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In 1840, one man transformed travel in Britain. | 0:00:04 | 0:00:09 | |
His name was George Bradshaw | 0:00:09 | 0:00:12 | |
and his railway guides inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:16 | |
Stop by stop, he told them where to go, | 0:00:17 | 0:00:20 | |
what to see and where to stay. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:23 | |
And now, 170 years later, I'm aboard for a series of rail adventures | 0:00:23 | 0:00:29 | |
across the United Kingdom to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains. | 0:00:29 | 0:00:33 | |
My journey continues through Suffolk. | 0:00:54 | 0:00:57 | |
This flat terrain produces a big, beautiful dome of sky | 0:00:57 | 0:01:01 | |
and beneath it the green land | 0:01:01 | 0:01:03 | |
and the rivers that run between it are rich in food. | 0:01:03 | 0:01:06 | |
'On this leg, I discover that 19th century engineering was pretty sharp.' | 0:01:10 | 0:01:15 | |
And there it goes. | 0:01:15 | 0:01:17 | |
The extraordinary thing is a Victorian would recognise that | 0:01:17 | 0:01:21 | |
-because it was made in much the same way. -Absolutely. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:24 | |
'Shell out for seafood near Mersey Island.' | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
Enormous. So this is the sort of oyster that once cleaned up, | 0:01:28 | 0:01:32 | |
-could appear on my plate. -Certainly is, yeah. | 0:01:32 | 0:01:34 | |
'And I'm tainted in an Essex orchard.' | 0:01:34 | 0:01:37 | |
That's where the phrase "caught red-handed" came from. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:40 | |
Indelible stain of crime. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:42 | |
My journey, which began in Norwich, | 0:01:47 | 0:01:49 | |
now continues south-west through Suffolk, | 0:01:49 | 0:01:52 | |
past Chelmsford in Essex, | 0:01:52 | 0:01:55 | |
then across the Thames at Tilbury, | 0:01:55 | 0:01:57 | |
through the Medway towns of Kent and its largest port, Dover, | 0:01:57 | 0:02:01 | |
before moving west to Tunbridge, down to the Sussex coast | 0:02:01 | 0:02:05 | |
and ending in the cathedral city of Chichester. | 0:02:05 | 0:02:08 | |
Today's leg begins in Ipswich, | 0:02:10 | 0:02:12 | |
moves south-west to crack open the Essex delights of Colchester | 0:02:12 | 0:02:16 | |
and Witham, and picks up radio waves in Chelmsford. | 0:02:16 | 0:02:20 | |
Bradshaw's tells me that Suffolk is one of the best cultivated districts in England, | 0:02:29 | 0:02:34 | |
almost exclusively a farming county, | 0:02:34 | 0:02:36 | |
being conducted upon the most improved principles. | 0:02:36 | 0:02:40 | |
There was innovation in agriculture | 0:02:40 | 0:02:42 | |
long before the industrial revolution | 0:02:42 | 0:02:45 | |
and East Anglia was in the forefront. | 0:02:45 | 0:02:47 | |
Set on the bank of the Orwell estuary, | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
Ipswich - one of England's oldest towns - | 0:02:52 | 0:02:54 | |
has been an important trading centre since the Saxons settled here. | 0:02:54 | 0:02:58 | |
It became one of the richest ports in medieval England | 0:02:59 | 0:03:03 | |
and thrived on shipbuilding. | 0:03:03 | 0:03:05 | |
When the railways arrived in Ipswich in 1846, | 0:03:07 | 0:03:10 | |
they ran to the new docks, from where the town's iron goods | 0:03:10 | 0:03:14 | |
and farm machinery could be moved easily | 0:03:14 | 0:03:16 | |
to customers around the country. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:18 | |
Here I am at Ipswich, which Bradshaw's tells me is a port, | 0:03:23 | 0:03:27 | |
borough town and capital of Suffolk. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:29 | |
Then it tells me that Ransomes & Sims | 0:03:29 | 0:03:33 | |
machine and implement works cover 14 acres. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:35 | |
Could that be instrumental in the agricultural improvement | 0:03:38 | 0:03:41 | |
that Bradshaw's tells me about? | 0:03:41 | 0:03:44 | |
Founded in 1785 by Robert Ransome during the agrarian revolution, | 0:03:45 | 0:03:50 | |
Ransomes of Ipswich has been making agricultural equipment ever since. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:54 | |
The company was originally situated at the docks, | 0:03:56 | 0:03:59 | |
where it also built its own railway sidings. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:02 | |
I'm keen to find out just how important Ransomes was | 0:04:02 | 0:04:06 | |
to the economy of Ipswich in Bradshaw's day. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:08 | |
Richard Comely is the company's marketing director. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:14 | |
