Strange Signals from Outer Space! Horizon


Strange Signals from Outer Space!

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'Emergency, which service?'

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'Police. My husband's been attacked.'

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'There's still deadlock tonight between the United States and Iran

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'over the 60 American hostages held in their embassy in Tehran.

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'But the Muslim students did...'

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RADIO STATIC

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For decades, some have suspected there might be others out there.

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Beings capable of communicating with us,

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even visiting our world.

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HE SHOUTS

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It might sound like science fiction,

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but today, scientists from across the globe are scouring the universe

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for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.

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My students showed me this signal that was so bright

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and apparently so far away

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that it was unlike anything we've ever seen before.

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Then we realised this is just impossible,

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unless a civilisation is way more advanced than we are.

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A Kardashev Type II civilisation

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would need to build a massive network of solar collectors

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that would orbit their star in space.

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Something we call a Dyson sphere or a Dyson structure.

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Some scientists believe advanced aliens really could exist.

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About 10,000 detectable civilisations

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at present in our galaxy, the Milky Way.

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And yet, no solid evidence has ever been found.

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But recent discoveries mean that could all be about to change.

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The data for the star looked nothing like any other star

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that we know of today.

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And so at last we might be close to answering the question

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of whether we are alone in the universe.

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One day my father happened to tell me, there are other worlds in space.

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And, to an eight-year-old kid,

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I thought that meant worlds just like mine.

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Just like the Earth, creatures just like myself and I wondered,

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what are they like? Are they really like that, or are they different?

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And I've wondered those same questions my whole life.

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The universe is thought to contain 700 million trillion rocky planets

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like our own.

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Countless worlds other intelligent beings might call home.

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And yet, in more than 50 years of searching,

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we're yet to find them.

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The deafening lack of any communication from extraterrestrials

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has become known as "the great silence".

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Oh, I believe very strongly that they're out there.

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The numbers support that.

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There's so many stars in the universe,

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numbers that are so large they make no sense to us.

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We can be very, very wrong and yet there will be

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many, many detectable civilisations.

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We met in Arecibo in Puerto Rico.

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There's a large radio telescope there.

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I used to work at the observatory as a staff scientist

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and you were a grad student at Cornell,

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and they used to send their students down from Cornell.

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We met at the observatory in the control room.

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Husband and wife Duncan Lorimer and Maura McLaughlin

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share a passion for astronomy.

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Boys, it's breakfast time!

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I was never, you know, the type of kid, when I was really young,

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that was super into astronomy.

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I still don't know, like, a single constellation.

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But when I was sort of 10, 11, 12, I started reading science fiction.

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So when I went to college I decided to take astronomy classes.

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I still wasn't sure what I wanted to do,

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but then I did research with a professor at Penn State

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that took me down to Arecibo and I observed pulsars.

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I was just so excited,

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and I just really enjoyed doing that and I thought,

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"OK, I think this is what I want to do",

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and I've just stuck with it ever since.

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-Nice day!

-Yeah.

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What do you have today?

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-Gym.

-Gym.

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I got into astronomy in a different way to Maura, I guess.

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I've always been fascinated with the night sky.

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When I was about 16, taking my A-levels,

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my physics teacher saw that myself and a few other students

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were interested in astronomy and said,

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"Here's the key to the school telescope. Go and fix it up."

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And it was this old telescope, this early 1900s telescope,

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and it had lots of things,

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lots of moving parts that were fascinating to us

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and we got the telescope going

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and we took a picture of a lunar eclipse,

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and we started a little astronomy club at school

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and I went to college after that and heard about neutron stars,

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and once I found out about those, I knew that's what I wanted to study.

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I would have had nothing to do with him

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if I'd met him like 30 years ago.

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-Yes.

-That would have been it.

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Oh!

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We work here in the Department of Physics and Astronomy.

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We're next-door neighbours, aren't we?

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Yeah, our offices are right next door

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and it's typically really useful.

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We can just, you know, pop in and out, so it saves us a lot of time.

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-See you.

-All right, then.

-Have a good day.

-You, too.

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Occasionally we have disputes.

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I'm in control of the temperature in both offices,

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and so I like it really warm, and Duncan likes it a lot colder.

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So we have occasional arguments, but generally it's really useful

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being right next to each other.

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Sometimes you bang your feet on the wall

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and I have to tell you to stop.

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But generally it's really nice.

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-It's good.

-We like it.

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In the summer of 2006,

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Duncan and Maura began a project searching historical data

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for the Park's radio telescope.

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So we'd just arrived at West Virginia University.

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We wanted to find some data that already existed to get working

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on a project straightaway.

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So we kind of like bandied around some ideas for good projects,

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and one of the things we thought of was re-analysing the data

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from an old survey taken, like, in the late 1990s,

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of the small Magellanic cloud and this large Magellanic cloud,

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to look for pulsars that had been missed before.

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The project involved painstakingly searching hundreds of data plots,

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work Duncan delegated to student.

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Every week my student would come to me with the results of his analysis

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from the previous week,

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and sometimes those would be known pulsars,

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sometimes we would see sources of interference or just noise.

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But one week, I remember it very clearly,

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he came to me and showed me this plot with a signal

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that was so bright and apparently so far away

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that it was completely unlike anything we'd ever seen before.

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So this is the plot that my student David brought to me,

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and you can see straightaway this is the pulse that he found.

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This big dark feature here.

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This is a graph of telescope time along the horizontal axis,

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so this is almost two hours of observation here.

