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In 1840, one man transformed travel in Britain and Ireland. | 0:00:05 | 0:00:10 | |
His name was George Bradshaw, | 0:00:10 | 0:00:12 | |
and his railway guides inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:16 | |
Stop by stop, he told them where to travel, | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
what to see and where to stay. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:23 | |
Now, 170 years later, I'm making a series of journeys across the length | 0:00:25 | 0:00:30 | |
and breadth of these islands to see what of Bradshaw's world remains. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:34 | |
With the help of my guidebook, I'm discovering how small places | 0:00:52 | 0:00:55 | |
often made a big splash in Bradshaw's day. | 0:00:55 | 0:00:58 | |
I'm reaching the mid-point of my train journey | 0:00:59 | 0:01:01 | |
across the Republic of Ireland, steered by my | 0:01:01 | 0:01:04 | |
Bradshaw's Guide to Great Britain and Ireland, | 0:01:04 | 0:01:06 | |
which in Victorian times formed a single state. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:10 | |
I'm hoping to discover more about how rural Ireland adapted | 0:01:10 | 0:01:14 | |
to the technological and social changes in the 19th century. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:17 | |
On today's stretch, | 0:01:19 | 0:01:20 | |
I'll try my hand at cutting marble, Victorian style... | 0:01:20 | 0:01:23 | |
It just suddenly fell away! | 0:01:27 | 0:01:29 | |
..uncover 19th century Ireland's surprising industrial heritage... | 0:01:29 | 0:01:33 | |
It's a monumental mill, isn't it? | 0:01:33 | 0:01:35 | |
Really impressive. It looks like a fortress. | 0:01:35 | 0:01:37 | |
..and learn how the railways | 0:01:37 | 0:01:38 | |
helped bring motorsport to the masses. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:41 | |
They estimated that there would have been almost a million people | 0:01:42 | 0:01:45 | |
-spectating on that event. -You're not serious? | 0:01:45 | 0:01:47 | |
The first time there was ever | 0:01:47 | 0:01:48 | |
a gathering of that amount of people in Ireland. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:50 | |
Having sampled the pastoral charms of the Irish Republic's south, | 0:01:52 | 0:01:56 | |
I'm now continuing along some of its most important Victorian tracks. | 0:01:56 | 0:02:00 | |
I'm heading north, towards the heart of Ireland, | 0:02:00 | 0:02:03 | |
before veering west to the spectacular Galway coast. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
Today's stretch takes me through counties Carlow and Kildare, | 0:02:09 | 0:02:12 | |
finishing up in the market town of Athy. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
My first stop is Kilkenny, where this region's rich | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
and complex history has left its mark. | 0:02:21 | 0:02:24 | |
My Bradshaw's recommends Kilkenny Castle, | 0:02:25 | 0:02:28 | |
the seat of the Marquis of Ormond. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:30 | |
"Finely situated on a rock above the river, it contains much old | 0:02:30 | 0:02:34 | |
"tapestry, as well as a gallery of the Butler portraits by Lely | 0:02:34 | 0:02:38 | |
"and other portraits of Charles I, Charles II and James II." | 0:02:38 | 0:02:44 | |
It was evidently a magnet for Victorian tourists, | 0:02:44 | 0:02:47 | |
and I feel attracted too. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:49 | |
According to my 19th-century guide, Kilkenny is, | 0:02:51 | 0:02:55 | |
"the old capital of the pale, or limit, of English authority. | 0:02:55 | 0:02:59 | |
"The Ormond or Butler family | 0:02:59 | 0:03:01 | |
"have held possession of the town since 1,400." | 0:03:01 | 0:03:04 | |
I'm going in search of their ancestral seat. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
Are you from Kilkenny, by any chance? | 0:03:11 | 0:03:13 | |
-Yes. -Well, I'm here for the first time. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:15 | |
What should I see whilst I'm here? | 0:03:15 | 0:03:17 | |
What should you see? The castle. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:19 | |
-Are you from Kilkenny? -Yes, I am. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
So what do you think of the castle? You must be very proud of that. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
Oh, I love the castle. It's the first place I send tourists. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:27 | |
You do get an unbelievable amount of tourists here, don't you? | 0:03:27 | 0:03:30 | |
Absolutely. We depend a lot on tourism. | 0:03:30 | 0:03:32 | |
And how would I say welcome to Kilkenny? | 0:03:32 | 0:03:33 | |
Failte roimh Cill Chainnigh. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
That's in Irish. | 0:03:36 | 0:03:37 | |
Well, I guessed that. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:39 | |
That's very, very nice. And how shall I say thank you to you? | 0:03:39 | 0:03:41 | |
-Go raibh maith agat. -Lovely to see you. Thank you so much. | 0:03:41 | 0:03:44 | |
And I'll say that to you, "Nach bhfuil ag gach". | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
Does that mean, "Come back again"? | 0:03:47 | 0:03:48 | |
No, that means, "Not at all". | 0:03:48 | 0:03:50 | |
Oh, not at all! I was hoping you were asking me to come back! | 0:03:50 | 0:03:54 | |