-Hello Michael, welcome. -Very good to see you. -Thank you. | 0:04:14 | 0:04:17 | |
Bradshaw's tells me that Ransomes & Sims covered an area of 14 acres. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:23 | |
That's in 1864 - it must have been enormous. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:26 | |
Some 3,500 people were employed here, | 0:04:26 | 0:04:31 | |
making ploughs, mowing machinery, all kinds of agricultural equipment. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:35 | |
In 1832, Ransomes won the licence to manufacture a brand new product. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:42 | |
Engineer Edwin Budding's invention, | 0:04:43 | 0:04:46 | |
based on the napping of cloth in cotton mills, | 0:04:46 | 0:04:48 | |
would revolutionise 19th century gardening. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:53 | |
Until such time as the mower came along, | 0:04:53 | 0:04:56 | |
people were cutting grass with scythes, | 0:04:56 | 0:04:58 | |
and obviously, that had limitations, especially with short grass. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:01 | |
What's the breakthrough about the lawn mower? | 0:05:01 | 0:05:04 | |
The principle is we have these rotating blades that are in a spiral | 0:05:04 | 0:05:09 | |
and we have this bed knife, which is the stationary part | 0:05:09 | 0:05:13 | |
that the rotating blades rotate against. | 0:05:13 | 0:05:15 | |
The reason they're in a spiral is to feed the power in more evenly | 0:05:15 | 0:05:20 | |
and to eliminate the kind of chopping motion | 0:05:20 | 0:05:23 | |
you would get if the blades were all in straight lines. | 0:05:23 | 0:05:27 | |
This is fundamentally what Budding invented. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:29 | |
Actually, that's a fantastic thought isn't it? | 0:05:29 | 0:05:32 | |
That a fellow came up with this idea 180 years ago | 0:05:32 | 0:05:36 | |
-and really, it's recognisable to this day. -Exactly. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:40 | |
In 1867 the company produced more than 1,000 lawn mowers | 0:05:40 | 0:05:45 | |
and Royal recognition followed when Queen Victoria acquired one | 0:05:45 | 0:05:49 | |
to tend the lawns of her beloved Balmoral. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:52 | |
-Might I have a go at that? -Absolutely. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:01 | |
Give it a whirl. Thank you very much. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:03 | |
Let it catch the second roller as you go through, | 0:06:05 | 0:06:08 | |
-press the button there. -Look at that! Curving away. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:12 | |
That's basically what you've got. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:19 | |
-Isn't that beautiful? -It's formed a spiral. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:21 | |
And there is goes. | 0:06:23 | 0:06:25 | |
And the extraordinary thing is that a Victorian would recognize that | 0:06:25 | 0:06:29 | |
-because it was made in much the same way. -Absolutely. | 0:06:29 | 0:06:32 | |
In the 21st century, Budding's blades are fitted to mowers | 0:06:32 | 0:06:36 | |
that cut sports fields all over the world. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:40 | |
The factory is unexpectedly surrounded by top quality grass | 0:06:40 | 0:06:44 | |
and each model has to meet green keeper Jamie Hughes' standards. | 0:06:44 | 0:06:48 | |
-This is a golf course attached to a factory. -It is. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:54 | |
It's unusual to come onto an industrial estate | 0:06:54 | 0:06:56 | |
and see a golf course. | 0:06:56 | 0:06:58 | |
Gosh, you've got machinery old and new here. This is what? | 0:06:58 | 0:07:02 | |
We've got the Budding here, the original. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:04 | |
-This is the original? Can I have a go at it? -You can. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:08 | |
Do you mind holding my book for a while? | 0:07:08 | 0:07:10 | |
Oh, look at that, it actually works. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:15 | |
-It does. It takes a push. -A Budding patent. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:18 | |
It really was a budding patent, wasn't it? | 0:07:18 | 0:07:20 | |
Never was a truer word said. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:22 | |
Now, this one I guess is a little bit easier is it? | 0:07:22 | 0:07:24 | |
This one is far easier, yes. And we will have a go on this. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:29 | |
-Oh, good. Does that mean me? -That means you, exactly. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:32 | |