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And on the vertical axis is basically distance.

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You can see the background of noise from the telescope and the sky,

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these little dots here.

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So this feature really stands out

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because it's so bright and so far up the plot here,

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which indicates that it's a bright source that's very, very far away.

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Quite frankly, it was unlike anything I'd ever seen before.

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Yet, it had all the hallmarks of a signal

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that was coming from deep space.

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The signal, or "fast radio burst" Duncan had discovered

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became affectionately known as the "Lorimer Burst".

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When people started calling it the Lorimer Burst,

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at first I just chuckled.

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Because it seemed just so funny

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to have something actually named after Dunc,

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and it was even funnier when people didn't realise I was married to him,

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we have different last names, so I got lots of questions,

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like, "What do you think about the Lorimer Burst, is it real or not?"

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So I kind of got a good chuckle out of it for a little bit,

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but then that kind of stuck and so we started using the name

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in proposals and things, which was kind of fun.

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To have something named after me like this was really a great honour.

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Yeah, not something I was expecting, but yeah, really nice.

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But the Lorimer Burst was so distant and yet so bright

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it didn't appear to have been produced

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by any naturally occurring phenomenon.

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I did think that it could be a signal from an extraterrestrial

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civilisation - we create signals like that on Earth,

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so it's not crazy to think that radio bursts

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could be created on another planet.

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Once we actually thought about it, and looked at the energetics,

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you'd need to harness almost a whole solar system's worth of energy

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to create something this bright.

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Then we realised this is just impossible

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unless the civilisation is way more advanced than we are.

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We couldn't think of how to make something this energetic.

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Scientists have been searching the cosmos for strange signals

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like the Lorimer Burst for more than 50 years.

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Ever since a secretive meeting took place

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in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains.

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There have been, over the years,

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a lot of claims, of sightings of extraterrestrials,

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colonies on the moon.

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The subject had gotten to be treated with contempt, really.

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It was considered almost taboo.

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But, in 1961,

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Frank Drake held a conference behind closed doors in this room

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at the Green Bank Observatory.

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The National Academy of Sciences of the United States,

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a very eminent body,

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asked me to convene a meeting of all the people I knew in the world

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who were actually serious thinkers on the subject

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and I invited them all.

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All 12 of them.

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The group called themselves the Order of the Dolphin.

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I could talk about all of them at length but let me just mention a few

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just to give you a feel for who they were.

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There was Otto Stuber,

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director of the observatory here at Green Bank,

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and considered perhaps the most important astronomer

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of the 20th century.

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Besides being a great astronomer

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he was a very strong proponent of the idea that intelligent life,

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and life in general, was very common in the universe.

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And there was Carl Sagan, a familiar name,

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who was a great proponent of extraterrestrial intelligent life.

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He had popularised it, gotten support for it,

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both with the general public and the scientific world.

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Then there was John Lilly, not an astronomer,

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a neurologist who had studied the human brain,

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and then the brains of dolphins,

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and was convinced that dolphins were close in intelligence to us,

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and, in studying the brain, he was trying to make the case

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that intelligence is inevitable in the course of evolution,

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and therefore it should be very common in the universe.

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Then there was Melvin Calvin,

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a chemist who had successfully understood how chlorophyll works

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to produce food and plants and makes life on earth thrive.

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And in fact had been awarded the Nobel Prize for it.

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In fact, that prize was given to him right in the middle of this meeting,

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which was pretty disruptive, I have to tell you.

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The purpose of the meeting was to estimate how many extraterrestrial

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civilisations might be out there

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using what's become known as the Drake Equation.

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So, we start out with the rate of star formation,

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which you write R star,

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and of course the more stars more planets there will be,

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the more possibilities for life.

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We multiply that by the fraction of stars which actually have planets

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and then again by the number of habitable planets in each system.

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We then multiply this by the fraction on which life develops.

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And then by the fraction by which intelligence appears.

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And then by the fraction of those

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which actually give a detectable technology,

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one we might detect across the great distances between the stars.

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What we have now in these six factors is the rate of production

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of detectable civilisations.

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Well, how many are there?

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This rate times the average time

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that these civilisations remain detectable.

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'United States maintains its determination...'

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For two days, the group worked out best guess values

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for each term in Frank's equation.

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The answer we came to for the value of N

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was N equals about 10,000 detectable civilisations at present

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in our galaxy, the Milky Way.

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It became clear to us that it was very likely

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that there were radio signals from other worlds

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passing through the room in which we were sitting

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and which we could detect if we but pointed our telescopes

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in the right direction and tuned to the right frequency.

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At the time of the meeting,

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Frank thought he knew exactly what channel to listen into.

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What we needed was a special place in the universe

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where civilisations might contact, and we realised it wasn't a place,

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but it was a radio channel.

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The most common element in the universe is hydrogen.

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It happens to transmit a very beautiful signal

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at a certain frequency when it's in its lowest energy state.

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And we decided that might be the place you meet your friends

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when you can't arrange in advance where to meet.

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So we decided to search the hydrogen wavelength.

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My father served in the Army, and when I was in high school he really

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encouraged me to join the Service, so that's what I did.

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I joined the military as an intelligence officer

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and after seven years I transferred to the Department of Defence.

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I was in the cold case unit for four years

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and during that time I would look through cases that were

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20, 30 or 40 years old, and the intent for that

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was to capture spies that slipped through our fingers.