-God bless. -Bye-bye. -Take care. | 0:03:54 | 0:03:55 | |
After such a warm welcome, it's high time | 0:03:57 | 0:03:59 | |
I saw Kilkenny's famous fortress for myself. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:03 | |
Bradshaw's tells me that one of the best views | 0:04:03 | 0:04:05 | |
of the town is from John's Bridge, | 0:04:05 | 0:04:07 | |
and certainly the castle on its mount above the river | 0:04:07 | 0:04:11 | |
is imposing and impressive. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:14 | |
In Bradshaw's day, the noble Butler family still lived here, | 0:04:14 | 0:04:17 | |
and tours were strictly for only upper class visitors by appointment. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:21 | |
My guide today is Frank Kavanagh. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:24 | |
You're very welcome, sir. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:25 | |
Thank you very much, and what a glorious castle you have here. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:29 | |
Magnificent. The Windsor of Ireland. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:32 | |
-I believe it, I believe it. -Yes. Oh, yes. | 0:04:32 | 0:04:34 | |
There's been a castle on this site for 700 years, | 0:04:34 | 0:04:36 | |
but following my guidebook, I'm heading straight for the gallery, | 0:04:36 | 0:04:40 | |
added as part of a major refurbishment in the 19th century. | 0:04:40 | 0:04:44 | |
Absolutely magnificent | 0:04:45 | 0:04:47 | |
Wonderful Long Gallery. How long is it, Frank? | 0:04:47 | 0:04:50 | |
It's 45 metres long, that's 150 foot long. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:53 | |
ten metres high, 30 foot high. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:54 | |
And nine metres wide. It's everything you expect in a castle. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:57 | |
And this wonderful hammer beam ceiling? | 0:04:57 | 0:05:00 | |
It was the work of John Pollen in 1858. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:02 | |
So actually, just before my Bradshaw's guide, | 0:05:02 | 0:05:05 | |
a Victorian masterpiece. | 0:05:05 | 0:05:06 | |
There must have been a flow of tourists coming here? | 0:05:06 | 0:05:09 | |
Yes, there would be. Indeed, you had many visitors coming here, | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
by train, as it was the most convenient way of travel. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:14 | |
The railway had reached Kilkenny in which year? | 0:05:14 | 0:05:18 | |
The railway reached Kilkenny in 1848 to 1850. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:21 | |
So absolutely perfectly timed for the whole thing. | 0:05:21 | 0:05:24 | |
In the 1800s, a fashion for historical | 0:05:25 | 0:05:27 | |
novels and paintings offered a romantic view of Britain's past. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:32 | |
The Civil War of the 17th century was a popular topic, | 0:05:32 | 0:05:34 | |
and the castle's collection of portraits would have fired | 0:05:34 | 0:05:38 | |
Victorian imaginations. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:39 | |
Following my Bradshaw's, | 0:05:41 | 0:05:42 | |
I'm looking for Charles I, Charles II James II. Where would they be? | 0:05:42 | 0:05:46 | |
Right behind us, looking upon us. King Charles I and King Charles II. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:50 | |
The Butlers were staunch supporters of the Stuart cause, | 0:05:50 | 0:05:54 | |
hence you have, of course, James Francis Stuart, | 0:05:54 | 0:05:57 | |
father of Bonnie Prince Charlie. | 0:05:57 | 0:05:58 | |
While the British Isles were torn apart by civil war, the Butlers, | 0:05:58 | 0:06:02 | |
or Ormonds, stayed staunchly loyal to the British crown. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
Here in the Long Gallery, | 0:06:06 | 0:06:07 | |
Victorian visitors could steep themselves in the story. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:11 | |
All around you there are members of the family. | 0:06:11 | 0:06:13 | |
James Butler, first Duke of Ormond, | 0:06:13 | 0:06:15 | |
the most eminent member of the family, | 0:06:15 | 0:06:18 | |
buried at Westminster Abbey, right close to his arch enemy, Cromwell. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:22 | |
As well as admiring the paintings, tourists could marvel at the lavish | 0:06:22 | 0:06:26 | |
19th-century restoration, which included a rather unusual material. | 0:06:26 | 0:06:31 | |
This is the essence of our city, black marble. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
Bradshaw's talks about | 0:06:34 | 0:06:36 | |
"Good stone and dark marble are abundant in this locality. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:39 | |
"Most of the houses are of this material." | 0:06:39 | 0:06:41 | |
This is what he's referring to? | 0:06:41 | 0:06:42 | |
Exactly what he's referring to, | 0:06:42 | 0:06:44 | |
the entire city of Kilkenny is built upon this marble. | 0:06:44 | 0:06:46 | |
I'd love to linger in the Long Gallery, | 0:06:47 | 0:06:49 | |
but this remarkable stone has sparked my curiosity. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:53 | |
A Victorian favourite, it found fame around the world. | 0:06:53 | 0:06:57 | |
And the story starts just east from Kilkenny. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:00 | |
My search for the Irish black stuff, I refer, of course, to Kilkenny | 0:07:00 | 0:07:04 | |