ENGINE STARTS There we go. These are your arms. | 0:07:32 | 0:07:36 | |
You know, this invention is really cutting edge. | 0:07:37 | 0:07:40 | |
Resuming my journey, | 0:07:52 | 0:07:54 | |
I'm heading south-west on the Great Eastern mainline | 0:07:54 | 0:07:57 | |
out of East Anglia and into Essex. | 0:07:57 | 0:07:59 | |
My next stop will be Colchester, which my Bradshaw's tells me | 0:08:06 | 0:08:10 | |
is formerly an important town of the Romans on the River Colne. | 0:08:10 | 0:08:14 | |
"Silk from umbrellas is made here, and velvet. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:17 | |
"Excellent oysters at Pyefleet. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:19 | |
"I sense there's important history to be prised open here." | 0:08:19 | 0:08:23 | |
Replete with its vast Victorian brick water tower | 0:08:34 | 0:08:38 | |
Colchester, once the Roman capital of Britain, | 0:08:38 | 0:08:41 | |
is a bustling market town, | 0:08:41 | 0:08:43 | |
world-famous for the oysters harvested | 0:08:43 | 0:08:46 | |
from its nearby waters since 48AD. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
To find out why its oysters are so renowned, | 0:08:52 | 0:08:55 | |
I'm meeting Graham Larkin on nearby Mersey Island at the confluence | 0:08:55 | 0:08:59 | |
of the Pyefleet Channel and the River Colne. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:02 | |
Why is it that these waters give us such good oysters? | 0:09:07 | 0:09:10 | |
It's a very high salinity area, which means water is very salty, | 0:09:10 | 0:09:13 | |
and we've got all this marvellous agricultural land around us | 0:09:13 | 0:09:16 | |
that's giving us all the nutrients | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
and all the food being washed into the creek by the rain | 0:09:18 | 0:09:20 | |
and it's being filtered through by the oysters and fattening them up. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:23 | |
Give me an idea of how many oysters you are dredging up? | 0:09:23 | 0:09:27 | |
On a weekly basis between 60,000 and 65,000 rock oysters per week. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:31 | |
That's like a small town's worth of rock oysters every week. | 0:09:31 | 0:09:34 | |
Yeah, it's quite a lot. | 0:09:34 | 0:09:36 | |
Colchester oysters were sought-after delicacies in Roman times. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:42 | |
Archaeological excavations have found evidence that they were | 0:09:42 | 0:09:45 | |
even exported to Rome in nets trailing in the water from the boat. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:50 | |
But by the 19th century, the coming of the railways | 0:09:52 | 0:09:55 | |
made oysters a plentiful and cheap food for the urban poor. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
In 1864, more than 700 million oysters were eaten in London alone. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:05 | |
During the Victorian times, the oysters would have been taken | 0:10:07 | 0:10:10 | |
from where they were gathered by boat to Brightlingsea | 0:10:10 | 0:10:12 | |
in barrels and then they would have been transported from Brightlingsea | 0:10:12 | 0:10:16 | |
by rail into London, where they would have been sold | 0:10:16 | 0:10:18 | |
on street corners and in restaurants. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:21 | |
Oysters are in demand again today. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:25 | |
Although no longer cheap, they are harvested in much the same way | 0:10:25 | 0:10:28 | |
as in Bradshaw's day - by dredger. | 0:10:28 | 0:10:31 | |
We're going to tow this dredger just over a walking pace | 0:10:34 | 0:10:36 | |
for about 100 yards, 150 yards, | 0:10:36 | 0:10:38 | |
and then you can haul it up and you can see what we've got. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:42 | |
Here it is. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:48 | |
Oh, we've got some stuff in there, that's great. | 0:10:49 | 0:10:53 | |
-We've got some nice oysters here. -Enormous. | 0:10:53 | 0:10:57 | |
So this is the sort of oyster that once cleaned up, | 0:10:57 | 0:10:59 | |
-could appear on my plate. -Certainly is, yeah. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:01 | |
I'd be extremely pleased to find him in a restaurant. | 0:11:01 | 0:11:04 | |
OK, Michael, shall we head back with your haul? | 0:11:04 | 0:11:06 | |
Yes, let's get underway. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:08 | |
'The oyster fishery was granted to the people of Colchester | 0:11:09 | 0:11:12 | |
'by King Richard I.' | 0:11:12 | 0:11:15 | |
Now owned by the council, the fishery is leased to Graham, | 0:11:15 | 0:11:18 | |