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The Department of Defence was just a chapter in my life,

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but as a kid I always wanted be an astronomer,

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so I went to school, received my degrees and I became a scientist.

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Since leaving the agency,

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Antonio has become obsessed with the most famous cold case

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in the search for extraterrestrials.

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On August 15, 1977,

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astronomers at the Big Ear radio telescope in Ohio

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were listening to the night sky and, at about 23:00 hours local time,

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they detected a radio signal from space.

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The single was strong, about 72 seconds,

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but more importantly, it was detected in something known as

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the hydrogen line.

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That was significant because at the time,

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astronomers thought that if extraterrestrials did exist

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they would use that frequency.

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The astronomer Jerry Ehman and was so excited

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that he actually wrote the term "Wow!" on the printout.

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But what exactly caused the Wow! signal?

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It's a mystery that has endured for decades.

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I approached the Wow! signal just like any cold case at the Pentagon.

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I had multiple facts.

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I had a crime scene, and in this case

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we know that the crime scene is the constellation Sagittarius.

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I have a time of the crime, which was at 23:17 local,

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and the date of the event which was on August 15, 1977.

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More importantly, we have a fingerprint of the suspect,

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and that's hydrogen.

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So I went back to the NASA databases

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and I plugged in the date and time of the event,

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and what I learned was there were two comets in the very same area

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at the same time that the Wow! signal was detected.

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Comets are giant rocks of ice, dust and carbon.

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And, as they get closer to the sun, they begin to melt

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and as they melt they give off a massive envelope of hydrogen,

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that can be millions of kilometres across.

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So when we put two and two together,

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what we have here is a suspect that matches the fingerprint

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of the Wow! signal.

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But not everyone is convinced by Antonio's detective work.

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Few believe that comets produce enough hydrogen

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to emit such a strong signal.

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If my theory proves wrong, then I won't be upset.

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There are no emotions in science.

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What I'll do is what any other scientist would do,

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and that's move onto the next suspect.

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As Antonio continues his hunt,

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many believe the answer lies far closer to home.

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Rather than coming from deep space,

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the most likely source of the Wow! signal is thought to be interference

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from passing satellites, or aircraft here on Earth.

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Four years following its discovery,

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people were beginning to have doubts about the Lorimer Burst, too.

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Let's get to the bus stop.

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Because only one had ever been detected.

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So, did you bring your book?

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-Yes.

-What was your favourite part of that?

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When he chewed gum.

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I knew you were going to say that.

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So, around 2010,

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people were actively looking for these bursts in other datasets

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and then one day I got a call that the first few were found.

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This might sound exciting, but it really wasn't because these bursts

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were a lot like the Lorimer Burst, the original burst.

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But they had a couple of different characteristics

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which indicated that they definitely were not extragalactic,

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and that they were from some source,

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either on the Earth, or maybe just right in our local atmosphere.

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When I got that call, my heart really did sink and I thought,

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"Oh, the original burst is probably a similar thing."

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Just a locally generated signal.

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So it was very, very depressing.

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There was also something deeply suspicious about the new bursts.

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They were far more common in winter

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and always appeared around lunch time.

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It was eventually discovered they weren't coming from space at all.

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They were being generated by the observatory's microwave.

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So I think it was a hard time for him

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because he felt like his original paper was discredited.

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It made it harder that everyone had been calling it the Lorimer Burst

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because then it felt very personal.

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When I first saw the data and I compared their properties

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with the Lorimer Burst properties,

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they looked really similar and I thought it too much of a coincidence

0:24:050:24:09

for them not to be coming from the same source.

0:24:090:24:12

My initial conclusion was that the Lorimer Burst probably wasn't real.

0:24:120:24:16

But Duncan wasn't prepared to give up on his discovery so easily.

0:24:240:24:27

So what we're looking at here is the original burst from 2007,

0:24:300:24:34

and then one of the detections that was coming out in 2010,

0:24:340:24:38

so you can see that they have quite a lot of similarities.

0:24:380:24:41

Both pulses are about the same width.

0:24:410:24:43

But if you look at them in terms of their frequency versus time,

0:24:430:24:47

you'll see that they have an overall slope.

0:24:470:24:50

They both have the same slope,

0:24:500:24:52

but the structure within the pulse is quite different.

0:24:520:24:56

One of the new signals has this very blotchy appearance,

0:24:560:24:59

whereas our original signal had a smoother, continuous appearance.

0:24:590:25:04

And that was the thing that was really giving me hope

0:25:040:25:07

that this was still real.

0:25:070:25:08

But for the scientific community,

0:25:120:25:14

the most likely explanation for the Lorimer Burst

0:25:140:25:17

was still interference.

0:25:170:25:19

For now, at least, the great silence persists.

0:25:230:25:26

In 1989,

0:25:550:25:56

the International Academy of Astronautics

0:25:560:25:59

approved a post-detection protocol.

0:25:590:26:02

A code of practice to be put into play by governments

0:26:090:26:12

should we detect an alien transmission.

0:26:120:26:14

The document detailed how to control the dissemination of information

0:26:260:26:31

and coordinate a unilateral response.

0:26:310:26:33

One reason scientists believe such a protocol was required...

0:26:410:26:45

..is because in the mid-'70s,

0:26:470:26:49

we tried to make contact with aliens ourselves.

0:26:490:26:53

There were two purposes to the Arecibo message.

0:27:060:27:10

One was to demonstrate that it was possible to send a message

0:27:100:27:14

across the interstellar space

0:27:140:27:16

that would be detectable and decodable, understandable.

