Knowledge QI XL

APPLAUSE

Good evening, good evening, good evening, good evening, good evening

and welcome to QI, where tonight we're doing the Knowledge.

Please welcome the well-educated Jimmy Carr.

APPLAUSE

Thank you.

The well-informed Jo Brand.

APPLAUSE

The well-read Graham Linehan.

APPLAUSE

And the well, you know, it's Alan Davies.

APPLAUSE

And if you want to call me, you know what to do.

-Jimmy goes:

-# Knowing me, knowing you, aha... #

-Graham goes:

-# They don't know about us... #

-Jo goes:

-# I know him so well... #

-And Alan goes:

-# No, no. No, no, no, no No, no, there's no limits. #

There's a spelling issue there, Alan.

Now, um, I know what you want to know,

once and for all, how many moons does the earth have?

Nobody knows.

LAUGHTER

-We're not doing that this year, are we?

-No, we're not.

-Three.

-Ooh!

-KLAXON

What a pity. What a pity.

One.

-KLAXON

-D'oh!

-Well, it is!

Just because it's called "the moon"

doesn't mean it's the only one, it turns out.

The moons, it would be called. Yeah.

-Six

-KLAXON

-You're not doing yourself any favours early doors.

-Two.

-Two, oh!

KLAXON

Now, this could go on for ages.

It could. So let me stop you right here.

The point is, very early on, in the A series,

-we said there were two.

-Are you taking that back?

-Yes.

-What do you mean?

-Ah, this is...

I rely on this show. This is all I know.

This is the whole point of this round, in fact.

Facts are not permanent.

We thought there were two, and then we said, "Oh, no,

"it's either one or five," we said, in the B series.

Because we were acting on the latest info

that we had from the scientific community.

And this has changed.

Now NASA describes them as "mini moons"

but we have about 18,000 moons.

I thought it was the same moon.

LAUGHTER

-What, bits of it, you mean?

-No, I thought

the ones that we keep seeing was the same one over and over again.

-That was the...

-That's wrong?

-No! Are you talking about the mini moons? There was like one extra mini moon?

-No.

Or just that whole...

-The actual moon.

-So, every night, you're saying it's a different moon.

He is saying that.

There is a celestial body that we call the moon, which is

-obviously the one that is recognised and rises...

-I'm not saying that.

-..every 28 days.

-No, I'm saying it's the same...

I'm pretty sure... Until I came on to this show,

I was pretty sure it was the same moon.

I think I'm with you. I think it's just one moon.

That's our team's decision.

That's the same moon, as in this bottle is the same bottle is...

It's the same bottle as it is.

-How do you explain this?

-That's another one. Exactly.

Well, it looks pretty similar.

They're not the same. That's my point.

And suddenly we've got three.

I'm not getting mine out, but can I just say...?

LAUGHTER

If there's so many, why haven't we noticed them before?

Well, the reason is they are actually tiny

and it's only recently they've run computer simulations to show 18,000.

One of those that has been observed,

has been given the exciting name RH120,

which orbited the Earth, four orbits, in 2006 and 2007.

They're also known as "temporarily captured objects".

They're captured into Earth orbit, perhaps for a short amount of time.

But as satellites of the Earth, non-man-made, they are moons.

-That's what a moon is.

-But the man-made satellites are satellites?

Yes, but to be a moon you have to be a celestial body,

rather than... you COULD count a man...

Well, that makes me a moon, then.

Yes, exactly, there you are. Precisely.

-You orbit my life, Jo.

-But you have to be in orbit for at least five years before you can claim benefits.

LAUGHTER

Exactly right. But the quite interesting thing about this is the point that raised

Jimmy Carr's tremendous eyebrows earlier, which is

that facts don't remain stable.

Things we know, or think we know, will be untrue.

LAUGHTER

Very good. Will be untrue in a number of years' time.

-Yes. Appropriately, you look a bit like Patrick Moore.

-I'm trying to do a Mexican wave.

Yes, you do look like Patrick Moore.

"We just...we just don't know."

LAUGHTER

Can I just say, I did a course at university called...

Shut up!

-I bloody did.

-No!

I bloody did, and it was called the Sociology of Science, and yes,

I got a grant for it. It was a complete waste of time.

But what I learnt during that course is there's no such thing as a fact.

Yes. This is precisely our point. And indeed, at medical colleges,

they usually teach that half of what the medical students are going

to learn will be considered untrue in about 10 or 20 years.

And this is known by academics as the half-life of facts.

That's to say, you know half of it will be untrue.

Unfortunately, you don't know exactly which half.

And on QI, an estimated 7% of the things

I tell you this evening will be shown to be untrue in a year's time.

And if you're watching a very old repeat on Dave,

-a much bigger proportion.

-It's probably untrue now.

It's probably...even what I'm saying now is untrue.

-I'm not even saying it, it's so untrue.

-I'm not on the show.

We actually have a chart showing the rate of decay of QI facts.

And you can see, there's series A on the right,

-and plotted against it is the 10th series, J.