which ensures that every one of its rock oysters | 0:11:18 | 0:11:21 | |
is made fit for human consumption by placing it in fresh sea water | 0:11:21 | 0:11:27 | |
for at least 42 hours to flush out impurities. | 0:11:27 | 0:11:30 | |
Is it possible to have one of these lovely fellows? | 0:11:33 | 0:11:36 | |
-Of course it is, yeah. -So, down the hatch. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:40 | |
Mm, talk about the taste of the sea. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:47 | |
-Wonderful burst of flavour. -Don't get any fresher than that. | 0:11:47 | 0:11:51 | |
Today you can enjoy one type of oyster or another | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
throughout the year, but historically | 0:11:55 | 0:11:58 | |
it was thought safest to avoid oysters in the heat of summer | 0:11:58 | 0:12:02 | |
so they were eaten only in months whose name contains the letter "R". | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
On this balmy Colchester evening, | 0:12:06 | 0:12:09 | |
I want to find out whether such caution persists. | 0:12:09 | 0:12:12 | |
-Good evening. -Evening. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:14 | |
-Evening. -I see that you're enjoying a lovely glass of champagne. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:17 | |
-Very, very civilised. -Lovely summer evening isn't it? | 0:12:17 | 0:12:20 | |
-Are you celebrating? -No, not really. | 0:12:20 | 0:12:23 | |
-Just a daily occurrence. -No! Just going out for a drink. | 0:12:23 | 0:12:27 | |
Well, I wondered whether you would have oysters to go with it? | 0:12:27 | 0:12:30 | |
Because Colchester is famous for oysters. | 0:12:30 | 0:12:34 | |
-Yeah, but no R in the month, is there? -No, no R in the month. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:37 | |
So you don't like having an oyster when there's no R in the month? | 0:12:37 | 0:12:40 | |
You don't eat them then. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:42 | |
-You like to have your oysters? -I love oysters yes, yes. | 0:12:42 | 0:12:45 | |
So are you longing for there to be an R in the month? | 0:12:45 | 0:12:47 | |
-November, October, November, December. -Yes, I am. | 0:12:47 | 0:12:52 | |
-Tell me, are you a chewer or a swallower? -A swallower. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:55 | |
-Really? No chewing? -No. | 0:12:55 | 0:12:57 | |
-Oh. I like to give them a good chew. -Oh, no! | 0:12:57 | 0:13:00 | |
-Anyway, cheers to you both. Bye-bye. -Bye. | 0:13:00 | 0:13:04 | |
Bradshaw's promised me fragments of the ancient town walls. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:13 | |
In fact, they seem to be pretty well preserved. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:16 | |
The pub is called The Hole In The Wall, which a seems a strange way | 0:13:16 | 0:13:20 | |
to refer to such a beautifully formed Roman gate | 0:13:20 | 0:13:23 | |
but anyway, I feel thirsty. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:25 | |
'I'm meeting local historian Patrick Denney | 0:13:27 | 0:13:29 | |
'to find out how a pub came to sit on an ancient ruin.' | 0:13:29 | 0:13:33 | |
Welcome to Colchester. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:36 | |
Thank you very much. The Hole In The Wall pub. | 0:13:36 | 0:13:38 | |
I assume it's a reference to that rather lovely gate out there, is it? | 0:13:38 | 0:13:42 | |
Well, not actually, no. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:44 | |
The name Hole In The Wall dates first | 0:13:44 | 0:13:46 | |
to when the railways arrived in Colchester in 1843. | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
This pub, and it was called the King's Head in those days, | 0:13:49 | 0:13:52 | |
commanded the best view of the railway in the whole town, really. | 0:13:52 | 0:13:55 | |
So the landlord in this pub smashed a big hole in the Roman wall, | 0:13:55 | 0:13:58 | |
which is just behind us here, extended his pub, | 0:13:58 | 0:14:02 | |
put a window in so his customers could come and have a lovely view of the railway. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:05 | |
He smashed a hole in the Roman wall! | 0:14:05 | 0:14:07 | |
Yeah. Today he would probably be thrown in prison | 0:14:07 | 0:14:09 | |
for picking up a little bit that fell off, | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
but he got away with it at the time. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:13 | |
And the town's cabbies did a roaring trade. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:16 | |
They'd see a train come in, | 0:14:16 | 0:14:18 | |
they'd leave their pint and off they'd go down to the station. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:21 | |