marble, has led me to Butler's Grove Quarry. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:06 | |
In Victorian times, this was a thriving source of marble | 0:07:08 | 0:07:11 | |
and building stone. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:13 | |
However, when concrete increased in popularity | 0:07:13 | 0:07:15 | |
in the early 20th century, the quarry was forced to close. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:19 | |
It was resurrected in the 1970s by Jim Harding's father. | 0:07:19 | 0:07:23 | |
-Hello, Jim. -Michael, how are you? -Good to see you. | 0:07:23 | 0:07:25 | |
I've come in search of Kilkenny marble, | 0:07:25 | 0:07:27 | |
-and I guess I've come to the right place? -You have. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:30 | |
You've come to one of two old Kilkenny marble quarries. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:33 | |
This is actually the only one that's left open. | 0:07:33 | 0:07:35 | |
Marble was first quarried commercially in Kilkenny | 0:07:37 | 0:07:40 | |
in the 1730s, and when the rails arrived a century later, | 0:07:40 | 0:07:44 | |
they quickly became vital to the industry. | 0:07:44 | 0:07:46 | |
The railways were extremely important in Victorian times. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:49 | |
It was actually quite difficult | 0:07:49 | 0:07:51 | |
to transport heavy blocks anywhere other than by rail. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:53 | |
So they would have been brought from here to a railway station, | 0:07:53 | 0:07:56 | |
then transported literally everywhere. | 0:07:56 | 0:07:58 | |
Most of the bigger blocks that came out of here would have been shipped | 0:07:58 | 0:08:01 | |
to Liverpool and then delivered by rail again out of Liverpool. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:04 | |
The Victorians used the stone for everything from fireplaces to | 0:08:04 | 0:08:08 | |
gravestones, and it was even employed to build railway stations. | 0:08:08 | 0:08:12 | |
In geological terms, this particular marble is a sedimentary limestone, | 0:08:12 | 0:08:15 | |
formed from a fine black mud 370 million years ago. | 0:08:15 | 0:08:21 | |
And what is the quality of this stone that makes it so special? | 0:08:22 | 0:08:26 | |
It's a really, really dense black material. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:29 | |
That's actually quite scarce. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:30 | |
There's not that many markings in it, and it's really good quality. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:33 | |
Jim discovered a fresh seam of this rare stone a few years ago, | 0:08:33 | 0:08:38 | |
allowing production, paused since the 1900s, to begin again. | 0:08:38 | 0:08:41 | |
Methods have moved on since Bradshaw's day, | 0:08:43 | 0:08:45 | |
but he's going to show me an old-fashioned technique | 0:08:45 | 0:08:48 | |
used by Victorian quarrymen to split the blocks of stone. | 0:08:48 | 0:08:51 | |
What do you do? Drop the two side ones in? | 0:08:52 | 0:08:54 | |
These side ones have to go in one at a time. One down. | 0:08:54 | 0:08:57 | |
Second one in. | 0:08:57 | 0:08:58 | |
And now the actual wedges. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:01 | |
This cunning system of pins and wedges should mean a gentle tap | 0:09:01 | 0:09:05 | |
is all that's required. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:07 | |
Now we move round to the back of the stone | 0:09:07 | 0:09:09 | |
and we literally start to tap them. | 0:09:09 | 0:09:10 | |
It just suddenly fell away. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:26 | |
That's it. You hear it cracking first. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:28 | |
I heard a little sound and then off it went. | 0:09:28 | 0:09:30 | |
So, what have we done there? We've made quite a clean break. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:33 | |
What you've done is you've cleaned it all the way across. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:36 | |
Look at that! | 0:09:36 | 0:09:37 | |
These days, machines do much of the work that was once done by hand, | 0:09:37 | 0:09:40 | |
but the real magic occurs at the polishing stage. | 0:09:40 | 0:09:44 | |
What you do is, you go up and down along it here, | 0:09:45 | 0:09:47 | |
and you try and get as much of that heat and wax into that as possible. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:50 | |
-Let's give it a go. -OK. That's it. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:52 | |
Isn't it lovely how the black appears through the blue wax there? | 0:09:57 | 0:10:00 | |
It is. That's what actually brings up the black polish on it. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:03 | |
-Such a lovely stone. -It is a fabulous material, yeah. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
The best marble is still | 0:10:07 | 0:10:08 | |
highly prized for fireplaces, just as it was in Bradshaw's day. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:12 | |
-Well! -You're really getting into that. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:16 | |
I think that's just about got it. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:18 | |
Isn't that the most beautiful piece of stone? | 0:10:18 | 0:10:20 | |
It is lovely, isn't it? | 0:10:20 | 0:10:21 | |
