cyber attacks and child sexual

:04:20.:04:22.

exploitation. To find out more I will meet one of the big bosses,

:04:23.:04:26.

giving his first broadcast interview. Kieran Martin is the

:04:27.:04:32.

director-general of the newest branch, the national cyber security

:04:33.:04:36.

centre. You cannot talk in detail about them but give as an insight

:04:37.:04:40.

into the sorts of tasks people might carry out in this building? It could

:04:41.:04:46.

be locating a phone number of someone plotting a terrorist attack

:04:47.:04:49.

from abroad, working out a clever way to stop large-scale cyber

:04:50.:04:55.

attacks, for example people pretending to be HM Revenue and

:04:56.:05:00.

Customs. We have written code to stop that so instead of many

:05:01.:05:05.

thousands of e-mails being sent, none of those are being sent. The

:05:06.:05:12.

new investigatory Powers act gives UK intelligence agencies like GCHQ

:05:13.:05:16.

the most sweeping surveillance powers in the Western world and

:05:17.:05:20.

critics say it is a step too far, breaching our right to privacy. One

:05:21.:05:25.

thing people will want to know more than anything is are you able to

:05:26.:05:30.

hack into my e-mails and phone Advocate Mike internet browsing

:05:31.:05:35.

history? GCHQ does not look at everyone's e-mails. We have the

:05:36.:05:40.

power, when there is a threat, we can use bulk data to focus on that

:05:41.:05:45.

threat which means authorisation from a senior minister and judge and

:05:46.:05:48.

that is set out clearly in legislation. Are you a law unto

:05:49.:05:53.

yourselves with this new law? We absolutely are not. We are governed

:05:54.:06:00.

by one of the longest and most transparent and strictest

:06:01.:06:05.

legislation in the world and are subject to the rule of law. Nobody

:06:06.:06:11.

here is above the law. But classified information leaked by

:06:12.:06:14.

American whistle-blower Edward Snowden led to claims GCHQ has acted

:06:15.:06:17.

illegally by collecting massive amounts of data about millions of

:06:18.:06:23.

people'sonline activity. Has anything changed? The courts found

:06:24.:06:29.

in all cases and we have had a number of legal challenges, that our

:06:30.:06:34.

activity is lawful and none of the historical activity was not lawful.

:06:35.:06:38.

In two cases successive governments have not said enough about the way

:06:39.:06:45.

we operate it. What they said was we did not say enough about the way the

:06:46.:06:49.

system operated, that was all they said and we have fixed that through

:06:50.:06:54.

the publication of codes of conduct and there is other material in the

:06:55.:06:58.

public domain about what we do and why. What is it like to have the

:06:59.:07:02.

safety of the nation on your shoulders? I am beating a woman who

:07:03.:07:05.

manages analysts responsible for foiling terror plots. We cannot show

:07:06.:07:13.

her face the national security reasons. How stressful is it when

:07:14.:07:17.

you know we are facing a threat that could put lives at risk? We

:07:18.:07:22.

understand our jobs are on the front line. There is no escaping the fact

:07:23.:07:28.

it has consequences. How do you know you are making a difference? It can

:07:29.:07:33.

feel relentless beat you have moments when an operation goes well

:07:34.:07:39.

and in hideous act is averted or a worrying cyber attack is defended

:07:40.:07:42.

against and that is how we know. We know we are making a difference.

:07:43.:07:53.

International security expert and University of Warwick's Professor

:07:54.:07:58.

Richard Aldrich his here to explain more about GCHQ capabilities.

:07:59.:08:03.

Welcome. You have written a lot about the history of GCHQ. You know

:08:04.:08:09.

more than most what goes on inside. Can you shed more light on how they

:08:10.:08:17.

gather and analyse this data? GCHQ gathers intelligence by listening

:08:18.:08:22.

into telephone calls, reading e-mails. It gets a lot of

:08:23.:08:27.

intelligence from looking at who called who when, who accessed the

:08:28.:08:33.

internet when, and it can hack into people'scomputer. It can go into the

:08:34.:08:39.

back of your computer and change things inside the computer. It does

:08:40.:08:43.

these things and no less important is trying to prevent adverse is

:08:44.:08:48.

doing the same things to us. I'm sure the techniques are similar but

:08:49.:08:54.

this new law, what is happening now? What can GCHQ do now they could not

:08:55.:08:59.

a month ago? The new law is important and I take issue with

:09:00.:09:05.