0:27:160:27:21

The other was simply to show that we had in fact reached the stage

0:27:220:27:26

where we ourselves could do this sort of thing.

0:27:260:27:28

There were like probably 200 people, they're sitting in chairs

0:27:310:27:35

on the edge of the big giant dish,

0:27:350:27:38

and we tell them we're about ready to send,

0:27:380:27:41

and they steer the telescope, that whole great big thing starts moving.

0:27:410:27:46

Which is in itself very impressive.

0:27:470:27:50

This giant thing is moving,

0:27:510:27:53

and you just have the sense that something spectacular is going on.

0:27:530:27:58

I will play the tape for you.

0:28:010:28:03

This is a recording made in the control room

0:28:060:28:09

of the Arecibo radio telescope at the time, in November 1974,

0:28:090:28:14

when we sent a message to the stars.

0:28:140:28:17

LONG, LOW TONE

0:28:170:28:21

That steady tone is the sound of the transmitter being turned on,

0:28:210:28:25

it's simply sending out a signal without any information on it.

0:28:250:28:29

To call attention to itself,

0:28:300:28:32

so that people who capture this will know that something is coming

0:28:320:28:36

and here it comes.

0:28:360:28:37

That sort of warbling sound you hear is actually a sequence

0:28:370:28:42

of 10 characters per second, being sent out with those characters

0:28:420:28:47

being on two slightly different radio frequencies.

0:28:470:28:50

When you listen to the sound, you had the impression

0:28:560:28:59

that there was a story being told here.

0:28:590:29:02

And when it finally ends, everybody was crying...

0:29:090:29:13

..on the actual occasion.

0:29:150:29:17

It was just the, um...

0:29:260:29:29

sense that this great big machine was talking to another world.

0:29:290:29:35

The message goes to 300,000 stars, so there's a good chance, actually.

0:29:370:29:40

The recipient of the Arecibo message is a galaxy 25,000 light years away.

0:29:470:29:54

But the 50,000 years it would take for a message to get there,

0:29:560:29:59

and for any reply to journey back to Earth,

0:29:590:30:03

is far beyond the lifespan of any single human.

0:30:030:30:06

Perhaps even the lifespan of civilisation itself.

0:30:090:30:12

Human civilisation is thousands of years old,

0:30:470:30:50

but we've only been sending strong signals into space

0:30:500:30:54

for really about 60 years.

0:30:540:30:56

The truth is, we don't know how long we'll continue to send the signals

0:30:580:31:02

out into space

0:31:020:31:03

because we don't know longa technological civilisation like ours

0:31:030:31:07

typically lasts.

0:31:070:31:08

When we look into space, searching for extraterrestrial intelligence,

0:31:150:31:19

in a way we're looking for a glimpse of our own future

0:31:190:31:22

and potentially a glimpse of how our civilisation might come to an end.

0:31:220:31:26

And one of the biggest dangers we face

0:31:290:31:31

is the threat we pose to ourselves.

0:31:310:31:34

In the Cold War, we were worried about nuclear annihilation.

0:31:350:31:39

Nowadays we worry more about climate change,

0:31:390:31:41

and in the future we might worry about things such as nanotechnology

0:31:410:31:45

or artificial intelligence.

0:31:450:31:47

These are all serious risks that we have to be very careful about.

0:31:470:31:50

As we become more advanced,

0:31:510:31:53

the threat we pose to ourselves increases

0:31:530:31:56

because we have improved ability to harness large amounts of energy

0:31:560:32:00

and manipulate the environment to a greater degree.

0:32:000:32:02

When those processes go wrong,

0:32:060:32:08

the damage we can inflict on ourselves and on the planet

0:32:080:32:11

becomes substantial.

0:32:110:32:13

Faced with these dangers,

0:32:180:32:20

advanced civilisations could be relatively short-lived.

0:32:200:32:23

It might be that in the 13.5 billion year history of the universe,

0:32:270:32:31

many have risen,

0:32:310:32:34

but today, nothing but ruins remain.

0:32:340:32:38

So if we don't find anything, that could be quite a disturbing thought

0:32:410:32:45

because it could mean that the reason we don't see anything

0:32:450:32:48

is that civilisations don't last very long,

0:32:480:32:50

and that the signals they produce suddenly disappear.

0:32:500:32:53

MUSIC: It's Not Unusual by Tom Jones

0:32:530:32:57

# It's not unusual to be loved by anyone... #

0:33:040:33:08

But if they haven't destroyed themselves,

0:33:080:33:11

a technologically advanced civilisation

0:33:110:33:14

might provide us with another way of detecting them.

0:33:140:33:17

Because all technology needs energy.

0:33:170:33:21

In 1994, Las Vegas consumed 1300 megawatts of power.

0:33:250:33:30

Today that figure has nearly doubled to 2400 megawatts.

0:33:300:33:35

That's the same trend that we see all over the world.

0:33:350:33:38

For the last century, every few decades,

0:33:380:33:41

humanity's power consumption has doubled.

0:33:410:33:43

As our technology has increased, so too has our need for power.

0:33:430:33:47

And, as demand increases,

0:33:500:33:51

civilisations must look beyond their home world.

0:33:510:33:55

Every star, just like our sun,

0:33:550:33:57

is basically a giant nuclear furnace,

0:33:570:34:00

fusing hydrogen into helium and producing energy.