-That would grace any fine house or castle. -It would and does. | 0:10:21 | 0:10:25 | |
Sadly, I can't stay and hone my skills, as it's time for me | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
to continue my journey. | 0:10:30 | 0:10:31 | |
My next destination is something of a riddle. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:40 | |
As I travel north from Kilkenny, according to my Bradshaw's guide, | 0:10:51 | 0:10:54 | |
we soon reach Bagenalstown. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:56 | |
But there's no trace of it on the map, | 0:10:56 | 0:10:58 | |
so I'm going to alight at Muine Bheag and investigate further. | 0:10:58 | 0:11:01 | |
With no Bagenalstown mentioned on the railway map, | 0:11:10 | 0:11:13 | |
I'm going to have to dig deeper to find the spot described in my guide. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:17 | |
-Thank you very much. -You're welcome. | 0:11:21 | 0:11:23 | |
-I'm looking for Bagenalstown. -You're in it. | 0:11:23 | 0:11:25 | |
-Doesn't say so. -Muine Bheag. | 0:11:27 | 0:11:29 | |
-Ah, that's the Irish. -That's the Irish for Bagenalstown. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:32 | |
What does that mean? Is that a translation of Bagenalstown? | 0:11:32 | 0:11:34 | |
Small wood. | 0:11:34 | 0:11:36 | |
-Small wood, OK. Do you know who Bagenal was, who had the town? -No. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:39 | |
-Well, OK. So I'm in the right place. -You're in the right place. | 0:11:41 | 0:11:44 | |
-I just have to find Bagenal now. -That's it. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:45 | |
-Thank you. -No problem. -Bye. -All the best. | 0:11:45 | 0:11:47 | |
It seems the locals are as in the dark as I am. | 0:11:47 | 0:11:51 | |
I'm hoping historian Pat Nolan can unravel the mystery. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
-Pat! -Hello, Michael. Welcome to Bagenalstown. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:57 | |
Well, you call it Bagenalstown. I thought it was called Muine Bheag? | 0:11:57 | 0:12:00 | |
Depends who you talk to, really. | 0:12:00 | 0:12:02 | |
It was Bagenalstown because the Bagenals were here | 0:12:02 | 0:12:04 | |
since 1585, and they built a lot of this town. | 0:12:04 | 0:12:08 | |
By the 1920s, the idea of naming a town after the local landed | 0:12:10 | 0:12:13 | |
gentry had begun to seem outdated. | 0:12:13 | 0:12:15 | |
I imagine the name was changed after Irish independence? | 0:12:17 | 0:12:19 | |
Yes, well, the attempt was made, after Irish independence, | 0:12:19 | 0:12:22 | |
in the mid-1920s. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:24 | |
A chap called Cleary got quite heated about the whole thing, | 0:12:24 | 0:12:26 | |
and he wanted to be changed from Bagenalstown, | 0:12:26 | 0:12:29 | |
which he felt had the wrong connotations, | 0:12:29 | 0:12:32 | |
and call it Muine Bheag from an old Irish name, a very old Irish name. | 0:12:32 | 0:12:38 | |
What happened, anyway, was nothing. | 0:12:38 | 0:12:40 | |
Because people who used to call it Bagenalstown continued to do so, | 0:12:40 | 0:12:42 | |
and people who called it Muine Bheag continued to do so. | 0:12:42 | 0:12:45 | |
In the 1950s, there was even a public vote on the matter, | 0:12:46 | 0:12:50 | |
and the locals opted to stick with Bagenalstown. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:52 | |
But surprisingly, a few years later, the station was officially named | 0:12:53 | 0:12:58 | |
Muine Bheag. | 0:12:58 | 0:12:59 | |
No-one is quite sure why that is, | 0:12:59 | 0:13:01 | |
but there is a tradition that our Irish national rail system | 0:13:01 | 0:13:04 | |
tend to use the Irish forms of names quite considerably. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:07 | |
It's the use of the Irish language rather than anything else. | 0:13:07 | 0:13:10 | |
And Muine Bheag is accepted as the name in Irish of this town. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:14 | |
It's not just the name of this place that confuses visitors. | 0:13:16 | 0:13:19 | |
Back in the 1700s, | 0:13:19 | 0:13:20 | |
one of the Bagenal clan left behind an incongruous legacy. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:24 | |
To see it, you have to walk through the public library. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:27 | |
What a transformation from one side to the other. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:36 | |
Yes, it's quite something. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
-It is amazing. -This was part of his grand plan. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:42 | |
Bagenal had the idea of creating another Versailles | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
here in Ireland. | 0:13:45 | 0:13:47 | |
He had terrific ideas, | 0:13:47 | 0:13:50 | |
and indeed he created some of them, | 0:13:50 | 0:13:52 | |
and then, guess what, the money ran out. | 0:13:52 | 0:13:54 | |
It doesn't look anything like Versailles! | 0:13:54 | 0:13:56 | |
-No, it doesn't. -It's modelled on the Athens Parthenon. | 0:13:56 | 0:14:01 | |
So he was somewhat geographically confused, you might say. | 0:14:01 | 0:14:05 | |
And so here this mini-Parthenon sits, amongst the suburban houses | 0:14:05 | 0:14:09 | |
and the municipal buildings, and the sheds with their tin roofs. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
Quite a contrast, really. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:14 | |
