Episode 21 Roar


Episode 21

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Today on Roar, they've got razor-sharp claws,

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teeth like daggers and are ruthless hunters.

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If you're being chased by these ultimate predators,

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this could be the last thing you ever see.

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Hello and welcome to Roar. I'm Johny, and this is...

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Rani, what are you doing?

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I'm just seeing if I can turn my neck all the way round, like an owl.

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Yes, but Harriet's neck is designed to do just that, and yours isn't.

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Ah-ha, but practice makes perfect, Johny.

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I'm sure I'll be able to do it in a minute.

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Rani, I think you're going to get stuck. Let's get on with the rest of the show.

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Johny. Johny... Er, Johny, I think my neck's stuck!

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In an action-packed show today, the lions get a new scratching post.

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But is it tough enough to survive these heavyweight killers?

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-Roll over!

-Has Rani gone mad?

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-Roll over...?

-That's a rhino, not a dog.

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And breakfast, anyone?

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Our Roar Rangers face a prickly problem with the pygmy hedgehogs.

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That makes me feel disgusting.

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But first, head of the big cats Brian Kent

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looks after some of the laziest animals in the park, the lions.

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Like domestic cats, lions sleep for up to 20 hours a day.

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They conserve their energy for hunting.

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But here at the park, they get their food delivered.

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So Brian and his team are always looking

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for new ways to keep the pride active and alert.

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Mildred, Mildred!

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Today, it's football training.

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She likes playing football. Here you are.

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Well, they're off. And Mildred's really getting her teeth into this game.

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Beautiful move there! And she's passed to Sweet Pea.

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Referee, that was a harsh tackle!

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Oh, and that's a throw-in.

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Mildred's going to take it.

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Oh, no, it looks like it might be all over. And it is now.

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The crowd won't be happy with that. These are some really lazy cats.

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The lions do have other toys to play with, but the problem is, they break everything too quickly.

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This is our old scratching pole. I think it's been here three or four years, maybe.

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This one's just about had it now, they've had all the rope off.

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All the objects that we had on it,

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they've basically destroyed a lot of that,

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so we're thinking of putting up a new one for them.

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Brian and his deputy, Bob,

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have come up with a design which consists of a central post

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with a crossbar attached to a swivel on the top, so it can move.

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They'll get a good old swing on that.

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The crossbar will also have hooks to hang things off for the lions to play with.

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You could dangle anything from there.

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But will this super scratcher be tough enough to survive the lions?

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We'll find out later.

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The safari park is surrounded by forest, which is lucky,

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because many of the animals here love nothing better than some fresh branches and leaves every day.

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It's called browse, and there's one greedy group of animals here that just can't get enough of it.

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-I'm here in the pygmy goat enclosure, with keeper Bev.

-Hi.

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It's feeding time for the pygmy goats. Where do we do this?

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OK, if you're up for it, Johny, up on the climbing frame.

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Right, I'll let you lead the way.

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OK! Just mind, some of the goats will get in the way slightly.

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You just have to push past them.

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They're keen, aren't they? This is really surprising,

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cos I've always thought of goats as being quite timid animals.

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They can be, but these are pygmy goats,

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so they're extra playful, extra jolly,

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and we've got babies at the moment, so they're all very excitable.

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-I think I'm being followed.

-Are you?

-I am.

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-They're not going to try and ram us off, are they?

-I hope not.

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Just watch where you put your feet and you'll be fine.

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Why are we feeding them so high up on this climbing frame?

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Because it's a new climbing frame,

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and they're trying to get their confidence up here.

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If we feed them here, they're up here playing more often,

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and they use it more, because they do like to play at height.

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Yeah. Would you find these guys up in the mountains?

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Yes, you would, you'd find them on high ground,

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rocky outcrops and things like that.

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So a plain paddock would be a bit boring for them,

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they need something to run around on.

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-What are we giving to them?

-We've got oak browse today,

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but any kind of leaf for the goats is fine -

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sycamore, beech, anything like that, they really enjoy it.

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Throughout the summer, they graze on the grass, but we do supplement them

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-with a bit of browse.

-And what part do they eat?

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Mostly just the leaves.

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Any of the small twigs they'll eat as well.

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Really?

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Is that OK for the digestion, if they eat some of the twigs?

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Yeah, that's fine, cos they do tend to chew them.

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They've got very strong molars at the back, so they chew them right up.

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-Yeah, they enjoy it.