-J.

And so, as you can see, the further you get away,

the greater the number of untruths.

60% of things in the first series are bollocks.

Yes, are now untrue. If that's true, yes, that's right.

We do talk a lot of bollocks, in fairness.

But the most important thing, you'll be excited to know, is that that means over the years,

cumulatively, you must be owed a lot of points.

And going according to this theory, things we have said are wrong,

a proportion of them are likely to have been right.

Therefore, we have actually calculated how many points

we owe you. Um, and...

-This is, suddenly this has gone brilliantly. Suddenly we're smiling.

-Yeah. Jimmy...

Alan is going to be way out in front, isn't he?

Jimmy, we owe you 43.58 points.

Jo, 84.73.

Can I use them in Sainsbury's?

LAUGHTER

I'm giving you permission. If you work at Sainsbury's and she tries to claim them, yes, she can.

The audience are owed 23.24. Well done.

Even not having done anything.

APPLAUSE

Alan, you are owed 737.66!

APPLAUSE

There you are.

And, um...

Are those transferable?

If I went onto Have I Got News For You,

-could I use...

-Yes.

-Could I arrive and go, "I've got 24 points that I could use here?"

-Yeah. You can take this, yes.

-I can just...?

-Use them, yeah.

-Oh, fabulous. Great news.

Mastermind, can I have it on Mastermind?

I don't think you could slip that in, somehow.

Someone's going to have to answer a lot of questions to beat that.

-And of course, unfortunately, Graham, you get nothing.

-Yes. Yeah, no.

-That's really unfair.

You're playing it first time and you get a huge disadvantage.

Yeah. Well, you needn't have pointed it out. Yes.

I'll try and find a way to make it up to you, in some way,

by giving you a random 600 points.

I'll give you some examples of facts that we gave in good faith on QI.

So in the I series we said nobody knows how to tell

the age of a lobster. Well, that was only a few years ago.

-Ask it.

-I think that's what you said at the time.

-And that's right.

-Is that now right?

-It isn't now right.

We now know how to communicate with lobsters.

One, two, three, four, five,

six, seven, eight, nine...

10. Hold. 11...

Everyone knows that.

In the I series, we said that no-one could tell the age of lobsters

but, since then, Canadian scientists have discovered,

the way you do, that if you dissect their eye stalks

and count the rings, you know how old they are.

-Really?

-What?

-It's not a very kind thing to do.

What you mean is, you know how old they WERE.

LAUGHTER

I think that's a reasonable point.

There's a flaw in this plan. I still think you should ask them first. Before you dissect their eye stalks!

Another one was in the G series. We said giraffes' necks may have evolved for fighting each other,

which was commonly held by quite a few zoologists. But it now seems this hypothesis is not believed.

-And in the A series...

-They used to like wading across deep rivers.

Yes, that, keeping their necks above, very, very deep.

LAUGHTER

-As the river got higher...

-Yeah.

-..they evolved.

LAUGHTER

-That might prove to be correct.

-It might, you see. Who am I to say it isn't?

In the A series, we said that the best-endowed millipede had 710 legs.

Soon afterwards, a millipede with 750 turned up,

but that's still the greatest number we know.

-Is there someone checking them?

-Yes. That's superb.

I like the idea that counting a millipede's legs, you would lose... You'd have to keep going back.

-Yes, you would, exactly.

-Argh! One, two...

Yeah, it's the same thing...

-Many times.

-It's the same thing with all these things,

before they count the legs, they kill it.

LAUGHTER

-It's true.

-So the legs are very still. Just pluck them off.

-Oh, dear!

-One...

-She loves me.

-Two, three... It might still be alive.

They might think it was dead, and then they'd just hear it go, "Argh!"

LAUGHTER

-"Argh! Argh!"

-Do you know, that's an interesting fact, that's how they make worms.

LAUGHTER

-It's true. True story.

-Brilliant.

Yeah, a worm would come along,

"Are you not doing anything with these legs?

"Now you've counted them off the millipede, can I have four?"

And a whole new species is born.

-Yeah.

-And that is how sausage dogs are made.

-And Daschunds, exactly.

-Yeah.

-We've discovered a lot of new science here, none of which is

likely to be disproved, or possibly may come round again to be proved.

Now, how much do you know about Scotland's Mr Smellie?

Was he one of the Mr Men that was dropped?

That's a really good point. I can tell you his name. William Smellie.

-19th-century gentleman. He came from a family...

-Billy Smellie.

We know little about him actually because he came from

a banned Protestant sect who were so persecuted that they didn't

keep any documents about their births, deaths and marriages.

I should think he was fairly persecuted at school as well.

-Being called Smellie.

-SCOTTISH ACCENT:

-Stinky Smellie!

"Oh, original, thanks."

Anyway, he rose from relative obscurity

and then he got paid £200 for heading up the team on something

that has a thistle as is emblem

-but has in its name something that means British.

-The...

-Of course. The British...

-Say it.

-Encyclopaedia Britannica.