0:34:000:34:04

The ultimate limit to the amount of energy available to any civilisation

0:34:040:34:08

is just the amount of energy that they can harvest

0:34:080:34:11

from that parent star.

0:34:110:34:12

Deep in the Mojave Desert,

0:34:290:34:31

halfway between Las Vegas and Reno...

0:34:310:34:34

..it's possible to glimpse the future.

0:34:380:34:40

So, this is the Crescent Dunes Solar Facility.

0:35:150:35:18

There are 10,347 of these mirrors.

0:35:180:35:21

They all reflect the sun's energy up to that tower.

0:35:210:35:24

The heat's a reservoir of molten salt,

0:35:240:35:27

that's then used to turn water into steam,

0:35:270:35:29

turning turbines, and generating electricity.

0:35:290:35:32

Crescent Dunes is one of the world's largest solar power plants,

0:35:360:35:39

but even this gigantic facility

0:35:390:35:41

can only collect a small fraction of the sun's energy.

0:35:410:35:44

In the future, we might build thousands more of these facilities,

0:35:470:35:50

collecting even more of the sun's energy.

0:35:500:35:52

The amount of energy a civilisation can harness from their star

0:35:580:36:02

provides an indication of their technological advancement.

0:36:020:36:05

And it's measured on what's known as the Kardashev scale.

0:36:090:36:12

A Kardashev Type I civilisation

0:36:160:36:18

is a civilisation that's capable of harnessing all of the energy

0:36:180:36:22

that falls on their planet from their parent star.

0:36:220:36:24

Human civilisation only consumes about 20 terawatts of power.

0:36:260:36:31

That's about 1000th of the amount of energy that falls on our planet

0:36:310:36:34

from our sun.

0:36:340:36:35

But the amount of sunlight that hits the Earth

0:36:380:36:40

is only a tiny fraction of the light that leaves the sun.

0:36:400:36:44

Our sun's power is 400 billion terawatts.

0:36:460:36:50

That's 10 million times as much energy in just one second

0:36:500:36:55

as the entire United States consumes over the course of the year.

0:36:550:36:58

Any civilisation capable of harnessing all the energy

0:37:000:37:04

emitted by its star would have achieved Kardashev Type II status.

0:37:040:37:09

But to do it

0:37:120:37:14

would require engineering on a truly astronomical scale.

0:37:140:37:18

A Kardashev Type II civilisation

0:37:200:37:22

would need to build a massive network of solar collectors

0:37:220:37:25

that would orbit their star in space.

0:37:250:37:27

Something we call a Dyson sphere, or a Dyson structure.

0:37:270:37:30

A Dyson structure is very much like the solar power plant here,

0:37:330:37:37

but billions of times larger, in space, orbiting an entire star.

0:37:370:37:41

But they needn't be a solid surface.

0:37:430:37:46

It could be a swarm of individual solar panels,

0:37:460:37:49

all interconnected, as long as they occluded a large fraction

0:37:490:37:53

of the light that came from the star.

0:37:530:37:55

To construct a Dyson sphere that enveloped the sun

0:37:570:38:00

would require all the matter in all the planets in the solar system.

0:38:000:38:04

And so until recently,

0:38:060:38:08

Dyson spheres were thought to be purely theoretical.

0:38:080:38:11

Then, in 2013,

0:38:400:38:41

some deeply strange observations from NASA's Kepler space telescope

0:38:410:38:46

fell onto the desk of astronomer Tabetha Boyajian.

0:38:460:38:51

Kepler looked at over 150,000 stars in our galaxy,

0:38:580:39:02

and the data for this star looked nothing like any of the stars,

0:39:020:39:06

and nothing like any other star that we know of today.

0:39:060:39:09

For four years, the telescope scoured the Milky Way,

0:39:130:39:16

hunting for evidence of exoplanets.

0:39:160:39:20

Meticulously measuring the brightness of stars

0:39:210:39:24

in search of the tell-tale dimming in light

0:39:240:39:26

produced as a planet passes in front of them.

0:39:260:39:29

So, this is what an exoplanet transit looks like.

0:39:360:39:40

On the left-hand side you have the amount of light,

0:39:400:39:42

and on the bottom you have time,

0:39:420:39:44

and when a Jupiter-like planet transits in front of a star,

0:39:440:39:48

you have this clean U-shaped dip in the star's light.

0:39:480:39:52

And this dip this about 1%.

0:39:520:39:54

So this is the Kepler data for KIC 8462852.

0:39:560:40:01

And it shows four years of Kepler photometry of the star.

0:40:010:40:05

And, as you can see, for most of the time it's pretty flat.

0:40:050:40:09

Nothing is going on.

0:40:090:40:10

But then in May 2009, you had this dip that on face value,

0:40:100:40:14

appears to look like what a transiting planet would look like.

0:40:140:40:18

But if you take a closer look,

0:40:180:40:19

then you actually see that the transit lasts for almost a week,

0:40:190:40:23

compared to a planet-sized object,

0:40:230:40:25

which would just last for a couple of hours.

0:40:250:40:28

It was also very asymmetric in shape,

0:40:280:40:31

meaning that, instead of having that cleanly U-shaped dip,

0:40:310:40:34

it had this strange slope over here on the left-hand side.

0:40:340:40:38

This seemed to indicate that whatever was crossing

0:40:380:40:40

in front of the star was not circular like a planet.