Well, I have found it a wholly appropriate place | 0:14:21 | 0:14:23 | |
-to end the day, cheers. -Cheers, Michael. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:26 | |
Looking forward to the day ahead, | 0:14:39 | 0:14:41 | |
this morning I'm travelling west into the Essex countryside. | 0:14:41 | 0:14:45 | |
This first train of the day will take me to Witham. | 0:14:50 | 0:14:53 | |
Bradshaw's draws my attention to Tiptree Heath, | 0:14:53 | 0:14:57 | |
on which is Alderman Mechi's | 0:14:57 | 0:14:59 | |
celebrated model farming establishment. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
There is a corner of an English field | 0:15:03 | 0:15:05 | |
that is forever linked to an Italian name. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:08 | |
The station at Witham, a fashionable 18th century spa town, | 0:15:14 | 0:15:18 | |
is close to Tiptree Heath, | 0:15:18 | 0:15:20 | |
a once infertile, marshy corner of Essex. | 0:15:20 | 0:15:23 | |
I'm hoping Ian Thurgood, | 0:15:26 | 0:15:28 | |
joint managing director for the farm's current owners, | 0:15:28 | 0:15:31 | |
will know how a London alderman | 0:15:31 | 0:15:33 | |
turned it into a successful 19th century farm. | 0:15:33 | 0:15:36 | |
-Hello, Ian. -Hello, Michael. Welcome to Tiptree Hall. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:40 | |
Thank you very much indeed. Who was Alderman Mechi? | 0:15:40 | 0:15:44 | |
Alderman Mechi was the son of an Italian immigrant | 0:15:44 | 0:15:48 | |
who made his fortune in London. | 0:15:48 | 0:15:51 | |
He was a cutler, a silversmith | 0:15:51 | 0:15:53 | |
and very good in commerce, but turned his attention finally | 0:15:53 | 0:15:58 | |
to Tiptree Hall and experimental farming, | 0:15:58 | 0:16:00 | |
trying lots of different things to see if he could make sense | 0:16:00 | 0:16:04 | |
of farming anywhere in the country. | 0:16:04 | 0:16:06 | |
He had a couple of particularly revolutionary ideas at the time. | 0:16:06 | 0:16:10 | |
One was that he would irrigate and drain the soil | 0:16:10 | 0:16:13 | |
across the whole farm and it's said that he laid some 80 to 90 miles | 0:16:13 | 0:16:18 | |
of drains just on Tiptree Hall farm. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:21 | |
The second was he decided that his cattle would stand on grids. | 0:16:21 | 0:16:24 | |
They wouldn't stand in a courtyard in the mud, | 0:16:24 | 0:16:27 | |
so the grids were used and then he was able to collect the manure, | 0:16:27 | 0:16:30 | |
return the manure to the fields and thus improve the soil. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:34 | |
I'm guessing that he was successful | 0:16:34 | 0:16:36 | |
because Bradshaw's refers to it as a model farm establishment, | 0:16:36 | 0:16:39 | |
so people were coming to learn from this, were they? | 0:16:39 | 0:16:43 | |
Mechi was successful, there's no doubt about that. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:46 | |
In fact, it's said that at one point, here at Tiptree Hall, | 0:16:46 | 0:16:48 | |
he was bringing in 600 people from Witham station | 0:16:48 | 0:16:51 | |
coming in for Mechi's Agricultural Day, | 0:16:51 | 0:16:54 | |
where they could look at the wonderful things he was trying. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:57 | |
The first place they'd see steam ploughing, for many of them, | 0:16:57 | 0:16:59 | |
was here at Tiptree Hall. | 0:16:59 | 0:17:01 | |
Mechi's annual agricultural shows | 0:17:03 | 0:17:05 | |
and his modern techniques became so renowned that in 1852 | 0:17:05 | 0:17:10 | |
Charles Dickens reported on Tiptree in his weekly journal. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:13 | |
Did his ideas spread far and wide? | 0:17:19 | 0:17:21 | |
Yes they did, through the publication of his book, | 0:17:21 | 0:17:24 | |
How To Farm Profitably. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:26 | |
Bradshaw's calls him Alderman Mechi. Alderman of what? | 0:17:26 | 0:17:31 | |
Mechi was Alderman of the City of London. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
He was actually in line to become Lord Mayor of London. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:37 | |
Sadly, Alderman Mechi failed to become Lord Mayor | 0:17:39 | 0:17:41 | |
because he lost his fortune | 0:17:41 | 0:17:44 | |
in the collapse of the Unity Joint Stock Bank, | 0:17:44 | 0:17:46 | |
of which he was a governor. | 0:17:46 | 0:17:48 | |
12 days after being forced to liquidate his affairs, | 0:17:49 | 0:17:52 | |
Mechi died here at Tiptree - | 0:17:52 | 0:17:54 | |
some say of diabetes, others, of a broken heart. | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