Kieran Martin in the film. For 17 years GCHQ was in breach of article

:09:06.:09:09.

eight and not saying enough about what it was doing which meant if we

:09:10.:09:14.

had an issue with intelligence collection, it was quite difficult

:09:15.:09:18.

to seek redress. Is the point it is not a Secret Service? Exactly. It is

:09:19.:09:25.

secret but telling us enough now about what it is doing to comply

:09:26.:09:31.

with European legislation. The bill is tough on metadata, so it is quite

:09:32.:09:37.

easy for the authorities to get at that description of communications.

:09:38.:09:41.

There are half a million requests for that data. It is quite tough on

:09:42.:09:48.

encryption. We allowing krypton on phones but GCHQ has to be allowed a

:09:49.:09:53.

back door. The improvement is that judges now have to sign off on

:09:54.:09:59.

warrants, which is reassuring. As opposed to just the Home Secretary,

:10:00.:10:05.

a cabinet minister, say one was extremely rude about, could sign a

:10:06.:10:09.

warrant to look at my computer. I was very against, you would not be

:10:10.:10:13.

surprised to hear. With the new law, how does it affect you? Your ability

:10:14.:10:22.

to do your job? I think it makes journalism and investigative

:10:23.:10:27.

journalism harder because I do not think there are sufficient

:10:28.:10:31.

safeguards for journalistic sources. I have issues with the fact they

:10:32.:10:35.

have put into law what they were exposed as doing for the last 70

:10:36.:10:40.

years. They are saying, we doing it but it is illegal now. Every step

:10:41.:10:45.

that hat to be fought to get a judge to say you can target it, than

:10:46.:10:50.

saying, we will look at everything. We have been busy with Brexit, but

:10:51.:10:54.

essentially they are saying the fact you have done nothing wrong does not

:10:55.:10:59.

matter, we are looking at everything from everyone, which is different

:11:00.:11:03.

from saying we are looking at you and you. This is a new world and as

:11:04.:11:10.

far as privacy versus security, everybody wants to stay safe. Do you

:11:11.:11:14.

feel we have the right line at this point? The worrying thing about the

:11:15.:11:20.

line where we are is it is determined largely by technology and

:11:21.:11:24.

not by debate in Parliament. The line between liberty and security

:11:25.:11:29.

will probably determined by a 19-year-old maths undergraduate who

:11:30.:11:34.

has discovered some widget! That is how it will be determined because

:11:35.:11:39.

the debate in Parliament, most MPs don't really understand this stuff.

:11:40.:11:45.

We will have to leave it there. GCHQ have given you a Christmas present,

:11:46.:11:52.

Ian. This is their new puzzle book. Pit your wits against the people who

:11:53.:12:04.

cracked It -- cracked Enigma. It is for the charity Heads Together. Pop

:12:05.:12:13.

it on your desk. Hello. Theresa May? Straight through.

:12:14.:12:16.

It's inevitable that over Christmas there'll be plenty of films telling

:12:17.:12:19.

the story of Scrooge, so we thought we'd get

:12:20.:12:21.

Gyles takes us back in time to meet a very rich man,

:12:22.:12:25.

This is the story of a real-life Scrooge, a man of inordinate wealth

:12:26.:12:39.

whose team drove him to become a legendary miser. He was an American.

:12:40.:12:45.

John Paul Getty. He felt most at home in the land of Dickens. Today I

:12:46.:12:49.

am taking you on a journey to meet the ghosts of his past, present and

:12:50.:13:00.

future. That journey begins here, at Sutton Place in Surrey, where we

:13:01.:13:05.

have been given rare access by the current owner. Getty purchased it in

:13:06.:13:09.

1959 as headquarters for the Getty oil company. At the time he was the

:13:10.:13:15.

richest man in the world, having made his first million half a

:13:16.:13:19.

century earlier in the oilfields of Oklahoma at the age of 24. But the

:13:20.:13:24.

fires burned low in his day. He became infamous for his

:13:25.:13:29.

penny-pinching when he insisted visitors and staff use a payphone

:13:30.:13:34.

when staying under his roof. And that is not all, he stood by and let

:13:35.:13:38.

his mother-in-law's house be repossessed by the bank will stop

:13:39.:13:43.

after a life-saving operation for one of his sons, he could hold over

:13:44.:13:51.

the hospital bills. In 1963, Alan Wicker made a brutally honest

:13:52.:13:55.

documentary about Getty. Do you find shops expect you to be a big

:13:56.:13:59.

spender? I hope they don't, they might be disappointed! His

:14:00.:14:08.

biographer, and investigative journalist, Russell Miller, gathered

:14:09.:14:14.

eyewitness accounts. At one stage caught in the third son stayed at

:14:15.:14:17.