0:40:400:40:43

Things are pretty quiet for a couple of years,

0:40:480:40:50

and then in March of 2011 we have this very dramatic feature

0:40:500:40:56

where the star's brightness drops by 15%.

0:40:560:41:00

And this drop is also very asymmetric.

0:41:020:41:06

It gradually decreases in brightness for about a week

0:41:060:41:09

and it then snaps right back up to normal in just a few days.

0:41:090:41:13

Now, after this nothing happens again for a couple of years

0:41:130:41:17

until February of 2013,

0:41:170:41:19

when you have this huge complex of dips that last almost for 100 days.

0:41:190:41:25

Each of these dips have a different structure,

0:41:250:41:27

some are very shallow, some are very sharp,

0:41:270:41:30

and the deepest one here drops by over 20%.

0:41:300:41:35

And so it seems to indicate that there is some swarm of objects

0:41:350:41:39

with different sizes and shapes that were passing in front of the star.

0:41:390:41:43

At first, no one had any idea what those objects could be.

0:41:460:41:50

Then somebody came along and said,

0:41:520:41:53

"What if there was a giant swarm of comets that was

0:41:530:41:57

"swooping down towards the star and blocking out the star light?"

0:41:570:42:00

And this seemed to be consistent with the observations that we had,

0:42:000:42:05

but it seemed a little bit contrived because it would take, you know,

0:42:050:42:09

hundreds if not thousands of comets to block out the star's light.

0:42:090:42:13

But nevertheless this was kind of the best idea, theory,

0:42:130:42:18

that we had to explain the data.

0:42:180:42:20

But there was another possibility.

0:42:250:42:26

That Tabby had detected the deep shadows

0:42:280:42:31

cast by a Dyson sphere constructed around the star.

0:42:310:42:34

The scale of these things is kind of hard to imagine,

0:42:380:42:41

but you can think of it this way.

0:42:410:42:42

So the Earth-Moon distance is about a quarter of a million miles

0:42:420:42:46

and the simplest element in one of these would be 100 times this size.

0:42:460:42:51

Now, imagine these in orbit around the star,

0:42:520:42:55

and you can see how it would produce anomalies

0:42:550:42:58

in the data that we detect.

0:42:580:42:59

Scientists are still trying to determine

0:43:020:43:04

the precise cause of the dimming.

0:43:040:43:06

But they have at least settled on a name.

0:43:080:43:10

Star KIC 8462852

0:43:110:43:14

has become known as Tabby's Star.

0:43:140:43:19

-See you, bye!

-OK, bye.

0:43:350:43:37

Along with the potential discovery of alien mega structures,

0:43:470:43:51

2013 also brought good news for Duncan Lorimer.

0:43:510:43:56

A group at Manchester University

0:44:000:44:02

announced the discovery of four more bursts.

0:44:020:44:04

There were coming from all over the sky and they were clearly real,

0:44:050:44:08

so it was a breakthrough moment.

0:44:080:44:10

It meant the Lorimer Burst was real, which was just great news.

0:44:100:44:14

And it also meant that we could learn a lot about these bursts

0:44:140:44:18

that we couldn't before - we'd be able to study the population

0:44:180:44:20

and the energetics and try to figure out exactly what's causing them.

0:44:200:44:24

I think up until that moment when the confirmation came through,

0:44:240:44:27

I certainly every now and again, would begin to doubt myself

0:44:270:44:30

and think, is it really just some bizarre form of interference

0:44:300:44:33

that causes that one object?

0:44:330:44:35

But as soon as you get those other objects,

0:44:350:44:38

all of those doubts go away and it's a very, very liberating feeling.

0:44:380:44:43

Duncan was very, very excited when these other bursts were announced

0:44:430:44:46

because, yeah, he felt vindicated.

0:44:460:44:48

He was very self-satisfied and had a little bit of a high and mighty air

0:44:480:44:53

for a few weeks because I'd sort of started to doubt

0:44:530:44:56

that the Lorimer Burst was real, and he had never given up.

0:44:560:44:59

He always said it was real, so he'd won the argument.

0:44:590:45:02

And he made it well-known that he was right.

0:45:020:45:05

I think I told her something like, "I told you so!"

0:45:070:45:11

By the end of 2013,

0:45:150:45:17

there had been six confirmed detections of fast radio bursts.

0:45:170:45:21

But what was causing them was still unknown.

0:45:230:45:26

Now that fast radio bursts are real,

0:45:280:45:30

it comes back to the idea of whether they could be caused by aliens.

0:45:300:45:33

And I've never really subscribed to that.

0:45:330:45:36

If I were looking for a signal from an extraterrestrial civilisation,

0:45:360:45:39

I'd be looking for it coming from a single point in the sky.

0:45:390:45:41

We have a population of sources all over the sky

0:45:410:45:44

which implies that the aliens are all over the place,

0:45:440:45:46

all over the universe, and that just seems highly unlikely to me.

0:45:460:45:49

But then, mathematical analysis of the known signals

0:45:540:45:57

seemed to show they were all placed at regularly spaced distances.

0:45:570:46:01

Maybe, whatever was responsible for the fast radio bursts

0:46:060:46:10

were put there by extraterrestrials,

0:46:100:46:13

perhaps even ones on the next level of the Kardashev scale.

0:46:130:46:16

Communication beacons placed across the Milky Way

0:46:180:46:22

by a Type III civilisation.

0:46:220:46:24

One with the ability to harness the power of an entire galaxy.