It's a sad story, but not, I think, the end of farming at Tiptree. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:06 | |
That's not the end of the farming story | 0:18:06 | 0:18:09 | |
because eventually Tiptree Hall was bought by the Wilkin family. | 0:18:09 | 0:18:12 | |
Local jam makers Wilkin & Sons bought the Tiptree estate in 1913. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:18 | |
It now covers a square acreage | 0:18:19 | 0:18:21 | |
equivalent to around 300 cricket fields. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:24 | |
We're in the mulberry orchard now. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:27 | |
This is the oldest orchard in the estate, | 0:18:27 | 0:18:29 | |
-planted in Victorian times, in fact. -Not planted by Alderman Mechi? | 0:18:29 | 0:18:34 | |
Not planted by Alderman Mechi, no. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:36 | |
In fact, just a little while after he'd departed Tiptree. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
-Hello. -Hello. -Is it difficult to pick mulberries? | 0:18:39 | 0:18:43 | |
A little bit because you need to be on the ladder and a bit high. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:46 | |
-Could I try one, please? -Sure. -Thank you very much indeed. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:51 | |
Wow, look at you! You're absolutely covered in juice. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:54 | |
Look at these red hands, I look like a scene out of Macbeth. | 0:18:54 | 0:18:58 | |
They say that that's where the phrase "caught red-handed" comes from. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:01 | |
If you come in the mulberry orchard and scrump some mulberries, | 0:19:01 | 0:19:04 | |
you're not really going to get away with it | 0:19:04 | 0:19:06 | |
cos that's going to stay there for three or four days. | 0:19:06 | 0:19:09 | |
The indelible stain of crime. | 0:19:09 | 0:19:11 | |
In 1885, fruit grower Arthur Charles Wilkin had become so frustrated | 0:19:15 | 0:19:21 | |
with the damage his immaculate fruit suffered on the train journey | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
to market that he turned his attention instead to making jam. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:29 | |
Wilkin & Sons factory now supplies conserves | 0:19:31 | 0:19:34 | |
of many flavours to 60 countries. | 0:19:34 | 0:19:37 | |
But the mulberry, a fruit which, according to Greek mythology, | 0:19:37 | 0:19:40 | |
was turned deep red by the blood of Pyramus and Thisbe, | 0:19:40 | 0:19:43 | |
is the queen of the Tiptree crop and requires special attention. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:48 | |
What is it that you're doing to the fruit? | 0:19:52 | 0:19:55 | |
We're taking out the stalk in the mulberry. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
-I guess you don't want that in the jam. -No, no. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:00 | |
Wow. And this happens to every mulberry that goes into the jam? | 0:20:00 | 0:20:05 | |
Every single one that's picked, the stalk's taken out. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:08 | |
-That must make it a really special jam, I think. -Yes. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:11 | |
From its humble Victorian beginnings, | 0:20:15 | 0:20:18 | |
the company's 21st century turnover has hit £35 million - | 0:20:18 | 0:20:22 | |
a thoroughly modern sounding revenue | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
married to an age-old production process. | 0:20:26 | 0:20:29 | |
Like any good kitchen, jam needs a bit of a stir. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:33 | |
The mulberries are being boiled up here. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
Do you want to have a go at stirring the mulberries? | 0:20:36 | 0:20:39 | |
-May I take your paddle for a moment? -Mind your hands. | 0:20:39 | 0:20:41 | |
-Mind my hands. -Keep your hands as high as possible up there. | 0:20:41 | 0:20:44 | |
-That's a good tip. -Backwards and forwards. | 0:20:44 | 0:20:46 | |
-What temperature is that boiling at? -104. -104? | 0:20:46 | 0:20:50 | |
So you don't want to get too close to that. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:52 | |
Think I'll let you take over, I don't want to spoil the broth. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:55 | |
-Thank you. -Thank you. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:57 | |
What's happening here, Ian? | 0:21:09 | 0:21:11 | |
The fruit comes up on the conveyor system, | 0:21:11 | 0:21:13 | |
just fruit sugar and some pectin, | 0:21:13 | 0:21:16 | |