That is the right answer. The Encyclopaedia Britannica.

That's surely worth... Nothing, really?

APPLAUSE

Surely it was easier to do that in the days before the Internet, though.

-Yes.

-If you tried to research now, you'd get sidetracked.

I get very sidetracked very easily.

Yes, I'll just get to B for bras. Oh.

That's a day lost.

LAUGHTER

I hate Encyclopaedia Britannica because I had very aspirational

parents and everyone else in my class was reading Jackie magazine

and I had to read the bloody Encyclopaedia Britannica.

-It was a symbol of that, wasn't it?

-Oh, my God.

It's like a dictionary that sort of just won't stop.

It gets the word and then goes, "And another thing..."

It is discursive. Very true.

Another of its early editors was called Andrew Bell,

who was four and a half feet tall

and had a very big nose, as you will see.

He looks slightly like me, disturbingly.

I'll be honest with you, I think that's a regular-sized nose on a tiny man.

He had a great sense of humour, though.

If anybody pointed out or laughed at his nose, he'd rush off

into another room and come back with a bigger one made of papier-mache.

I bet he could tell when Mr Smellie was coming round.

-I'll tell you what I know about that guy.

-Yeah.

-Very little.

-Hey!

-LAUGHTER

That is quite good. I had to think about that.

Anyway, the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica took

-three years to write, cost £12 for three volumes.

-Three volumes!

-The world's knowledge?

-Yes, but the first volume is A to B.

They obviously thought, "Oh, sod this.

"I've done A to B, I've only got one volume.

"I'll do C to Z in one volume."

-The deadline was looming.

-Exactly.

With the decay of facts, I presume it's all bollocks.

This is a good test for that. What facts are in there?

One is K for Kensington.

See if you can come up with a good definition of Kensington.

A borough in London. A place. An area of London town.

No. Nowhere near.

A pleasant village two miles west of London.

-Which is what it was then, you see.

-Wow.

And California here is spelt with two Ls

and it's called a large country in the West Indies.

Possibly an island or a peninsula, it's not known.

That's pretty way-off, isn't it?

I mean, there must come a point where he went,

-"We don't know anything about this. Shall I put it in?"

-Yes.

"California. It could be a place or a thing.

"No-one knows. It might be a person. Good luck." How is that an entry?

What does Encyclopaedia mean?

Because it sounds like a kiddie fiddler on a bike.

LAUGHTER

APPLAUSE

There's a big difference between words with P-A-E and P-A-I. Paedos and paidos.

Sometimes it is very tricky, I grant you.

It could get an idiot into trouble.

LAUGHTER

-I didn't mean it in that way.

-I don't know what you're laughing at.

The entry for woman in the original version just says,

"The female of man. See homo."

LAUGHTER

He will tell you everything you need to know.

-Because he's their best friend.

-Aw!

Applause is defined as following.

An approbation of something signified by clapping the hands.

Still practised in theatres.

In the 1960s, an American called Dr Harvey Einbinder

-so hated Encyclopaedia Britannica he wrote a book...

-I hate it!

-Exactly.

He wrote a book where he listed all the things that were wrong in it.

-390 pages long.

-Oh, I like the sound of him.

-The Myth Of Britannica.

-What's his name?

-Harvey Einbinder.

-Does he only have one binder?

-We meet at last, Mr Einbinder.

With his massive binder.

Don't touch my binder!

-Maybe that's why he hated...

-This is the binder you seek.

"Encyclopaedia Britannica has 52 binders and I only have one!"

Ein Binder!

He might have pronounced it Ein-BIN-der, for all we know.

Ein-BIN-der?

William Smellie was the first editor of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Now, what did the inventor of the thermometer

spend 30 years measuring?

I'm going to say temperature, OK?

-KLAXON

-Oh!

-Wa-hey!

-Do you know what, Alan?

You've got points to burn this evening. Just relax.

-Sometimes it's right, you know, sometimes he goes, "Yes, it is."

-Exactly.

I know a joke about thermometers, about nurses and thermometers.

It's about a rectal thermometer.

-Go on.

-Well, a nurse finds a rectal thermometer in her pocket

and goes, "Aw! Some arsehole's got my pen."

LAUGHTER

It's an old joke. It's an old joke.

It's very fine, though. Very fine.

One very old nurses' joke that we used to...

was that a nurse comes running in and says to the matron,

"Oh, dear, I think I've got something the wrong way round.

"You asked me to prick someone's boil."

LAUGHTER

-Very good.

-I do know quite an interesting fact about thermometers.

-Thermometers.

-The difference between an oral and rectal thermometer.

Yeah, I hope you do know the difference!

-Yeah. Taste.

-Oh!

LAUGHTER

No, his name was Sanctorius Sanctorius. At least that

was his Latinised name. He was from Padua, and there you can see him.

-Right.

-He's weighing himself, that's a special balance he had created.

-Oh, he's weighing himself?

Every single day he'd weigh himself AND the food he ate.

And, indeed, the faeces and urine that he expelled, he excreted.