0:46:250:46:30

But, if the Milky Way were home to a Type III civilisation,

0:46:410:46:45

its presence should be written across the sky.

0:46:450:46:48

We know from thermodynamics that any energy usage that does useful work

0:46:520:46:56

produces waste heat.

0:46:560:46:57

Our car engines produce waste heat,

0:46:570:46:59

our laptop batteries produce waste heat,

0:46:590:47:02

so too does any energy usage by any technology,

0:47:020:47:04

whether it's human technology, or an extraterrestrial technology.

0:47:040:47:08

If there were a civilisation in our galaxy that was using the energy

0:47:100:47:13

of millions or billions of stars,

0:47:130:47:15

we would see evidence of that energy usage in the form of waste heat.

0:47:150:47:19

As more fast radio bursts were discovered,

0:47:210:47:24

so the regular pattern disappeared.

0:47:240:47:27

And nothing like the heat produced by a Type III civilisation

0:47:280:47:32

has ever been seen in our galaxy.

0:47:320:47:34

There are hundreds of billions of galaxies in our universe

0:47:380:47:41

so there's certainly still room for these very,

0:47:410:47:43

very advanced civilisations to exist somewhere in our universe.

0:47:430:47:46

But, wherever those civilisations might be,

0:47:540:47:57

for as long as we have been looking...

0:47:570:47:59

..they have remained elusive.

0:48:010:48:03

In the spring of 1960,

0:48:230:48:25

Frank Drake arrived in Green Bank

0:48:250:48:27

to fulfil the dream he'd had since childhood.

0:48:270:48:31

I had been waiting for many, many years for this opportunity

0:48:420:48:47

to answer that question, are there other civilisations out there?

0:48:470:48:51

It was very exciting, because at that time, for all we knew,

0:48:540:48:57

every star had a planet that was sending intelligent signals.

0:48:570:49:01

We might succeed the first day, in the first hour.

0:49:010:49:03

It was here that Frank conducted Project Ozma,

0:49:050:49:08

the first scientific search for extraterrestrials.

0:49:080:49:12

We did in fact attach a loudspeaker just in case a miracle happened

0:49:120:49:17

and we actually heard someone talking to us.

0:49:170:49:20

It was not out of the question.

0:49:200:49:22

We had a tape recorder that was recording everything coming in.

0:49:220:49:25

So when we first turned it on,

0:49:250:49:27

of course everybody was wondering, what are we going to hear?

0:49:270:49:30

What we heard was noise.

0:49:300:49:33

Static, nothing.

0:49:330:49:35

Project Ozma heard no alien communications.

0:49:370:49:41

And it's been the same story for every subsequent search.

0:49:430:49:48

We've done a great deal of searching in the last 50-plus years,

0:49:500:49:54

and we've learned that we're going to have to search

0:49:540:49:57

perhaps a million stars and countless frequency channels

0:49:570:50:00

before we have a good chance of success.

0:50:000:50:02

But, after more than half a century,

0:50:050:50:08

Frank's own search is drawing to a close.

0:50:080:50:12

If I had this to do all over, I would still do it.

0:50:140:50:17

In fact, probably put more time into it because I've come to realise

0:50:170:50:20

that's what's required to succeed.

0:50:200:50:22

And to me that time is not time wasted.

0:50:220:50:26

Because the eventual discovery is of such importance that it justifies

0:50:260:50:32

not just one human life being dedicated to succeeding, but many.

0:50:320:50:37

Are we alone?

0:50:440:50:45

If we are, then that tells us something

0:50:470:50:49

about the preciousness of life on Earth.

0:50:490:50:52

And if we're not alone...

0:50:560:50:58

..then what discovery could possibly be more important?

0:50:590:51:02

Come with us.

0:51:190:51:21

Breakthrough Listen takes the search for intelligent life in the universe

0:51:240:51:29

to a completely new level.

0:51:290:51:31

In 2015, Russian billionaire Yuri Milner

0:51:330:51:37

put down 100 million of his own money

0:51:370:51:40

to conduct the most comprehensive search for extraterrestrials

0:51:400:51:43

ever undertaken.

0:51:430:51:45

This was once a dream,

0:51:470:51:49

it is now a truly scientific quest.

0:51:490:51:52

The 20th century...

0:51:520:51:54

..we stepped out from our planet to space,

0:51:550:51:59

to the moon,

0:51:590:52:02

to the solar system.

0:52:020:52:03

In the 21st century, we'll find out about life on a galactic scale.

0:52:030:52:08

And the search begins with Tabby's Star.

0:52:100:52:13

KIC 8462852 is one of the best targets we've had in a long time

0:52:160:52:20

for study searches.

0:52:200:52:22

We're going to be using the 100-metre Green Bank telescope,

0:52:240:52:27

the largest fully steerable radio telescope on the planet,

0:52:270:52:30

paired with a brand-new set of instrumentation we've installed

0:52:300:52:33

as part of the Breakthrough Listen project.

0:52:330:52:35

This instrumentation allows us to conduct a very sensitive search

0:52:350:52:39

over a huge amount of the radio spectrum.

0:52:390:52:41

Now, if Tabby's Star does indeed have a Dyson sphere around it,

0:52:420:52:46

and it is inhabited by a very advanced civilisation,

0:52:460:52:49

perhaps that civilisation might have technology like we use on Earth,

0:52:490:52:53

perhaps radio technology.

0:52:530:52:54

And if they do, we could detect it with this telescope.