Sutton Place and was charged for his room. When his son came to stay at

:14:18.:14:23.

his father's house, the sun had to pay for bed and breakfast? Correct.

:14:24.:14:29.

Getty's relationship with his family was fraught and in 1970 31 event

:14:30.:14:35.

caused a crisis. His grandson Paul Getty was kidnapped with a ransom

:14:36.:14:41.

demand of $17 million. Getty refused to pay the ransom and in the end the

:14:42.:14:45.

boy's father was obliged to borrow the money from John Paul at an

:14:46.:14:51.

agreed rate of interest, 4%, I think it was. With a litany of miserly

:14:52.:14:55.

meanness, there is only one question to ask, why was he this way? I think

:14:56.:15:02.

it wanted his sons to join him in the business and the fact they

:15:03.:15:05.

didn't was a matter of grievous sorrow to him.

:15:06.:15:10.

There is a twisted to this tale worthy of Dickens himself. Getty,

:15:11.:15:21.

started to throw Christmas parties for local orphans and donated

:15:22.:15:25.

millions of dollars to art galleries and museums. His money was used for

:15:26.:15:32.

good. Even after his own demise, saving this sculpture, the three

:15:33.:15:37.

Graces from being sold overseas with ?1 million donation, securing its

:15:38.:15:42.

future in the UK along with Getty's legacy. But why this enormous,

:15:43.:15:47.

unexplained change. I think it is time I got inside the mind of

:15:48.:15:50.

someone who has made millions, millions and millions. The one Show

:15:51.:15:57.

has secured an exclusive interview with Sir Tom Hunter, a billionaire

:15:58.:16:01.

who made his money in retail and then decided to give it away. Maybe

:16:02.:16:07.

he has an idea. My dad was a local grocer. He used to say to me, this

:16:08.:16:12.

community pays all our wages and we take things out of it and we have

:16:13.:16:18.

got to put things back into it. Getty had everything but joy in his

:16:19.:16:23.

life, a chain he had forged himself. But it all this money couldn't buy

:16:24.:16:30.

happiness, what could? The biggest joy we get is when a philanthropic

:16:31.:16:35.

project works and that is the biggest high I have ever got in my

:16:36.:16:40.

life. It is great fun. Why would I leave it to someone else when I am

:16:41.:16:43.

dead to have all this fun, giving your money away. Nobody knows why

:16:44.:16:52.

Getty changed. PR stunt? Guilt? Maybe, he was visited by a ghost in

:16:53.:16:54.

the night? What a story. My dad was keen on

:16:55.:17:06.

installing a payphone when I was younger. Save a bit of cash. I can

:17:07.:17:13.

imagine why. She never shuts up on the old blower. Ian, it is your 30th

:17:14.:17:19.

year as editor. Is there nothing else you would rather be doing? Do

:17:20.:17:26.

you mean, have I ever been offered anything else? The answer is

:17:27.:17:31.

obviously no. 30 years ago, this country was run by a woman Prime

:17:32.:17:37.

Minister, a Tory, very little opposition, we had a mad American

:17:38.:17:40.

president. Things have changed so much! How varied my job is. You have

:17:41.:17:50.

in change, this is you in your third year. Look at you, there you are.

:17:51.:17:59.

And the great Peter Cook. How do you think you are better now as an

:18:00.:18:04.

editor when you were in the 80s? I have seen a lot more happen and that

:18:05.:18:08.

helps because you don't get surprised and you are less scared.

:18:09.:18:11.