Was it some sort of weird Weight Watchers thing he was on?

What he discovered is that his urine and faeces weighed

only a fraction of what he'd eaten and drunk, but despite that,

he stayed the same weight, which is amazing, he thought.

He thought, "Why is it if I put in, say, 100 pounds of food,

"but I poo out only 30 pounds of faeces..."

It had taken him 30 years...

Did he not work out that there's a fuel thing?

It is easy to look back at past generations and say,

"How can you not have known?" But, of course, NONE of them knew.

And really, before people like him, who was almost one of the world's first scientists,

-they hadn't measured and calibrated things.

-You're absolutely right about all of those things.

-Well, as right as we know.

-However...

-Yeah?

-30 Years!

I mean, really, after three years with the same...

Oh, no, he had a theory, but his theory was wrong, that's all.

His theory was that the rest came out of your skin

so it was very dangerous to cover most of your skin, because you wouldn't let the poison out.

He knew that faeces was poisonous, or at least toxic and bad for you.

Its smell is a big warning, obviously.

Sorry, your faeces smell?

Of Parma Violets. Yeah.

Jimmy's make a noise.

They point at him.

They emit a totally different...

They're very unusual.

It's one in a million people who have noisy faeces.

-"Aah!"

-HE IMITATES TOILET FLUSHING

Very good. He co-invented, with his fellow at Padua,

a much better-known scientist.

Who would that be, in the same period?

-Co-invented?

-Da Vinci.

-His co-inventor. Not Da Vinci, no.

Is he going to be Centigrade, or...

-JO: Galileo.

-It won't be future.

-Galileo.

-Galileo is the right answer.

-Oh, I nearly said Galileo!

-APPLAUSE

-Thank you.

I was going to say Scaramouche or Fandango.

Galileo Galilei.

Can do the Fandango!

Yes, he could, darling, that's right.

Thunderbolt and lightning!

-Oh, no. Please!

-Very, very frightening!

-Stop. Behave.

-That's what one of Jimmy's poos sounds like!

-No.

"Galileo, Galileo! You all right in there, Jimmy?!"

LAUGHTER

Be out in a minute, I'm reading a very interesting article!

Your faeces is made up of 70%...

-Shit.

-..liquid!

30% solid. It just takes a bit of separating out.

Not that I would urge you to do it when you get home!

When I get home? Why wait?!

I've got a centrifuge in my dressing room!

Oh, dear, oh, dear, oh, dear. Of that dry weight, 30% is what?

Corn on the cob.

-More than 30%. If you've had two.

-Oh, dear. Heavens.

Do you know that when they go into space in a weightless environment,

-they poo into the wall?

-What do you mean into the wall?

-Like a hole in the wall?

-A hole in the wall, yeah.

They don't smear it on the wall.

It turns out the best way to relieve yourself

in a weightless environment is through a hole in the wall.

-It's easier to do that than go down or up.

-I do that with the shower.

You admitted it, which many people wouldn't.

Who doesn't poo in the shower?

LAUGHTER

You bad man.

Everyone would know if Jimmy pooed in the shower.

Pooing into the wall of a...

So, the space station is built with a little glory hole thing...

If you want to call it that.

You're too much slightly in the know to know what that is.

Like in a Welcome Break services, they've got that...

On the second junction. What?

What is your problem? Everyone knows that. Never on a Tuesday.

A glory hole on a spaceship!

There's also about three people on this station at any one time.

By a process of elimination,

it's only going to be one of two other people.

-That's true. You can't...

-This is John. It's not Elaine.

You'd recognise...

I thought there was a fourth one and that was their role in the mission.

I mean, if you're going to Mars, it's going to take five years.

Your job is a very important job.

-You go in this room with a hole in the wall.

-Oh, dear.

And people guess your name.

But the other thing that happens

when you go into space is you don't snore, I believe. Do you know this?

I didn't. That's a beautiful little fact.

-So far.

-You sleep in these... Well...

-Yes, of course.

Cos there's no gravity, it doesn't affect your vocal cords.

That's an extreme cure, though, isn't it?

I'm going to try the little things first.

-That's the next step.

-It's quite expensive to go intergalactic.

I imagine there are wives watching this going,

"Yeah, it's going to have to be space.

"Even then, I think he might wake me."

Anyway, what can you find out by hiding under a student's bed?

-BUZZER

-Yes, Jo?

I've got to go for this. Is it a massive pile of porn mags?

-That's probably true.

-I thought that would go off.

-Those were the days.

I think, I think now you've got the internet, it's...

Yeah, you wouldn't, really.

Broadband are doing a terrific job now. Terrific.

I think that's a bit sad though, in a way.

It's not, yeah, they were...

-You prefer mags.

-Not for men.

-No, not personally.

LAUGHTER

They did this in the 1930s, it was extremely unethical,

but we're in pursuit of knowledge, which is our theme today.

-Oh, scientists?

-So they were researchers.

They were researching, and the only way to find out

what people are saying without knowing they're being overheard

was to hide somewhere and take notes while they were talking.