if we're going to need to make it set, | 0:21:16 | 0:21:18 | |
close the lid, 15 minutes later we've got some jam ready. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:21 | |
How long before that ends up in a jar? | 0:21:21 | 0:21:24 | |
That will end up in a jar in about 20 or 25 minutes from now. | 0:21:24 | 0:21:27 | |
Amazing. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
-Come and try some mulberry jam. -Mulberry jam, I'd love to. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:42 | |
A lovely scone to put it on. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:44 | |
Lay it on thick. | 0:21:44 | 0:21:47 | |
-A little clotted cream. -Perfect. | 0:21:47 | 0:21:49 | |
Ideally, I won't get it all over my nose. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
Mm. It's exquisite. | 0:21:59 | 0:22:01 | |
You know, I'm so lucky to get to sample things like this | 0:22:01 | 0:22:04 | |
doing the Railway Journeys. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:06 | |
Some people think I'm really jammy. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:08 | |
Fortified by that cream tea, I'll continue my journey south-west | 0:22:12 | 0:22:16 | |
toward this leg's final destination. | 0:22:16 | 0:22:19 | |
For many places in the United Kingdom, | 0:22:31 | 0:22:33 | |
Bradshaw's lists a telegraph station. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:36 | |
In those days, towns were linked by wires | 0:22:36 | 0:22:38 | |
down which people could send telegrams or cables. | 0:22:38 | 0:22:42 | |
The idea of communication without wire | 0:22:42 | 0:22:44 | |
would have seemed extraordinary. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:46 | |
But since, as the book says, | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
"Essex composes part of the largest connected space of level ground | 0:22:48 | 0:22:52 | |
"with not one lofty eminence or rocky ridge, | 0:22:52 | 0:22:55 | |
"this was a good place to test wireless communication." | 0:22:55 | 0:22:59 | |
Wireless technology has assumed a new importance in the 21st century. | 0:23:06 | 0:23:11 | |
Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, | 0:23:11 | 0:23:14 | |
benefited from the first wireless revolution | 0:23:14 | 0:23:16 | |
when in 1912 an Italian named Guglielmo Marconi | 0:23:16 | 0:23:20 | |
established the world's first purpose-built | 0:23:20 | 0:23:23 | |
radio equipment factory in New Street, | 0:23:23 | 0:23:26 | |
on the site of the town's old cricket ground. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:29 | |
Much of the old works has been demolished, but to find out more, | 0:23:33 | 0:23:37 | |
I'm meeting Chelmsford Museum science curator Dr Geoff Bowles | 0:23:37 | 0:23:41 | |
in one of the surviving factory buildings. | 0:23:41 | 0:23:44 | |
-Hello, Geoff! -Hello, Michael. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:48 | |
Did Marconi actually invent wireless technology? | 0:23:48 | 0:23:51 | |
His fundamental breakthrough really was to erect an aerial | 0:23:51 | 0:23:55 | |
and an earth connection. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:57 | |
Whereas others were trying it without those two things | 0:23:57 | 0:24:00 | |
and they could make wireless waves go across the laboratory. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
With an aerial and earth, | 0:24:03 | 0:24:05 | |
Marconi was suddenly sending it hundreds of metres. | 0:24:05 | 0:24:08 | |
And that's what he was after. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:11 | |
Frustrated by Italy's lacklustre attitude | 0:24:11 | 0:24:14 | |
to technological innovation, Marconi settled in Chelmsford, | 0:24:14 | 0:24:18 | |
beyond the area of the General Post Office monopoly | 0:24:18 | 0:24:21 | |
on telegraphic communication. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:24 | |
In 1901, the immigrant scientist | 0:24:24 | 0:24:26 | |
sent the first wireless signal across the Atlantic. | 0:24:26 | 0:24:30 | |
His high quality Morse code transmitters and receivers | 0:24:31 | 0:24:34 | |
were sold to maritime fleets, governments | 0:24:34 | 0:24:37 | |
and radio hams across the world. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:40 | |
And, in 1920, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist | 0:24:42 | 0:24:46 | |
achieved another communication milestone - | 0:24:46 | 0:24:48 | |
a voice broadcast with edifying content by George. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:52 | |
One of the things they did was actually read Bradshaw's timetable | 0:24:54 | 0:24:58 | |
very, very slowly and clearly over the air. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:02 | |