0:52:540:52:57

Tonight represents perhaps the best chance humanity has ever had

0:53:000:53:04

to make contact with extraterrestrials.

0:53:040:53:07

Hey, Dave.

0:53:130:53:15

Could you put Vegas back in mode one?

0:53:150:53:17

This evening is a very exciting night.

0:53:170:53:20

Turned back on and then...

0:53:200:53:21

We've been waiting for it for over a year,

0:53:230:53:25

so, yeah, I think we're all pretty excited about what's happening.

0:53:250:53:29

What's next? Is Tabby's Star next?

0:53:290:53:31

Tabby's Star is next, yes.

0:53:310:53:32

All right, time for you to push the button!

0:53:320:53:35

Right, here we go.

0:53:390:53:41

-We're off.

-Here we go.

0:53:430:53:45

MOTOR WHIRS

0:53:450:53:47

Once it's moved into position,

0:53:520:53:54

the telescope begins to gather radio waves

0:53:540:53:57

that just might contain messages from an alien civilisation.

0:53:570:54:01

-There you go. It's coming in.

-Right!

0:54:050:54:07

For six hours, the giant dish tracks the star across the sky,

0:54:100:54:14

scanning billions of radio channels simultaneously.

0:54:140:54:18

By 3:30am, the observations are complete.

0:54:240:54:27

These four plots represent about 800 megahertz of the radio spectrum

0:54:280:54:32

and this is only about one quarter of the amount of the radio spectrum

0:54:320:54:36

that we're observing.

0:54:360:54:37

So this plot shows the shape of the radio spectrum

0:54:370:54:40

as a function of frequency.

0:54:400:54:42

And here we see the radio spectrum as a function of time.

0:54:420:54:45

If there was evidence of technology in these data,

0:54:450:54:48

what we would expect to see is a spike in one of these plots,

0:54:480:54:51

a lot of electromagnetic energy in just one channel.

0:54:510:54:53

Now we don't see that yet, but in the coming days,

0:54:530:54:56

weeks and months, we're going to be looking at the data

0:54:560:54:59

in many different ways with much higher resolution,

0:54:590:55:02

that will allow us to be much more sensitive to evidence of technology.

0:55:020:55:05

For tonight at least, Tabby's Star is holding onto its secrets.

0:55:090:55:14

For the Breakthrough team,

0:55:160:55:18

the search for extraterrestrials is only just beginning.

0:55:180:55:21

I don't know if they're out there or not.

0:55:240:55:26

As a scientist I have to admit that.

0:55:260:55:28

But I think that it would be a pretty strange universe

0:55:280:55:32

in which life only arose once, and intelligence only arose once.

0:55:320:55:36

I think, to me, the most interesting property of the universe

0:55:370:55:40

is the fact that intelligence exists at all,

0:55:400:55:42

that somehow the universe has evolved a capacity to know itself,

0:55:420:55:46

to ask questions about itself,

0:55:460:55:48

and ultimately I think, until we answer this question,

0:55:480:55:52

we won't really understand the universe at all.

0:55:520:55:54

Since 2013, many more fast radio bursts have been discovered.

0:56:130:56:18

Duncan and Maura now have a theory for what might be producing them.

0:56:200:56:24

So whatever it is that is causing FRBs must be both very compact

0:56:260:56:30

and very energetic.

0:56:300:56:32

It must be compact because the width of the pulses is very narrow,

0:56:320:56:36

and they must be very energetic

0:56:360:56:38

because the distances that we infer are very far away.

0:56:380:56:41

It's thought, in fact, the bursts could be created

0:56:430:56:46

during the explosive collisions of neutron stars,

0:56:460:56:50

some of the densest, most energetic objects in the universe.

0:56:500:56:54

We observe binary systems of two neutron stars

0:56:570:57:00

that are in orbit around each other,

0:57:000:57:02

and when we observe these systems, we see them getting closer

0:57:020:57:05

and closer together all the time.

0:57:050:57:07

So what will happen eventually is that they're going to collide.

0:57:070:57:10

And when they merge,

0:57:130:57:14

the neutron stars will be completely destroyed and form a black hole.

0:57:140:57:18

As they annihilate, the two stars release in an instant

0:57:190:57:23

the same energy the sun produces in an entire month.

0:57:230:57:28

A blinding flash visible to our telescopes as a fast radio burst.

0:57:300:57:36

This theory perhaps solves the mystery

0:57:370:57:40

of these strange signals from space.

0:57:400:57:43

When you look at the energetics of these events,

0:57:440:57:47

you can easily explain the FRB energies with them.

0:57:470:57:50

You can also explain the durations of the FRB pulses

0:57:500:57:53

with the expected durations of these merger events.

0:57:530:57:56

So it's quite a plausible explanation.

0:57:560:57:58

Then, in 2016, a new burst was detected.

0:58:050:58:09

The distinctive pulse of radio waves

0:58:100:58:12

released as the neutron stars collided and were destroyed.

0:58:120:58:16

Followed by nothing.

0:58:180:58:20

Silence.

0:58:200:58:21

Just as the astronomers expected.

0:58:230:58:25

But then, when they looked again...

0:58:300:58:32

..the signal came back.

0:58:360:58:37

# It's not unusual to be loved by anyone

0:59:030:59:07

# It's not unusual to have fun with anyone

0:59:080:59:12

# But when I see you hanging about with anyone

0:59:140:59:17

# It's not unusual to see me cry. #

0:59:190:59:22

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