And they wanted to know what sort of things students spoke about.

-So they used to hide underneath the beds?

-Yeah, and take notes.

It sounds to me, Stephen, I don't want to, you know, throw stones

at these lovely scientists, but it sounds to me like a cover story.

You wait, you wait till I get to some other unethical scientists,

-you hold that back. Because it gets worse.

-Oh, tell me more!

We're on the subject of unethical research.

And basically, this was the only way you can have of being sure

that you know what people are talking about with absolute clarity.

Because people change what they say

when they know someone's listening, someone outside their circle.

But the idea was to discover what the main subject was, that people spoke about.

They listened to...

They just thought, "They'll never look under the bed!"

Why would you look under a bed?!

There's nothing interesting down there!

Yeah, where they could overhear them.

And they discovered that 40% of their conversation was devoted to?

-The opposite sex.

-No, it wasn't that. It was themselves.

It was a study in egocentricity. They spoke about themselves.

-I would never do that.

-A-ha-ha!

Jimmy Carr would never let that happen!

Oh, don't, that's the worst thing in the world you can do!

So, there are other dodgy experiments.

There was a Personal Space Invasion In The Men's Restroom,

-a study of 1976.

-GRAHAM SNORTS

Someone hid a camera under the partition,

under the sort of floor space.

"Someone", Stephen? "Someone?"

LAUGHTER

You seem to know a lot about this, Stephen!

I've got a couple of questions.

You like technology, don't you?

And there's a camera in the men's room!

"Oh, I'm just doing a study." "Are you?!"

-It was...

-Apologise, Stephen!

It was to see how they filled space when, if there was one person,

say the third in a row of six, where would the average person go?

Would it be as far away apart, or would that look too obvious?

It's very interesting when you go in there, because I used to be, I don't have it any more,

but I used to be quite a shy pee-er, are you aware of shy peeing?

-Yeah, of course.

-I have a technique for that.

-What's your technique?

My technique for shy peeing is,

I think of the most embarrassing thing I can do.

I just think of doing something like saying, "I think I love you",

or just something like that, and then it's all go.

-When you say, "I love you", you will automatically pee.

-Have a little wee.

I don't need to say it, I just need to THINK it.

And I always have to imagine it very, very realistically.

I imagine the guy going, "What?! Did he really say that?"

And then the next thing it's just, you know, it's no longer a problem.

It is very maddening when you've been absolutely bursting to go

and then, hello. "Come on! Come on!"

I find men's rooms...

There's a story about Bono going into a men's room

and standing up there and the guy standing beside him, a long silence,

and then eventually the guy saying, "Bit of stage fright, Bono?"

JIMMY HOOTS UPROARIOUSLY

But in 1942, and this is the one

where you're going to go, "Yeah, right(!)",

a psychologist called Lawrence LeShan

tried to use sleep-learning at a summer camp...

-Yeah, right(!)

-..to cure some boys of nail-biting.

-Oh, no.

-He recorded the phrase,

"My fingernails are terribly bitter," on a phonograph,

and then played it 300 times a night in the boys' tent, or room or whatever it was.

And they all went on to kill and kill again?

One boy appeared to respond positively,

but then after five weeks the phonograph broke.

So, to keep the experiment running,

he stood in the boys' dormitory through the night

and repeated the phrase himself.

"My fingernails taste terribly bitter."

This seemed to work, and he claimed it as a success.

It's thought, generally, these days, that the boys were awake

and just freaked out by the experience

and they stopped biting their nails to make the nasty man go away.

It's all very peculiar. Anyway, moving on.

How did the Romans tell their Keiths from their Kevins?

Some Keiths and Kevins there, in case you don't know what they are.

-Keith Richards.

-Kevin Bacon... Kevin Keegan. Keith Lemon.

Well done, that's enough. That's all, you won't get any more.

The other ones don't look real.

-No... And they're looking...

-Are they the actual Romans?

I think on the far left, that's Burger King, isn't it?

I think it might be, it does look a bit like it.

They could have... Because in Latin they both mean the same?

It's not that. It doesn't have to be Keiths and Kevins,

it means how did Romans know people's names?

-How do they know people's names?

-Because we all forget them...

-JO: Did they remember them?

-No. That's the point, they'd forgotten.

-Badge, they had a badge.

-No.

You have a special servant.

A servant to say your name?

A nomenclator. Not to say YOUR name!

LAUGHTER

-I'm assuming you'll remember your own name!

-This is Pepe!

It's when you forget other people's. So you come in and the person whispers, "Alan Davies",

and you go, "Alan, how lovely to see you!"

Because otherwise you've forgotten, like a politician.

-That's very useful.

-Yeah. Absolutely right. And politicians...

-I have a technique for names.

-Yeah?

If I've forgotten someone's name, I just say,

"Excuse me for a second", and then I go home.

LAUGHTER

APPLAUSE

Works every time!

-If you're the nomenclator...

-Yes?

..and you keep saying, "This is Steve. This is Fiona."