-And they all seem to have their own vibe,

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their own style and fashion - why are they all different colours?

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It depends, cos Poppadom's sister is all ginger, with short hair,

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and then he's just long and blonde.

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So it's just one of those things.

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We get white ones to black-and-white ones to Benson, he's a tri-colour.

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It's just one of those things.

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With pygmy goats, you get all sorts of colours.

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These little ones are so cute, have a look at this fella.

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-They're not shy at all.

-No.

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What's the difference between a pygmy goat and a regular goat?

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Short in the leg, really.

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Regular goats will be much, much taller and a bit bigger.

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Pygmy goats are short and stout.

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Bev, it's been great to see these pygmy goats enjoying their treat.

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I think they've all scattered now, so they're full-up.

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-How do we get down?

-Er, we should follow that goat, I think!

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Let's do it!

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What do you call a bear with no teeth?

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-Don't know.

-A gummy bear!

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Moo!

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How do you stop the skunk from smelling?

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Hold its nose!

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What's a snake's favourite football team?

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Slither-pool!

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The park's builders have been hard at work

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making a tough new scratching post for the lions.

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It's now finally finished, and ready to go into the lion enclosure.

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But these deadly predators could kill a human in seconds.

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So, before the workmen can get going,

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Brian's got a very important job to do.

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We just need to lock them in, so they're safely out the way.

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Luckily, this morning, all seven lions are all safely in the paddock

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at the bottom of the enclosure,

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so all Brian has to do is lock a door in the fence

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so they can't get out.

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Now it's safe to bring in the diggers.

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Ready?

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Someone's got to do it properly.

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With the main post in place, the crossbar goes on top.

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Now all it needs are the finishing touches.

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Some footballs and a Roar camera in a special lion-proof box.

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The post is tall enough

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so the lions will have to jump to reach the balls.

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So this camera should get some great action shots.

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I think the lions are going to come out excited,

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cos they've been in the paddock watching us,

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and I've been watching them and they've been looking quite excited.

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So I think when they come out, they'll be straight over,

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and really go for it.

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But will it be tough enough

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to survive a whole pride of hungry lions?

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Stay tuned to find out.

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Our Roar Rangers today are brother and sister George and Nicole.

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These two are crazy about their animals.

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I want to be a Roar Ranger, because animals are important to me.

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I just love animals, and it's my life.

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I want to be a Roar Ranger, to have a great day,

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and to spend more time with my brother.

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Ah, sisterly love!

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But how long will that last?

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I'm going to be a better Roar Ranger,

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because I'm crazy about animals, and my sister isn't.

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I am a better Roar Ranger than George because he terrifies animals.

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At home, George and Nicole have three pets - Angel the hamster,

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Eddie the dog and Socks the cat.

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These Rangers are raring to go,

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so let's find out what their challenge is today.

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"George and Nicole, today you're going to be keepers

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-"for some of the prickly creatures."

-Yes!

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I don't think it's going to be porcupines, cos they're a bit dangerous.

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We would never put you in danger, Nicole!

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Poo cleaning, yes, but danger, no.

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Time to meet your keeper down at Animal Adventure.

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Hi, guys, my name's Kat. I hear you're going to be helping me with some very prickly animals today.

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Why don't you come and have a look?

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First up is an animal that we rarely see on Roar.

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It's the African pygmy hedgehog.

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These small animals are found in the dry grasslands of central Africa.

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What I'm going to do is, I'm going to ask you

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to pop them in this nice carry box,

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cos we're going to give them a bit of a clean-out.

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-Nicole, if you want to hold on to Candy for me, OK?

-OK.

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Now, you're going to feel the prickles,

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but don't be scared, cos she'll be absolutely fine.

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You feel how soft her belly is?

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-Mmm, she's very soft.

-Lovely and soft?

-Yep.

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Now, do you want to have a good stroke?

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Shall I hold down and you have a touch there?

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-It's like she's put too much hair gel on.

-They're sharp.

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They're sharp, aren't they?

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The spines feel like when you put hair gel on your hair.

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Now the hedgehogs are safely away, we're going to get in

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and we're going to get our hands a bit dirty now.

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It's horrible.

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A lot of gas in there.

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A lot of gas, and a lot of stinky bedding.

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You can't beat being a Roar Ranger!

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With a nice clean cage, it's time for a treat.

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Breakfast for the hedgehogs - mealworms, anyone?

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That makes me feel disgusting.

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Looking at those mealworms makes me have the heebie-jeebies.

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I might touch them, but I'll let George.

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You'll actually eat one.

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-I will not.

-George might not, but the hedgehogs adore them.

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So, both hedgehogs get 15 each.

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So you guys are now going to have to count out 30 mealworms.

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-Two, three...

-Five, six, seven... Ooh!

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12...

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That's another two, you pop them in.

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-I feel sick.

-Just a few more, Nicole.

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12, 13.

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Two more!

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Your last one.

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Well done.

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That's all right, they can have an extra one.

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Well, Nicole doesn't like them, but the hedgehogs love them.

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Time for a quick hand wash before the next Ranger challenge.

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Guys, that was fantastic.

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Going from a small prickly animal to a rather big one now.

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This animal can actually take down and kill a male lion.

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A male lion?

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Stay tuned to find out

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what animal our keeper can possibly be talking about.

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This is a very special moment here on Roar.

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That's right, this is the grand opening

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of the brand new lion scratch post.

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We're here with head honcho, head of animals Keith.

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-How are you doing?

-Hiya, I'm good.

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OK, here it is, what is the plan?

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Well, we need you to cut the ribbon, or at least untie it.

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-OK!

-And then we're going to let that lot come up

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and see what they're going to do with it.

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I can see them pacing, does that mean they want to be let out?

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Yes, they've been watching what's been going on, all this being built,

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so hopefully they'll come straight up.

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And we'll see what they do. I just hope it stays there!

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Johny, we should be very honoured.

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-Shall we untie the ribbon together?

-Let's do it!

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OK, you get one end, I'll get the other. And...

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Three, two, one...

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We declare this lion scratch post open!

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-Right, let's quickly get in the van!

-Yeah, and let's let them out!

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So we're here in safety of the jeep now, and I think it's time to let the lions out.

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So Keith, are you ready to do the honours?

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-Are we ready?

-Let's do it. Let's do it.

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OK, Brian, you can let them out now.

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-RANI GASPS

-Oh, they've been released!

-Here they come!

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-So you've got seven females...

-The braver ones will come first.

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-Oh, my goodness!

-They're coming from all round.

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-I know, I feel scared for the pole!

-Think of when they're hunting, though.

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When they're hunting prey, they would all spread out and attack it.

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-And it's a similar behaviour we're getting there.

-Just look at them!

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It is so unbelievable to see them like this.

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Now, how deep does that go, I mean, is it quite sturdy?

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It's going to last for a while?

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Yeah. Because, I mean, when you think these girls

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are 300-400 lbs in weight each.

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But when they start climbing on something...

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You see how they're surrounding it?

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-Yeah!

-They're making sure there's nothing to interfere.

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Is there much communication going on between the lions right now?

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Not that we can sense from here.

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You won't hear talking, but they communicate.

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Lions are quite incredible, especially if you think of them in the wild, hunting.

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-They're not even near each other, but everybody knows what everyone's doing.

-Here we go!

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-Gently... I hope that doesn't fall down.

-They're going for it!

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Oh, look at the size of them!

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So, she's testing it.

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-You can really see just how big these lions are now.

-Yeah.

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You think of her height.

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Well, I'm six foot three and she'd tower me, stood up.

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-Really?

-That's incredible.

-Thing is, you wouldn't want

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one of them standing next to you, would you?

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THEY LAUGH

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She's going to try and go for that ball.

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Do you think that's the fascinating thing for them? Or the camera?

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-Oh, they're going for it!

-She's after the camera.

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-No, don't go for the camera!

-We wouldn't see the action!

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Look at the shots that camera must be getting.

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When you're putting stuff up, part of you is thinking the lions'll go,

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"A little scratch, look after me nails",

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or do you know they are just going to take it on?

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-No, we normally know they're going to get up to something.

-Look at that!

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She's trying to hit the ball with her other paw now.

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It just shows how strong these guys are.

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-Look at...

-THEY LAUGH

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Went for its close up, and then jumped down!

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As well as the claws, when this lioness just went up then, you could really see her teeth.

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They've got incredibly powerful teeth, haven't they? Big teeth.

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Their jaws are probably one of the most powerful parts

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of the animal, believe it or not.

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Because, although they'll bring prey down with their claws,

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they will actually kill the prey with their mouths, their jaws.

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And it's the power of the jaw which suffocates their prey.

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If you think of them, you know, they'll take things like buffalo,

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they've got to have some power to actually asphyxiate those.