A great deal more interesting than many broadcasts that we get today! | 0:25:02 | 0:25:06 | |
And when did we actually move to broadcasting in the fullest sense? | 0:25:06 | 0:25:10 | |
Really as a result of a very famous concert. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:14 | |
Dame Nelly Melba, the Australian prima donna, | 0:25:14 | 0:25:17 | |
her voice went out from the enormous 450-foot mast which had been set up | 0:25:17 | 0:25:23 | |
above the factory and she was heard all over the world. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:27 | |
And suddenly it became clear that | 0:25:27 | 0:25:30 | |
you could also broadcast entertainment to people. | 0:25:30 | 0:25:33 | |
That was a totally new idea. | 0:25:33 | 0:25:35 | |
The early factory studios no longer exist, | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
but three miles east of the city centre | 0:25:41 | 0:25:44 | |
at Chelmsford's Sandford Mill Museum, I'm meeting Peter Watkins | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
who has first-hand experience of using early Marconi equipment. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:53 | |
-Hello, Peter. -Hello, Michael. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:57 | |
A bit of personal nostalgia for you. | 0:25:57 | 0:26:00 | |
-Yes. I was doing this about 55 years ago. -You were on ships? | 0:26:00 | 0:26:04 | |
Yes, I joined a ship in London docks | 0:26:04 | 0:26:07 | |
and from there we went out to the Far East. | 0:26:07 | 0:26:10 | |
-You were employed by whom? -I was employed by Marconi Marine. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:13 | |
I realised Marconi put equipment for radio signals onto ships, | 0:26:13 | 0:26:17 | |
-but they put the people on as well, did they? -Yes, it was a package. | 0:26:17 | 0:26:21 | |
I imagine putting the equipment onto ships improved safety at sea. | 0:26:21 | 0:26:26 | |
Oh, yes. The Titanic, for instance, | 0:26:26 | 0:26:29 | |
would have had a range, with its transmitters, | 0:26:29 | 0:26:31 | |
of at least 1,000 miles. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:33 | |
So when they collided with the iceberg, | 0:26:33 | 0:26:36 | |
the radio officer would have sent a distress signal, | 0:26:36 | 0:26:39 | |
and without that message, many of the people who survived | 0:26:39 | 0:26:44 | |
just wouldn't have done. | 0:26:44 | 0:26:45 | |
And that was totally down to Marconi operators. | 0:26:45 | 0:26:48 | |
Would you like to have a go at sending some Morse? | 0:26:48 | 0:26:50 | |
-I would love to but I don't know the signals. -Well, we have this here. | 0:26:50 | 0:26:54 | |
Oh, I see. I just follow that, do I? | 0:26:54 | 0:26:56 | |
-OK, what would you like me to send? -How about Marconi? | 0:26:56 | 0:26:59 | |
Dash. Dash, dash is M. | 0:27:01 | 0:27:03 | |
Dot, dash is A. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:05 | |
Dot, dash, dot. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:08 | |
C. | 0:27:08 | 0:27:09 | |
Dash, dot, dash, dot. O. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:12 | |
-MACHINE BEEPS -Three dashes. Very simple. | 0:27:12 | 0:27:16 | |
N...I've lost. N is dash, dot. | 0:27:16 | 0:27:20 | |
-And I. Dot, dot. -MACHINE BEEPS | 0:27:20 | 0:27:22 | |
-Well done! -A bit slow, wasn't it? -THEY LAUGH | 0:27:22 | 0:27:26 | |
Some industries that I've seen on this journey | 0:27:32 | 0:27:35 | |
are as old as the Romans, like oyster dredging, | 0:27:35 | 0:27:38 | |
but others, like lawn mowers and wireless, | 0:27:38 | 0:27:41 | |
required Victorian breakthroughs in technology. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:44 | |
John Mechi and Guillermo Marconi showed that people | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
with foreign-sounding names could make useful British citizens. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:52 | |
But then Michael Portillo would say that, wouldn't he? | 0:27:52 | 0:27:56 | |
On the next leg, I'll try my hand at lowering a massive container | 0:27:59 | 0:28:03 | |
onto a freight train. | 0:28:03 | 0:28:06 | |
Now, the moment of truth. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:08 | |
Discover the work of a renowned Victorian philanthropist. | 0:28:09 | 0:28:13 | |
Each of the images has a before and after photograph. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:16 | |
'And ask myself who the Dickens are these characters?' | 0:28:16 | 0:28:19 | |
No doubt about who you are, | 0:28:19 | 0:28:21 | |
because you've got the iron on your leg and the rag around your head. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:24 | |
You're the convict, Magwitch, from Great Expectations, aren't you? | 0:28:24 | 0:28:29 |