-Stevius, Fiona.

-After a while he goes, "I know. I know that one!"

Yes, you would. You're allowed to tell them...

Just tell me the ones I don't know. She thinks I've forgotten her name!

I really thought I was in there,

and now you've just gone "Fiona",

as if I didn't know it was... Look at her face now!

Go over there and say, "He knew, I was just doing my job.

"He wants you to know that he knew you were Fiona."

"This is your wife, Susan. You've been married 15 years."

I actually do have a system involving my wife,

which is, we go over to someone whose name I don't know,

and I just stand there in total silence,

and then eventually my wife says, "I'm sorry, my name's Helen."

And the guy says, "Oh, I'm Gary," and I go, "I'm sorry. This is Gary! Gary, Helen. Helen, Gary."

-Didn't I introduce you? I thought I, yeah...

-Yeah.

Just as soon as they say it, you go, "Ah!" And then you sort of...

Is that a system, per se? LAUGHTER

-Sounds like you being awkward at a party.

-I'm sorry, I am...

So, moving on to self knowledge.

How do you know when you have enough?

Everyone always tells me.

-It's normally... It's a tap on the shoulder, isn't it?

-I think, Jimmy...

-Jimmy...

-It's the cold steel around both wrists.

And the clanging of the door, and the one phone call.

"I've had enough.

"Who am I speaking to?"

-Oh, dear.

-Are we talking food here?

-We are talking food.

JO: I don't, really.

The fact is this is about knowledge and you think you're full when,

as it were, you know you've had enough, which is

obviously not knowledge - it is memory.

You can test this on people with short-term memory loss.

I mean amnesiacs, who immediately forget what's just happened.

-I'm sorry, what were you saying?

-Exactly. Thank you very much.

So, there are people who have this condition.

They forget that they've eaten, say, 20 minutes, half an hour afterwards.

And you ask them if they'd like to eat and they will eat three or four

heavy meals when they are obviously completely stuffed

because they don't remember eating. They literally don't remember it.

There is a trick you can do with a bowl of thick soup which has

got a clever little mechanism on it so that, while people aren't

looking, it fills itself up again or empties itself ahead of time.

Some people think they've had the full bowl of soup

when they've actually had less or they've actually had a lot more.

I've got a similar device for desserts, which is my girlfriend.

She won't order one but I'll order one and then it just goes missing.

-It works with chips as well.

-Very good.

She hasn't had dessert in ten years.

I've had a lot of half desserts.

Anyway, that's enough about that sort of thing. Diet.

We feel full after a meal not just because we are

but because we think we are. A question about kith and kin now.

What's the best way of avoiding talking to your mother-in-law?

BUZZER

-Yes, Jo?

-Removing her vocal cords,

with some pliers!

That's the best way of avoiding HER talking to YOU.

JIMMY: Well, lean in for the kiss.

-Ugh! Oddly enough, you're in the right, hideous area.

-Really?

Prince Charles's hair is being stealthily removed

from his head by Camilla's hair-grabbing, hair-eating hat.

LAUGHTER

It's like a Triffid.

And she's operating it slyly with her hand and going like that.

And the hair is being sucked into that hat.

-She's looking down at the dial.

-The hat devours it!

If you don't like your mother-in-law,

what hope is there for you?

I view the mother-in-law as, it's Christmas Future.

-Yes, that's true.

-If you don't like your mother-in-law,

you're in trouble, 20 years down the line. That's what you're buying into.

My mother-in-law makes absolutely no sound when she moves.

LAUGHTER

That's remarkable. Like Jeeves.

She is the stealthiest person.

You've got a stealth mother-in-law. Is she sprayed black?

Honestly, she could be a brilliant spy, you know?

You might be in a room and you're looking in a thing or something,

and then suddenly she'll go, "Hello." "Oh, Jesus!

"Where did you come from?! Where did you come from?!

"It's a long way from the door!"

Anybody would have gone, "Ahem," made a little noise. Nothing.

Oh, that's terrible. It's like the famous story

of the boy who was, you know,

having a play with himself in his bedroom, with his eyes closed.

And by the way, I was not doing, I was not playing with myself!

-No, not you.

-In this story, before you conflate them.

-No, that's true.

-What's that story or that thing where Alan Davies,

and his mother-in-law comes up behind him?

Let's just separate those two things!

All right. But he closes his eyes in bliss

and when he opens them afterwards,

he just finds a cup of tea next to him!

LAUGHTER

It sounds so appalling!

She thought, "Well, your father always likes a cup of tea afterwards!"

And a biscuit!

APPLAUSE

Oh, gracious! Oh, Alan!

Les Dawson gets a hard time for mother-in-law jokes.

-And they are the best mother-in-law jokes.

-Remind us of some.

-Copyright Les Dawson.

-Copyright Les Dawson was the,

"Walking down the street with my wife.

"I saw my mother-in-law and she was being beaten up by six men.

"My wife said, 'Aren't you going to help?'

"I said, 'Six should be enough.'"