It is, but at least it's now serving a practical current, | 0:14:14 | 0:14:18 | |
present day use as the library, so you know, some good came out of it. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:23 | |
The curiosities that I uncover with my Bradshaw's guide | 0:14:23 | 0:14:27 | |
never cease to amaze. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:28 | |
And just up the road from this charming town, | 0:14:29 | 0:14:31 | |
I've found the perfect place to break my journey. | 0:14:31 | 0:14:34 | |
Walter Bagenal did not succeed in completing his new Versailles, | 0:14:37 | 0:14:40 | |
but many people still think that their town bears his name, | 0:14:40 | 0:14:43 | |
and certainly this inn does, | 0:14:43 | 0:14:44 | |
and this is where I shall spend the night. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:46 | |
I'm now rejoining my route along the Waterford branch of the famous | 0:14:57 | 0:15:01 | |
Great Southern & Western railway, | 0:15:01 | 0:15:03 | |
built to connect the rural hinterland with Dublin. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:07 | |
Its engineer was the Irish Brunel, William Dargan, | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
born and bred in these parts. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:12 | |
I find myself on a very busy train, and I'm just going one stop | 0:15:13 | 0:15:17 | |
to Carlow, which my Bradshaw's tells me is the capital town of the county | 0:15:17 | 0:15:21 | |
with a population of about 9,900, who return one member - | 0:15:21 | 0:15:25 | |
Bradshaw's loves to tell us | 0:15:25 | 0:15:27 | |
how many Members of Parliament are sent to Westminster - | 0:15:27 | 0:15:30 | |
and are employed in the grain and butter trade. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:32 | |
It's built on the east bank of the River Barrow. | 0:15:32 | 0:15:35 | |
Now where you get grain, and where you get a river, | 0:15:35 | 0:15:37 | |
you'd normally get mills. | 0:15:37 | 0:15:39 | |
And mills were a source of wealth, and of jobs. | 0:15:39 | 0:15:41 | |
I'm bound for a mill which was once | 0:15:44 | 0:15:46 | |
so important it had its own station, Milford. | 0:15:46 | 0:15:49 | |
Sadly, the stop went out of service in 1969 | 0:15:50 | 0:15:53 | |
so I'm leaving the train at Carlow. | 0:15:53 | 0:15:56 | |
-Morning! How are you? -How was your trip? -Very nice, thank you very much. | 0:15:56 | 0:16:00 | |
And I've spotted some very important work going on. | 0:16:00 | 0:16:03 | |
Oh, wow, you're putting in the signs saying you've got to | 0:16:03 | 0:16:05 | |
-stand behind this line. -Yeah. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:07 | |
-In Irish. -Are you only doing them in Irish today? | 0:16:07 | 0:16:10 | |
No, Irish and English. | 0:16:10 | 0:16:12 | |
Now I've often seen this sign in Irish, how do you pronounce it? | 0:16:12 | 0:16:15 | |
Fan Taobh Den Line. Den...Li... | 0:16:15 | 0:16:21 | |
We just put it down! | 0:16:21 | 0:16:24 | |
My Irish lesson over, | 0:16:24 | 0:16:26 | |
I'm heading up the road to the banks of the River Barrow. | 0:16:26 | 0:16:29 | |
In the early days of the Industrial Revolution, | 0:16:30 | 0:16:33 | |
forward-thinking landowners sought to make the most of this | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
valley's fertile countryside. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:37 | |
Here at Milford Mills, their legacy is unmissable. | 0:16:39 | 0:16:42 | |
-Hello, Shay. -Michael, welcome to Milford. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:45 | |
Thank you. It's a monumental mill, isn't it? Really impressive. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:48 | |
-It looks like a fortress. -Absolutely. | 0:16:48 | 0:16:51 | |
You wouldn't expect to find a major industrial site | 0:16:51 | 0:16:54 | |
in this quiet rural setting, | 0:16:54 | 0:16:56 | |
but at its peak, it was the largest mill complex in Ireland. | 0:16:56 | 0:17:00 | |
Historian Shay Kinsella has been researching the story. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:04 | |
Well, this is an enormous and impressive building, | 0:17:05 | 0:17:07 | |
but am I right in thinking there was even more than this, originally? | 0:17:07 | 0:17:10 | |
Absolutely, this is only one of three buildings. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:12 | |
This is the only one that's survived. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:14 | |
This was the oatmeal mill, | 0:17:14 | 0:17:15 | |
there was also a massive flour mill and a huge malthouse, as well. | 0:17:15 | 0:17:19 | |
The mills were the brainchild of John Alexander, | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
a Belfast man who, by 1790, had brought together | 0:17:22 | 0:17:25 | |
the power of the river and the area's agricultural riches. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:29 | |
By the time the railways came half a century later, | 0:17:29 | 0:17:31 | |
his son was running the thriving mill. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
The second John Alexander of Milford | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
was a great believer in the power of the railways. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:38 | |
When the mill started to become extremely successful here, | 0:17:38 | 0:17:41 | |
he decided that a railway would be the best access up to Dublin | 0:17:41 | 0:17:44 | |