It's a Moly says, this is the most dangerous thing something is, it

:18:12.:18:18.

probably isn't. Also you know more and you get an instinct for what

:18:19.:18:24.

might be funny. Having said that, you know, a lot of events this year

:18:25.:18:30.

came upon us a bit by surprise. Boris is still funny. He gets quite

:18:31.:18:37.

a ribbing in the new annual. So he should. He features a great deal

:18:38.:18:43.

because his views are both ways. Sometimes he is pro-Brexit,

:18:44.:18:49.

sometimes he is anti-Brexit. Sometimes he is on a bike, sometimes

:18:50.:18:59.

he is anti-bike. The mind boggles as to how you decide what to put in

:19:00.:19:06.

here? This was an amazing year, Brexit, Trump, the Olympics in the

:19:07.:19:10.

middle, Rupert Murdoch got married. Come on, let's be amused. There is

:19:11.:19:18.

any amount to choose from. I had to really hone it down to essentially

:19:19.:19:22.

do things that made me laugh. That was one of them. The absolute chaos

:19:23.:19:27.

in the middle of the year where we had this referendum and we didn't

:19:28.:19:32.

know who was in charge, everyone resigned. The people behind the

:19:33.:19:36.

league campaign, lit the fire and ranted. Theresa May, Boris or

:19:37.:19:42.

Michael Gove. No, they have all gone. That must come with its

:19:43.:19:50.

pressures as an editor. How low can you go. I have appointed Boris as

:19:51.:19:58.

Foreign Secretary. You imagine prime ministers as headteachers. You have

:19:59.:20:02.

a firm idea about the sort of head Theresa May would make? We have this

:20:03.:20:07.

running joke that the Tory party was a school that was run previously by

:20:08.:20:13.

a posh Atonio headmaster. Now we have a proper grammar school

:20:14.:20:17.

headmistress in. She is having no nonsense, you can see by the

:20:18.:20:21.

investigatory powers. Detention for everyone at all times. She just fell

:20:22.:20:27.

straight into the role, which was great. So Theresa May is in.

:20:28.:20:34.

Definitely, this annual is out now? It is out now. We will be quizzing

:20:35.:20:40.

you in a few minutes to see how good you are with fake news and detecting

:20:41.:20:46.

whether it is real or not? Fake news? Apparently Trump is president.

:20:47.:20:53.

That is true. Also we will be asking if children get too many presents at

:20:54.:20:54.

Christmas. In 2012, The One Show met

:20:55.:20:58.

the British Para Orchestra, the world's first professional

:20:59.:21:01.

ensemble of disabled musicians. Now it seems they have

:21:02.:21:03.

a bit of competition. There are some new kids on the block

:21:04.:21:05.

and Richard Mainwaring Today, I am at Bristol Cathedral

:21:06.:21:17.

where 150 people are in last-minute preparations for a performance,

:21:18.:21:21.

which has at the centre of it, young, disabled musicians. Southwest

:21:22.:21:26.

youth Orchestra has brought together talented performers. Some play

:21:27.:21:32.

traditional entrance, but some use state-of-the-art technology. They

:21:33.:21:36.

have been in rehearsals for six months. This is their director. Has

:21:37.:21:41.

anything like this been done before? Not in the way that we put young,

:21:42.:21:46.

disabled musicians at the heart of the music, developing bespoke

:21:47.:21:50.

instruments with them. Bradley Warrick was one of the earliest

:21:51.:21:54.

members. He has cerebral palsy so he communicates through gazing

:21:55.:21:59.

technology and has instruments adapted for his needs. The orchestra

:22:00.:22:04.

has opened up a new world for him. I have made new friends and enjoy

:22:05.:22:08.

playing music together. I am happy my talent has been spotted. It has

:22:09.:22:14.

given me a purpose tonight music. Jackie is Bradley's carer. When I

:22:15.:22:21.

see him playing, it makes me so emotional, just to see him have the

:22:22.:22:25.

chance to play in an orchestra. I can see a big change in Bradley, it

:22:26.:22:31.

has made him much more confident. 12-year-old pianist Ashley is blind

:22:32.:22:35.

and on the autistic spectrum. Since she was a baby she has been battling

:22:36.:22:39.

against the odds. Stephen is her father. She was born at 24 weeks and

:22:40.:22:45.

in hospital for six months. She was a twin, but her twin brother didn't

:22:46.:22:51.

make it. From 18-month-old, she has been passionate about music, thanks

:22:52.:22:57.

in part to an incredible gift. She has perfect pitch. She only has to

:22:58.:23:00.

listen to a piece of music and she can pick out which pieces she can

:23:01.:23:06.

play on the piano. I am glad you are on that part. She can just learn

:23:07.:23:12.

those from listening? Yes, within five or ten minutes. Today they are

:23:13.:23:19.

playing a piece called Silver Rose beside a brass band and choir of

:23:20.:23:24.