LAUGHTER

Brilliant.

The weird... When I was growing up, starting in comedy, it was like,

-"Oh, yeah, he just tells mother-in-law jokes."

-I know.

-He was frowned on.

-He was sort of a genius.

-A complete genius.

-AS LES DAWSON:

-My mother-in-law came round.

The mice were throwing themselves on the traps.

LAUGHTER

STEPHEN LAUGHS HYSTERICALLY

That piano playing act is one of the greatest things of all time.

-Which is very difficult to do.

-Yeah, so I believe.

-He'd do The Blue Danube...

-HE HUMS TUNE

-..like that.

-Hit the bum note.

Enough. We haven't even begun to answer this question yet.

It's about sexual taboos with mothers-in-laws...

Sexual taboos with mother-in-laws?!

Taboos, and there is this particular language

-where you have a special language...

-What?!

-..in which to speak to your mother-in-law.

It's called an avoidance language,

so you have your own, the natural line of language.

We've got one of those, haven't we? It's called small talk.

But this has a different vocabulary and it's absolutely different.

A whole language where you can talk to your mother-in-law so it's just safe subjects?

You also have to avert the eyes and look at the ground, which is part of using that language.

And there are certain words that don't exist in that language,

-most notably things like pubic hair and sweaty smells.

-JO: But why?

Because there is a taboo and a sense of respect

that is given by the male to the mother of his wife.

It's in Australia.

There's some Aboriginal peoples who have these avoidance languages.

And it's really fascinating, isn't it?

In Japan, they have a special language when talking about the royal family.

Is there a phrase for "You've spilt the Tippex,"

in their culture?

Someone needs to address that.

You're so bad. You're so bad!

Now, what did this bird bring to the German city of Klutz?

-Chlamydia.

-Chlamydia!

-The Chlamydia Stork.

-It's a good idea. The Chlamydia Stork!

Sounds like a desperate man back from a business trip in Holland,

-going, "Ah, ah, the thing is, storks."

-Yes!

Is that a particular, like a giant stork that you only find in Germany?

I'll show you a picture of it. It's been stuffed and is in a museum.

How big is it, really?

Well, it's hard to tell the scale, but storks are quite big.

But that's an arrow through it, or spear, rather.

They call it an arrow in German, which is Pfeil,

and it's known as the Pfeilstorch,

which is just literally "arrow stork".

Now, you may say what's odd about that? Nothing, particularly.

But what they recognised was that the arrow was not German.

Indeed it was not even European.

-But they recognised right away that it was African.

-That it had flown a very long way.

What on earth would a bird be doing

with an African spear in its neck, they thought?

So they puzzled out the possibility that birds,

rather than disappearing at winter...

-Oh, went to Africa.

-Yes, migrated.

-Sorry, are you saying it flew back with that...

-Yes.

-It survived.

-No way!

-I know, yeah.

-I was just... I mean, no way!

-It happened. Yes, it did.

It flew to Germany going, "Well, I'm never going back there."

LAUGHTER

"The worst holiday ever!"

APPLAUSE

I find that... The survival of that bird, I find extraordinary, that it arrived.

It is. But you hear stories of bullets piercing people's heads

without somehow managing to...

Not an arrow travelling the length of

its neck and through its head.

I know. It is astounding that it flew.

-"Something's different!"

-Yeah.

Do you think it was originally from Germany? Or it got kind of...

It was from England and somehow, "Whoa, we're going right a bit!"

It might have slightly tilted to the right, we don't know. It was in the 1820s.

In the Spanish Inquisition, they used to put people on spikes.

-They'd put the spike up your bum hole...

-Oh, don't.

..and right up through you and it'd come out your shoulder

and it would miss all the vital organs and you'd be alive.

-That's not nice, is it?

-And they'd put you up in the square.

I'm beginning really to think less and less of the Spanish Inquisition,

-let's be honest.

-350 years, it went on.

-I thought it was, you know...

-Oh, no.

..a couple of weeks.

LAUGHTER

Then it was safe to go back! Back to Marbella.

-350 years!

-It wasn't always as torturous as it is.

-They did some terrible things.

-They did. But not for 300 years solid.

When it wasn't torturous, what would they do?

Well, they would test your faith, but they wouldn't punish you by...

There was a lot of tickling.

There was 100 years where it was mainly Chinese burns.

"You do believe in God. Yes, you do! Yes, you do! Yes, you bloody do.

Anyway, until that time, people had observed birds disappearing,

and they'd assumed all kinds of things, that they went underwater,

that, you know, they changed into other animals, but there was no

-particular evidence, except they disappeared.

-It was 18...?

-1820.

This was the first kind of clear evidence, as it were, that the bird had been to Africa.

And so things began to get put together.

Samuel Johnson wrote that, "Swallows certainly sleep in the winter.

"A number of them conglobulate together by flying round and round

"and then all in a heap throw themselves underwater and lie on the bed of the river."

That's what he thought, because swallows disappear in winter.

He assumed they hibernated, like other animals.