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Even though they're big and strong,

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they're still really light on their feet.

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They're quite good climbers. They're better going up than coming down!

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-Right, yeah!

-They quite often fall down.

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And so this post will be great

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for sharpening their claws, strengthening their jaws.

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I guess that's the point of putting it in there.

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Yeah, it is entertainment for them, but it's exercise

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and that's what these animals need. So it will be quite good.

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So, do you think they're going to use this pole?

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I would imagine they'll use it every day.

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On that note, I think we should say thank you very much

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-and we should get out of here!

-Yeah, while we can!

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The scratch post has survived so far,

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but this lot won't give up easily.

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We'll be back later to see what happens.

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It's cheat code time for the Roar game.

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Have you got something to write with?

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OK. Take this down. snow9. Type that in and see what you get.

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It could be treats, new animals or even a new enclosure.

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If you haven't played the Roar game on the CBBC website, then why not?

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It's easy to get started, and great fun. Happy gaming!

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I'm off to the Rhino House now,

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because I've heard that keeper Adrian

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has learnt how to talk to his animals!

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Now, tell me, is this true?

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Can you get this very big lady to do what you want her to do?

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-Because I'm having trouble with Johny!

-We can do. We can do.

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Talk us through this. You've got commands for the rhinos.

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-Who is this lady?

-This is Marashi.

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So, what are the commands you have for Marashi?

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Well, first we want her to come to us, so we say, "Come here".

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Then to go forward, it's, "Move up".

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And then when she's with you, "Steady", because we want her to stand still. So it's just, "Steady".

0:18:400:18:46

So these are all commands you use so you can look after the rhinos?

0:18:460:18:50

It is, it gets them up very close,

0:18:500:18:52

so we can look them over, and we can brush them down.

0:18:520:18:54

And if the vet had to get up close to see anything, to check their feet,

0:18:540:18:58

they're right beside so he can get a very close look at them.

0:18:580:19:01

Now, I have to be honest, Adrian, everyone's at home going,

0:19:010:19:04

"Yeah, yeah, yeah, whatever".

0:19:040:19:06

The commands sound great, but will Marashi,

0:19:060:19:09

who's probably about 2.5 tonnes, actually listen to you?

0:19:090:19:13

Well, let's actually see if she's going to listen to you, shall we?

0:19:130:19:17

RANI LAUGHS I can't speak rhino!

0:19:170:19:19

OK, so if we stand over here, and you say, "Come here".

0:19:190:19:23

So... Come here!

0:19:230:19:25

-"Move up".

-Move up.

0:19:250:19:26

And if we can just get her to come up closer. And, "Lean in".

0:19:260:19:30

Lean in.

0:19:300:19:32

Good. Now, I want you just to gently hold her there,

0:19:320:19:35

-and just keep saying, "Steady," gently.

-Steady.

0:19:350:19:38

-And don't forget, "Good girl".

-Steady.

0:19:380:19:41

-Good girl!

-Remember, don't pat her.

-Don't pat her! I've got it.

0:19:410:19:45

Why are you brushing her? Because she's a lady

0:19:450:19:48

and she likes to have her hair brushed every morning?

0:19:480:19:50

No, because this is very good for the skin. It loosens that mud.

0:19:500:19:54

We've given her a mud bath a few days ago,

0:19:540:19:57

and it loosens that mud and lifts the dry skin up.

0:19:570:20:00

-Steady, steady.

-Keep saying "Steady". Good.

0:20:000:20:02

I think it's time to release her, so, two pats.

0:20:020:20:05

-"All right".

-All right.

0:20:050:20:07

-And, "Get around".

-Get around. Here she comes.

-Here she comes!

0:20:070:20:11

-I did that, I did that!

-That's it, over here.

0:20:110:20:13

Tell her to come here.

0:20:130:20:15

Come here.

0:20:150:20:16

-"Move up".

-Move up.

-And, "Lean in".

0:20:160:20:21

-Lean in. Steady. Good girl!

-Well done.

0:20:210:20:26

I'm actually quite amazed that I have got a rhino to do something!

0:20:260:20:31

Good girl.

0:20:310:20:33

Good girl.

0:20:330:20:36

-That's very good.

-Steady.

-Now, two pats and, "All right".

0:20:360:20:38

-All right.

-Good girl.

-Good girl.

0:20:380:20:41

I have to say, Adrian, I'm so impressed with Marashi,

0:20:410:20:44

she has listened to everything I've asked her to do today.

0:20:440:20:47

I would like to try something now with Marashi.

0:20:470:20:51

-Is my job under threat?

-It could be.

0:20:510:20:54

I'll just, I think I have a knack, so, Marashi, stay.

0:20:540:20:58

Stay.

0:20:580:21:00

Now, roll over.

0:21:000:21:02

Roll over?

0:21:050:21:06

I think I need to work on this one.

0:21:060:21:09

So far today, our Roar Rangers George and Nicole

0:21:180:21:20

have cleaned and fed two small prickly animals.

0:21:200:21:23

Now it's time to meet a pair that are 10 times bigger -

0:21:230:21:27

the porcupines.

0:21:270:21:29

What we are going to do is, we're going to go in and give them

0:21:290:21:32

that very special thing, enrichment, before we let them out.

0:21:320:21:35

The Cape porcupine, or South African porcupine, is a large rodent

0:21:350:21:40

that mainly comes out at night, so they can be hard to see in the wild.

0:21:400:21:44

They're found all over southern Africa.

0:21:440:21:47

OK, we're now in the porcupine enclosure.

0:21:480:21:50

What I want you to look out for is their big quills, OK?

0:21:500:21:55

The porcupines actually shed their quills, so they do drop them.

0:21:550:21:58

So you've got to have a look around this enclosure for me.

0:21:580:22:01

Pick them up, make sure that you don't hurt yourselves with them,

0:22:010:22:04

cos they are very, very sharp.

0:22:040:22:06

Luckily, the porcupines are shut in at the moment,

0:22:060:22:09

so our Rangers are safe.

0:22:090:22:10

They regularly shed some of their quills,

0:22:100:22:13

but, since they have up to 30,000 of them, they won't miss a few.

0:22:130:22:17

The largest spines grow as long as the animal's body.

0:22:170:22:20

The spines are actually modified hairs made of keratin,

0:22:200:22:23

the same substance that's found in our hair and fingernails,

0:22:230:22:26

and a rhino's horn.

0:22:260:22:28

As you can see, they're different sizes.

0:22:280:22:31

And do you think a porcupine would be able

0:22:310:22:34

-to take down a lion with this?

-Yes.

-What do you think it would do?

0:22:340:22:37

-Stick it into it.

-Run backwards and hit it in the face.

0:22:370:22:39

Fantastic, yeah, it would run back and then it would stick it in.

0:22:390:22:43

And these quills are sharp.

0:22:430:22:45

They have tiny barbs at the end, so if a lion gets a faceful of these,

0:22:450:22:49

they're hard to get out and easily become infected.

0:22:490:22:52

This can eventually kill a lion.

0:22:520:22:54

What I've got here, guys, is a food bowl for them.

0:22:540:22:58

So when these guys come out, we'll fill this with hay, and then we'll throw it over for them.

0:22:590:23:05

Nicole, if you want to grab on to that...

0:23:050:23:07

In Africa, where they come from,

0:23:070:23:09

what would they eat there, like, tubers?

0:23:090:23:11

Yeah, anything like that, any roots,

0:23:110:23:13

anything that they can dig up, they'll have a good gnaw on.

0:23:130:23:17

The Cape porcupine is a herbivore and loves all sorts of vegetables.

0:23:180:23:23

Like rats, their teeth grow constantly,

0:23:230:23:25

so they have to chew on hard materials to wear them down.

0:23:250:23:28

They're very, very good at digging.

0:23:280:23:31

So what I want you to do is,

0:23:310:23:34

get down, get your hands in the sand for me.

0:23:340:23:37

Do a bit of digging, and bury some of this food.

0:23:370:23:40

With all the enrichment buried, the feed bowl ready for action,

0:23:430:23:46

and our Rangers behind a safety fence,

0:23:460:23:49

there are some important do's and don'ts for George and Nicole to know

0:23:490:23:52

before they meet the porcupines.

0:23:520:23:54

When the porcupines come out, guys,

0:23:540:23:57

they might actually jump on top of here.

0:23:570:23:59

What I want you to do... You can touch them.

0:23:590:24:02

You can touch them, they've got like Mohawks,

0:24:020:24:05

you can touch them on the top of their heads,

0:24:050:24:08

but just don't go near their teeth.

0:24:080:24:10

Porcupines' teeth are razor-sharp,

0:24:100:24:13

so a nice fleshy finger wouldn't stand a chance.