and down to Waterford, for transporting the goods from here. | 0:17:44 | 0:17:47 | |
And that railway station was named Milford railway station. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:51 | |
John Alexander II invested £6,000 in the Great Southern & Western | 0:17:51 | 0:17:55 | |
railway, and soon the trains were taking his business to ever | 0:17:55 | 0:17:58 | |
greater heights. | 0:17:58 | 0:17:59 | |
Mr and Mrs Samuel Carter Hall, the travel commentators, visited here | 0:17:59 | 0:18:03 | |
in the early 1840s and said these mills were fitted to astonish | 0:18:03 | 0:18:05 | |
Englishmen, that Milford was laying down the gauntlet even for | 0:18:05 | 0:18:08 | |
the cotton mills and the flour mills of Manchester, | 0:18:08 | 0:18:11 | |
and that the capacity of the river | 0:18:11 | 0:18:12 | |
and hydropower that should be harnessed across the UK. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:15 | |
From the early 1800s, British and Irish producers got a further boost | 0:18:16 | 0:18:20 | |
from the Corn Laws, which protected them from international competition. | 0:18:20 | 0:18:24 | |
Then, in the 1840s, famine struck Ireland, and the government's | 0:18:24 | 0:18:28 | |
response marked the beginning of the end for Milford's heyday. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:32 | |
The idea was to flood the market with cheap accessible flour | 0:18:32 | 0:18:35 | |
so that bread could be produced for the population in distress, | 0:18:35 | 0:18:38 | |
but at the same time it put huge pressure on the milling | 0:18:38 | 0:18:41 | |
industry here to compete with these foreign imports, and unfortunately, | 0:18:41 | 0:18:44 | |
the Milford mills here | 0:18:44 | 0:18:45 | |
definitely went into decline from that date onwards. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:48 | |
What happened to the mill after that? | 0:18:48 | 0:18:50 | |
From the 1860s up to 1890, this building was left idle, | 0:18:50 | 0:18:52 | |
the plant was left idle, | 0:18:52 | 0:18:53 | |
and the building started showing definite signs of decay, | 0:18:53 | 0:18:56 | |
until another John Alexander decided it was time to give this building | 0:18:56 | 0:18:59 | |
a new lease of life and make history for Carlow and Ireland at same time. | 0:18:59 | 0:19:02 | |
Towards the end of the 19th century, | 0:19:02 | 0:19:05 | |
the best minds in science and engineering | 0:19:05 | 0:19:08 | |
discovered how to harness the power of a new technology, electricity. | 0:19:08 | 0:19:12 | |
The world's first power station was built in 1882, and | 0:19:13 | 0:19:17 | |
just nine years later, the invention gripped even this sleepy town. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
In 1890, then, John III was approached with an idea, | 0:19:23 | 0:19:26 | |
to install a dynamo here | 0:19:26 | 0:19:28 | |
which would have generated electricity by hydropower. | 0:19:28 | 0:19:31 | |
A very pioneering idea at the time. | 0:19:31 | 0:19:34 | |
John III was himself a bit of an innovator, a pioneer, | 0:19:34 | 0:19:37 | |
a very progressive thinker, so he latched onto this with both hands. | 0:19:37 | 0:19:41 | |
Carlow was the first inland town in Ireland | 0:19:41 | 0:19:43 | |
and Britain to be lit throughout by hydro-electricity. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:47 | |
The plant ran for a decade, | 0:19:47 | 0:19:49 | |
but closed when a new generator was built, closer to the town centre. | 0:19:49 | 0:19:53 | |
But that wasn't the end of Milford's energy story. | 0:19:53 | 0:19:56 | |
Hello, Michael. Come on in. | 0:20:00 | 0:20:02 | |
Hello, John. Lovely to see you. Thank you, sir. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:04 | |
The latest in this line of remarkable men | 0:20:04 | 0:20:07 | |
is John Alexander V, who still lives in the ancestral home. | 0:20:07 | 0:20:11 | |
So, John, I imagine this is a display of your ancestors, is it? | 0:20:11 | 0:20:15 | |
Yes, the ones lived in Milford, yes. | 0:20:15 | 0:20:17 | |
Which one first put an electricity turbine in the mill? | 0:20:17 | 0:20:19 | |
My grandfather, who I remember well. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:23 | |
He was born in 1850, but I can remember him well growing up. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:25 | |
This house, I suppose, being very close to mill, | 0:20:27 | 0:20:29 | |
-must have benefited from electricity. -Yes, it did. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:31 | |
Was this one of the early houses? | 0:20:31 | 0:20:33 | |
I think it's one of the first, certainly in rural Ireland, | 0:20:33 | 0:20:37 | |
to be electrified, yes. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:39 | |
In the 1980s, John decided to build a new turbine in the old mill hall, | 0:20:39 | 0:20:43 | |
which still generates enough electricity | 0:20:43 | 0:20:46 | |
to power nearly 200 lightbulbs continuously. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:49 | |
You're still putting electricity into the grid? | 0:20:49 | 0:20:51 | |
Absolutely, right now quite a lot, | 0:20:51 | 0:20:53 | |
because we've had quite a lot of rain today. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:55 | |
It's an amazing history, isn't it? | 0:20:56 | 0:20:59 | |
Five of you here in Milford called John Alexander, | 0:20:59 | 0:21:02 | |
five of you wedded, in various ways, to the mill. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:07 | |
Absolutely, yeah. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:08 | |
Well, you're a very worthy John Alexander. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:10 | |
-A great pleasure to meet you. -Well, thank you. | 0:21:10 | 0:21:12 | |
I'm now embarking on the last leg of today's journey, and there's | 0:21:16 | 0:21:20 | |
just time to see how Carlow's sprucing up is coming along. | 0:21:20 | 0:21:24 | |
Smell of fresh paint. They've done the line, | 0:21:24 | 0:21:27 | |
but they haven't yet redone the words. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
My next stop is just 20 miles north. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:40 | |
I'm now heading for Athy, | 0:21:43 | 0:21:45 | |
which my Bradshaw's tells me is on the Barrow, | 0:21:45 | 0:21:47 | |
where there is an old castle built by Lord Kildare in 1506. | 0:21:47 | 0:21:50 | |
In fact, he gave his name to the county. | 0:21:50 | 0:21:53 | |
But I'm attracted to Athy for something that happened there | 0:21:53 | 0:21:56 | |
long after my Bradshaw's was published | 0:21:56 | 0:21:59 | |
which made it internationally famous. | 0:21:59 | 0:22:01 | |
In the last decades of Victoria's reign, | 0:22:03 | 0:22:05 | |
a new rival to the railways emerged from the workshops | 0:22:05 | 0:22:08 | |
of the Industrial Revolution, the automobile. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:11 | |
The age of mass motor travel was still a long way off, | 0:22:12 | 0:22:15 | |
but for the elite, | 0:22:15 | 0:22:16 | |
this new machine opened up a fresh world of pleasure and excitement. | 0:22:16 | 0:22:20 | |
Veteran car enthusiast Laurence Roe can tell me | 0:22:21 | 0:22:24 | |
how this small Irish town played a big part in the story. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:28 | |
Laurence! | 0:22:28 | 0:22:29 | |
Michael, nice to meet you. Welcome to Athy. | 0:22:30 | 0:22:33 | |
Thank you very much. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:34 | |
What a beautiful collection of vintage cars. | 0:22:34 | 0:22:36 | |
What is the connection between Athy and cars? | 0:22:36 | 0:22:39 | |
Well, Athy's connection dates back to 1903, | 0:22:39 | 0:22:43 | |
when the first closed circuit race ever | 0:22:43 | 0:22:45 | |
to take place took place here. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:48 | |
Prior to that, the previous | 0:22:48 | 0:22:50 | |
races were on open roads, where there was other traffic, little | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
control of spectators, | 0:22:53 | 0:22:55 | |
and this was actually the first closed circuit ever. | 0:22:55 | 0:22:58 | |
It subsequently became known as Grand Prix, really. | 0:22:59 | 0:23:02 | |
The groundbreaking event was the fourth in a series of international | 0:23:03 | 0:23:07 | |
races sponsored by newspaper baron James Gordon Bennett Jnr. | 0:23:07 | 0:23:12 | |
Famous for his passion for adventure, | 0:23:12 | 0:23:14 | |
he backed everything from polar expeditions to balloon races. | 0:23:14 | 0:23:18 | |
Is this THE Gordon Bennett? | 0:23:18 | 0:23:20 | |
It is THE Gordon Bennett, yes. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:22 | |
So when one says, "Gordon Bennett!", | 0:23:22 | 0:23:24 | |
-one's referring to this gentleman? -Yes. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:26 | |
Bennett was known for his playboy lifestyle, | 0:23:26 | 0:23:29 | |
and the story goes that it was a New York party that saw his name | 0:23:29 | 0:23:32 | |
become an expression of incredulity. | 0:23:32 | 0:23:35 | |
He arrived at the party slightly inebriated | 0:23:35 | 0:23:38 | |
because Gordon Bennett lived on lamb chops and champagne. | 0:23:38 | 0:23:42 | |
And when he arrived in the house, | 0:23:42 | 0:23:45 | |
he decided he wanted to use the facilities. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:47 | |
And the facilities in these old houses were | 0:23:47 | 0:23:50 | |
usually down a dark corridor. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:52 | |
So he decided to do what he had to do | 0:23:52 | 0:23:55 | |
in the front room into the fireplace, | 0:23:55 | 0:23:57 | |
So his friends said, "Oh, Gordon Bennett!" | 0:23:57 | 0:23:59 | |
I've often used the exclamation myself | 0:23:59 | 0:24:01 | |
with no idea what I was getting myself into. | 0:24:01 | 0:24:03 | |
Well, there you are now. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:04 | |
The first Gordon Bennett races were held on the continent, on the open | 0:24:04 | 0:24:08 | |
road, but in 1902, the event was won by Selwyn Edge representing England. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:13 | |
So it was down to the United Kingdom of Great Britain | 0:24:13 | 0:24:16 | |
and Ireland to host the next event, but with strict speed | 0:24:16 | 0:24:19 | |
limits on the British mainland, it was decided to hold it across | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
the Irish sea, where restrictions were temporarily relaxed. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:26 | |
The area around Athy was chosen for its convenient location. | 0:24:26 | 0:24:30 | |
The railways were important to bring in the drivers or the spectators? | 0:24:30 | 0:24:34 | |
Bring in the spectators, because they estimated there would have been | 0:24:34 | 0:24:38 | |