100. Although the rehearsals have gone well, emotions are running

:23:25.:23:30.

high. I feel very nervous. I am sure Bradley doesn't, he is taking it all

:23:31.:23:36.

in his stride. Very excited. How will you feel like at the end of

:23:37.:23:41.

this performance? I will feel proud and relieved. We hope she enjoys it

:23:42.:23:48.

as well. That is the main thing. The atmosphere is buzzing. I can send a

:23:49.:23:53.

few nerves, but I have no doubt they will put on a stellar performance.

:23:54.:23:58.

After six months of rehearsals, the Orchestra are finally ready for

:23:59.:23:59.

their debut performance. Ashley, how did that feel to

:24:00.:24:58.

playback, was it great fun? Yes. Well done. Bradley, you were

:24:59.:25:06.

fantastic, how do you feel? I feel buzzing and out of this world. So

:25:07.:25:13.

you should. I feel proud Bradley, it was amazing.

:25:14.:25:21.

The orchestra are looking for new members and we have put the details

:25:22.:25:31.

on our website. It has been hard to bar to whether

:25:32.:25:41.

new stories have been fake or real. We have three stories, one is made

:25:42.:25:45.

up. You need to spot the odd one out. Let's go with the first one.

:25:46.:25:50.

Jeremy Hunt replaced foreign doctors with the Internet? Or... MC Hammer

:25:51.:26:04.

is afraid of hammers. Canada's immigration website crashes as Trump

:26:05.:26:10.

wins election. Which one is fake? I think the middle one is fake? No, MC

:26:11.:26:23.

Hammer is afraid of hammers. Let's go with the second one. Being

:26:24.:26:27.

president is a bigger job than I thought says Trump. Local man to

:26:28.:26:35.

front, don't know referendum campaign. Scottish politicians call

:26:36.:26:39.

for government action over changes to Toblerone is. Which is fake? That

:26:40.:26:48.

is right. We are out of time but we had a brilliant third one. I would

:26:49.:26:51.

have had that one wrong as well. Children's Christmas lists seem

:26:52.:26:54.

to be getting longer and longer, leading some to suggest

:26:55.:26:56.

we need a four-gift rule to This would mean they only get

:26:57.:26:58.

one thing they want, something they need,

:26:59.:27:02.

one thing to wear, That's up to Santa, of course,

:27:03.:27:03.

but what do parents think? Have you heard of the four gift

:27:04.:27:22.

rule? Yes, something to work, something to read, something they

:27:23.:27:25.

want and something they need. What do you think of it? They don't

:27:26.:27:31.

appreciate them. It is just another present. Do you just want for

:27:32.:27:38.

presence or a lot of presence? For presence. If you narrow it down to

:27:39.:27:45.

just for presence, they might treasure those. It is a good idea. I

:27:46.:27:51.

have two daughters, seven and ten and Christmas Day is a total frenzy.

:27:52.:27:57.

For presence would be great. Do we need something like a four gift

:27:58.:28:02.

rule. As a kid I was very spoiled and got lots of presents. I am from

:28:03.:28:06.

a big family and I was lucky kid. When you were a kid, what would you

:28:07.:28:13.

have thought if you only got for presence? I counted 30 71 Christmas.

:28:14.:28:19.

The whole front room was covered in wrapping paper. It was always

:28:20.:28:34.

something to build. Christmas Day, and not having built a radio

:28:35.:28:37.

controlled car for many years, I love that. Is it too many gifts? No,

:28:38.:28:48.

because it's just December. We should make children give up some of

:28:49.:28:52.

their toys before they opened the new toys. They don't play with

:28:53.:28:55.

everything and that Christmas, there are lots of children, donate to the

:28:56.:29:01.

charity shops, other children get the joy from them and they can play

:29:02.:29:06.

with the new stuff. A few people here are open to the idea of the

:29:07.:29:10.

four gift rule, but in the end it only matters what one man thinks.

:29:11.:29:12.

What would Father Christmas do? A very good point, a lot of our

:29:13.:29:21.

younger viewers will be hoping Santa doesn't watch the one Show. He

:29:22.:29:23.

watches everything. Thanks to Ian, the Private Eye

:29:24.:29:27.

2016 Annual is out now. Tomorrow we'll be here

:29:28.:29:29.

with Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins,

:29:30.:29:32.

what a great line up, They're joined by Martin

:29:33.:29:34.

Kemp and Alan Davies. MUSIC: Beyond The Sea

:29:35.:29:39.

by Bobby Darin

:29:40.:29:51.

Download Subtitles

SRT

ASS