0:24:130:24:15

-I'm very excited. I can't wait.

-Yeah, I'm very excited.

0:24:150:24:19

I've fed my cat, but not a porcupine.

0:24:190:24:21

There they are. Russell!

0:24:210:24:24

-Sprout!

-Russell!

0:24:240:24:26

Sprout.

0:24:260:24:27

-Did you see her quills go up there?

-Like a peacock's feathers.

0:24:270:24:30

Yes. She's heard something that she's not too keen on.

0:24:300:24:33

-She doesn't know what's going on.

-How old can they grow to?

0:24:330:24:36

In this environment, they can live for about 20 years.

0:24:360:24:41

-It's an awful long time, isn't it?

-Yes.

0:24:410:24:43

If you saw their quills, just have a look at the ones at the back,

0:24:430:24:46

you've got hollow ones and then you've got ones

0:24:460:24:49

that stand right on end, and those are the bad ones.

0:24:490:24:52

-Have you ever been stabbed by one?

-Have I ever been stabbed by one?

0:24:520:24:55

I have felt them, yes, absolutely.

0:24:550:24:58

OK, guys, that was absolutely fantastic

0:25:000:25:02

and I think our porcupines look quite happy and healthy, don't you?

0:25:020:25:07

The best thing about today was putting out the hay in the feeding bowl for the porcupines.

0:25:080:25:13

I didn't mind feeding the mealworms,

0:25:130:25:15

cos it's just like feeding my lizards at home.

0:25:150:25:17

I've not got them any more, but it's just like that.

0:25:170:25:19

The mealworms today gave me the heebie-jeebies.

0:25:190:25:23

Overall, George and Nicole were absolutely amazing.

0:25:230:25:25

I really enjoyed myself, I hope I can do it again soon.

0:25:250:25:29

Earlier on in the show,

0:25:410:25:42

we installed the mother of all lion scratch posts,

0:25:420:25:45

and before we leave you today, we thought,

0:25:450:25:47

"We've got to come back down here and see how the lions are doing,

0:25:470:25:50

"and if the scratch post has survived."

0:25:500:25:53

-Keith, are you all right?

-Yeah, I'm fine.

0:25:530:25:55

I'm just having a look at the scratch pole,

0:25:550:25:57

and it doesn't look like it's lasted very long at all.

0:25:570:26:00

-Look at the state of that!

-Failed!

0:26:000:26:03

What happened?

0:26:030:26:04

Well, apparently, they've been going to and from it during the day,

0:26:040:26:08

and one of the lionesses has managed to get hold of one of the balls,

0:26:080:26:12

and just pulled it off!

0:26:120:26:13

I guess that demonstrates the power of lions.

0:26:130:26:16

It's interesting, it actually shows us, the staff...

0:26:160:26:20

Sometimes you need a reminder,

0:26:200:26:22

and it is quite interesting that that is the power they've got in them.

0:26:220:26:27

How strong was this thing?

0:26:270:26:30

We thought it was very strong, obviously!

0:26:300:26:32

But I think what they've actually done is, they've bent the steelwork

0:26:320:26:36

that connects it altogether. They haven't broken the post.

0:26:360:26:39

It's steel bolts that have actually bent.

0:26:390:26:42

-Proper, hard metal.

-That's it.

0:26:420:26:44

And they've bent that with the power of their jaws pulling it down?

0:26:440:26:49

Well, their weight. And their sheer strength,

0:26:490:26:52

yes, a mixture of both. It just shows the raw power.

0:26:520:26:55

-He-hey!

-I like what you did there!

0:26:550:26:58

And if you want some more Roar power,

0:26:580:27:00

here's what's coming up on the next episode.

0:27:000:27:03

We'll be meeting a creature that's been unchanged

0:27:040:27:07

for over 300 million years.

0:27:070:27:09

It comes out at night, is armed with huge claws, four pairs of eyes

0:27:090:27:14

and a deadly sting. Can keeper Amy conquer her fear and pick one up?

0:27:140:27:18

I feel sick!

0:27:180:27:21

The baby otters have got a swimming lesson booked in.

0:27:210:27:24

So far they've only paddled in the sink.

0:27:240:27:27

So how will they get on in the big pool?

0:27:270:27:30

And we meet a dragon that can eat with no hands.

0:27:300:27:35

No, not you, Rani! Don't miss it!

0:27:350:27:37

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

0:27:390:27:42

E-mail [email protected]

0:27:420:27:45

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