-almost a million people spectating on that event. -You're not serious? | 0:24:38 | 0:24:41 | |
The first time there was ever a gathering of that amount of people | 0:24:41 | 0:24:44 | |
in Ireland, and the railways played a big part from all over the country, | 0:24:44 | 0:24:47 | |
bringing people to see this amazing scene. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:50 | |
-I had no idea it was on that scale. -Absolutely. | 0:24:50 | 0:24:54 | |
For safety, the roads were closed off to other traffic, | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
setting the template for the Grand Prix, which began in 1906. | 0:24:57 | 0:25:00 | |
And the race also gave birth to another tradition. | 0:25:01 | 0:25:05 | |
Each country had a colour. America was red, Germany was white, | 0:25:05 | 0:25:10 | |
France was blue, and the British chose emerald green. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:14 | |
Partly as a gesture to | 0:25:14 | 0:25:16 | |
Ireland for hosting the race | 0:25:16 | 0:25:18 | |
and this subsequently became British racing green. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:21 | |
So it was a tribute to the host nation, to the Emerald Isle. | 0:25:21 | 0:25:24 | |
Sadly, racing green failed to triumph, as the trophy was | 0:25:24 | 0:25:28 | |
won by a German car. | 0:25:28 | 0:25:29 | |
The '03 Gordon Bennett race was won by Camille Jenatzy, | 0:25:30 | 0:25:34 | |
driving a 60 hp Mercedes at an average | 0:25:34 | 0:25:35 | |
speed of 49.2 mph, which was remarkable speed at that time, | 0:25:35 | 0:25:41 | |
over a circuit which was 327.5 miles. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:44 | |
I can't believe they were averaging nearly 50mph | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
-over 300-and-something-mile circuit in 1903. -Yep, absolutely amazing. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:53 | |
And to get those speeds, they would have had to do over 70mph | 0:25:53 | 0:25:55 | |
in some of the straight stretches to try and achieve that. | 0:25:55 | 0:25:58 | |
Much of the original course can still be | 0:25:59 | 0:26:01 | |
driven on the roads around Athy, and the race is commemorated | 0:26:01 | 0:26:05 | |
every year by members of the Irish Veteran and Vintage Car Club. | 0:26:05 | 0:26:09 | |
And they're out for a drive today. | 0:26:11 | 0:26:13 | |
The first thing we have to do is pump up the fuel. | 0:26:13 | 0:26:15 | |
-Here? -Yes. | 0:26:15 | 0:26:17 | |
These days, a turn of the key is all that's needed to send fuel from | 0:26:17 | 0:26:21 | |
the tank to the engine. | 0:26:21 | 0:26:23 | |
But in the 1900s, it was rather harder work. | 0:26:23 | 0:26:26 | |
OK! | 0:26:26 | 0:26:27 | |
Laurence takes the wheel of his 1906 Wolseley | 0:26:30 | 0:26:33 | |
to give me a taste of the race that attracted | 0:26:33 | 0:26:36 | |
a million awe-struck spectators. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:37 | |
I'm guessing that, at the beginning of the 20th century, | 0:26:40 | 0:26:42 | |
the population of Ireland can't have been more than five or six million. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:45 | |
It's impossible to think of any sporting event now | 0:26:45 | 0:26:48 | |
that would gather a fifth or a sixth of the population. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:50 | |
Absolutely. | 0:26:50 | 0:26:51 | |
I suppose when you think about it, most people hadn't seen a motor car. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:54 | |
They didn't know what they looked like. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:56 | |
To have this piece of machinery travelling at amazing speeds | 0:26:56 | 0:26:59 | |
would have been really spectacular. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:01 | |
On the open road with Laurence, you begin to realise | 0:27:07 | 0:27:10 | |
how extraordinary the sight of a speeding car must once have been. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:15 | |
First locomotion, then the internal combustion engine, | 0:27:15 | 0:27:19 | |
the 19th century truly brought transport revolutions. | 0:27:19 | 0:27:22 | |
This part of my journey has made me | 0:27:24 | 0:27:26 | |
think about the role of great men in history. | 0:27:26 | 0:27:28 | |
The Dukes of Ormonde, of Kilkenny, Walter Bagenal of Bagenalstown, | 0:27:31 | 0:27:35 | |
five generations of John Alexander, and Gordon Bennett. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:38 | |
And I'd like to add one more name, the railway engineer who built | 0:27:40 | 0:27:43 | |
this line, and many others, a native of Carlow, William Dargan. | 0:27:43 | 0:27:48 | |
On my next journey, I'll visit the Irish National Stud. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:57 | |
A bucking experience! | 0:27:58 | 0:28:00 | |
Oh, the horse is going very fast now! | 0:28:01 | 0:28:03 | |
This is absolutely exhausting! | 0:28:03 | 0:28:05 | |
I'll discover how harsh life was for the Irish poor. | 0:28:05 | 0:28:09 | |
When you came in here, you gave up everything | 0:28:09 | 0:28:12 | |
and you signed up to a life within the workhouse. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:15 | |
And I'll uncover an astronomical feat of Victorian engineering. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:18 | |
-What a construction. -It was known locally as The Monster. | 0:28:20 | 0:28:23 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:28:53 | 0:28:55 |