Butterflies, of course, the migrate thousands of miles

but we never see them.

-Why don't we see butterflies migrating?

-They're invisible.

They're caterpillars. They migrate as caterpillars.

-They migrate, like, super, super slowly.

-A long time to get there.

They are very, very hungry. I read a book about them.

The reason is that they are actually a kilometre up.

-They are incredibly high.

-Are they?

-Yeah. It's really astonishing that

these fragile, delicate creatures manage to get the height

and then, when they are in there,

to orient themselves in such a way that they know they are

all facing the right direction and get thousands of miles.

They're like this, "Whoa!"

It is astonishing, isn't it?

JO: Well, I remember being on a school bus once.

There was a beautiful butterfly on it fluttering around,

trying to get out and I caught it in my hands.

I went, "Go free,"

-and I let it out the window and a bird swooped in and ate it.

-Oh, no.

That is a metaphor for life, that.

It is, isn't it? It completely is.

Now, get this right and you can have your weight in points.

I'd like you to add these numbers up.

-Look at the screen, add up the numbers.

-Hang on. Hang on. Pen.

JO: Oh!

That's silly.

-Nine, nine, nine, nine.

-No.

-431.

-No. I'll let you have,

which the winner of this competition did not have,

the opportunity to see it again. All right, again. Two-second burst.

Add that up.

Oh, it's about 897.

No. It would be astonishing if you got it,

but in Japan - where else? -

they have this. It's called Flash Anzan.

And actually the world record-holder had a shorter time than that.

You have to correctly add 15 three-digit numbers,

and he did it in 1.7 seconds.

There's a particular reason Japanese people are very good at this.

I think I know the reason. It's in Malcolm Gladwell's book.

It's because of how they process... how the language processes numbers.

There is a strange thing in Chinese and Japanese,

in both languages, with the number, if you say the numbers together,

it automatically adds them up, sort of linguistically.

Yes, but there's a really interesting addition to that,

which is that what they're doing,

and their fingers are the giveaway, they do this.

What do you think that is?

That, that is a living one of those!

LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE

Come on!

Genius! You see?

I've always said, "He's a savant!"

Or it's a herd of those!

I read that book and isn't there a thing...?

It's a Malcolm Gladwell book called Outliers. It's brilliant.

The thing about it is they use fewer syllables in the numbers

so that they have greater aptitude for adding them up

-more quickly as children.

-That might help them.

The answer, incidentally was 1,966.

But the secret actually is in the Chinese, Japanese abacus.

They're actually doing the action of the abacus.

And the more amazing thing, perhaps,

is that, at the same time, they can have a conversation with someone.

Because it's another part of the brain that's being engaged.

And they'll say the answer, but they won't remember a single one

of the numbers they added up.

I thought about this and thought, "This is crazy."

I've got a composer friend who came round to my house and I happen

to have a full orchestral score of Don Giovanni for the piano and he...

Of course you did!

LAUGHTER

I did! People do!

Anyway, he just opened it like that and he started playing it,

sight-reading, like that, on the piano. And talking to me about it.

"This is the bit where it does that." And I somehow took apart what he was doing.

It's not written out as a piano score,

it's written out as violins, oboes, flutes, cor anglais,

which you have to transpose in your head while doing it,

cos it's written in a different key from the rest of everything else.

So, he's doing that and playing a beautiful transcription

-and talking to me.

-The people that do that, they're slightly magic.

-I agree.

-And that's a spell they're saying and I go,

-"Yeah, fine, I'll believe that. Might as well be."

-I know.

-Conductors, trained musicians.

-10,000 hours. 10,000 hours.

That's it. The Beatles, Mozart, all of them, as we know. We think...

-It's a very convincing...

-I've done 10,000 hours.

-Of this.

Of sitting around, vacantly thinking...

-And you're really getting good at it now.

-Being wrong about stuff.

Which brings me to some very complicated adding up of my own, as a matter of fact.

Oh, my gracious goodness, heavens!

The scores are unusual, because we have, of course, been giving scores

to make up for our errors on account of the half-life of facts.

So, in last place, I'm afraid,

it's magnificent for a first appearance, minus 19,

Graham Linehan.

APPLAUSE AND CHEERING

-Graham, congratulations.

-Thank you.

In fourth place, with 23.24, it's the audience!

Well done!

-And in third place...

-So I'm behind the audience?

Yes, I'm afraid so. It's deeply unfair.

-The Star Wars guy's in the audience.

-I'm on the show!

I'm so sorry.

And in third place, with plus 33.58, is Jimmy Carr.

APPLAUSE AND CHEERING

Come on.

In second place, with plus 85.73, Jo Brand.

APPLAUSE AND CHEERING

Not bad for a lady!

And today's out-and-out winner,

with 689.66, is Alan Davies!

APPLAUSE AND WHOOPING

It was worth it.

And, so, it's thank you and good night

from Graham, Jimmy, Jo, Alan and me.

Be useful and lovely to yourselves, good night.

APPLAUSE

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd