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Even before we knew we were related, we'd always known there was part of them in us, | 0:00:14 | 0:00:22 | |
and part of us in them. | 0:00:22 | 0:00:25 | |
We can see ourselves in their faces. | 0:00:32 | 0:00:35 | |
We share a long family history. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:40 | |
A sense of adventure. | 0:00:44 | 0:00:46 | |
Courage. | 0:00:46 | 0:00:48 | |
A society and its battles. | 0:00:53 | 0:00:55 | |
There is an understanding of life and death here. | 0:00:59 | 0:01:04 | |
What makes us human may not be uniquely human after all. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:11 | |
There are wild monkeys all around the world, | 0:01:14 | 0:01:18 | |
yet only recently have we discovered just how extraordinary they are. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:22 | |
Jodhpur in India, and the monkey gods are awake. | 0:01:34 | 0:01:39 | |
Monkeys were here first. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:44 | |
We have a handful of other closer cousins, rare forest apes. | 0:01:46 | 0:01:51 | |
But monkeys represent the blueprints on which we are all based. | 0:01:51 | 0:01:56 | |
Some monkeys live with us, and perhaps live more like us than any other animal. | 0:01:59 | 0:02:04 | |
HORNS BEEPING, SHOUTING | 0:02:14 | 0:02:17 | |
We have no idea what they think and feel. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:22 | |
We can, however, guess. | 0:02:22 | 0:02:24 | |
And there are lots of different scientific theories. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:31 | |
We do know they want to find out about everything, | 0:02:32 | 0:02:37 | |
whatever the risks. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:39 | |
Toque macaques will try anything new, | 0:02:45 | 0:02:48 | |
imagining rewards behind every closed drawer, tasting every new food. | 0:02:48 | 0:02:54 | |
DOG BARKS | 0:03:05 | 0:03:07 | |
SMASH! | 0:03:07 | 0:03:10 | |
40 million years ago, | 0:03:32 | 0:03:34 | |
in the ancient tropical forests, | 0:03:34 | 0:03:37 | |
there were monkeys. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:39 | |
Our monkey ancestors may have looked a little like this. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:49 | |
Tiny. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:50 | |
In the tropical forests of Ecuador lives the pygmy marmoset, the smallest monkey in the world. | 0:03:51 | 0:03:58 | |
It's the size of a hamster, and it hunts like a cat. | 0:03:58 | 0:04:02 | |
Yet this monkey is closer to us than to cat or hamster. | 0:04:05 | 0:04:10 | |
The eyes face forward and see in 3D and colour, and have a powerful brain behind them. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:17 | |
Hands have fingerprints, and claws are long fingernails. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:22 | |
Being able to grasp physical objects also helps your understanding. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:29 | |
You learn things are there even if you can't see them. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:34 | |
Navigating around a tree is more complicated than flat ground. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:39 | |
Marmosets hold places and objects in their minds. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:49 | |
Once you can picture things, you can perhaps imagine improvements. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:57 | |
The marmoset family seem to. They "farm" sap from trees. | 0:04:57 | 0:05:02 | |
Taking bites out of the bark has no immediate benefit. | 0:05:02 | 0:05:06 | |
The bark is spat out. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:08 | |
The family makes ordered holes like planting a field of cabbages. | 0:05:10 | 0:05:15 | |
A few days later, a harvest of sugary gum has emerged. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:19 | |
Planning ahead is clever, but so are your neighbours, waiting for you to do all the work. | 0:05:26 | 0:05:32 | |
The family next door launches raids every few days. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:39 | |
The owners are chased off. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:47 | |
And the invaders gobble up as much sap as they can. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:52 | |
The owners scent mark, which seems to give them new confidence. | 0:05:55 | 0:06:00 | |
They rally their forces, charge and chase off the neighbours. | 0:06:00 | 0:06:04 | |
A long time ago, the monkey mind turned to improving their world, | 0:06:25 | 0:06:31 | |
and farming and warfare took root. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
Monkeys lived together to defend food and watch for predators, | 0:06:36 | 0:06:41 | |
and numerous little societies sprang up. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:46 | |
Each species made its own discoveries and customs. | 0:06:55 | 0:07:00 | |
Marmosets and tamarins will often share childcare. | 0:07:00 | 0:07:05 | |
The female emperor tamarin nearly always has twins, and she persuades two males to help look after them. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:13 | |
Their mother carries them, with the two fathers, neither certain of paternity, obediently in tow. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:22 | |
When mum wants to offload the kids, she signals to her mates with her tongue. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:28 | |
An obsession with their young, we now realise, is one of the things that is basic to all monkeys. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:45 | |
The infants have a father each to look after them, so mum goes to feed on nectar. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:05 | |
There's something curious about monkey babies. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:09 | |
The silver leaf monkey, for example, has orange young. | 0:08:09 | 0:08:14 | |
It's risky with predators around, it advertises defencelessness. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
But to the family, it says, "Help me, look after me." | 0:08:18 | 0:08:23 | |
Adults respond by worrying more, and devoting more time than if the baby wasn't so obviously vulnerable. | 0:08:24 | 0:08:32 | |
So young monkeys can stay being babies longer. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:37 | |
Childhood in monkeys is not primarily about a growing body, but a growing mind. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:44 | |
A young brain searches for understanding in slow stages, | 0:08:44 | 0:08:48 | |
hands reaching out, working out what things are, and how they work. | 0:08:48 | 0:08:53 | |
A baby monkey slowly builds its understanding of the world and of others around them. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:24 | |
As physical growing slows down, so monkeys have time to wise up. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:34 | |
Awareness dawns in infancy. | 0:09:54 | 0:09:57 | |
Intelligence awakes and takes control. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:02 | |
These white-faced capuchins in Central America are very clever. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:22 | |
In fact, capuchin monkeys have a larger brain for their size than any of our closer ape cousins. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:29 | |
One group near the coast is able to track the tides. | 0:10:31 | 0:10:36 | |
When the water retreats, clams are exposed, and easy to collect. | 0:10:36 | 0:10:41 | |
But not so easy to open. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:48 | |
The trick is to roll and bang the clams hard, and often for a long time. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:54 | |
The thought of what's inside is what keeps them going. | 0:11:10 | 0:11:13 | |
It's hardly fast food. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:16 | |
Monkeys, like us, imagine food they can't yet see, and it drives them on. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:24 | |
After ten minutes, the clams start to weaken and the capuchins can pull open the shells. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:35 | |
If you're disappointed, it can only be because you've imagined more. | 0:11:35 | 0:11:40 | |
Opening clams is just the beginning. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:46 | |
Some troops have discovered how to get the best out of termite mounds, | 0:11:46 | 0:11:51 | |
or reach water by using their tail as a sponge. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:54 | |
The young learn from their parents. | 0:11:56 | 0:11:58 | |
They have what scientists call a culture. Monkey culture. | 0:11:58 | 0:12:03 | |
But the most important things for monkeys to understand are their fellow monkeys. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:12 | |
Outsmarting each other can make the difference between life and death. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:17 | |
Most animals are wary of outsiders, and defend their territory. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:26 | |
In monkeys, this has become a battle of wits. | 0:12:26 | 0:12:31 | |
The capuchins move around like chess pieces, testing their defences, trying to trap unwary scouts. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:40 | |
SCREECHING | 0:12:48 | 0:12:50 | |
Previous battles and old grudges fuel the aggression. | 0:12:53 | 0:12:56 | |
In monkey society, everyone is an individual, and different rules can apply. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:06 | |
Friends fight for each other. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
Rivals and foreigners can be killed if you can catch them. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:14 | |
Our feelings for friends and enemies are chillingly similar. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:35 | |
This is part of our nature too. | 0:13:35 | 0:13:39 | |
More capuchins are killed by each other than by any predator. | 0:14:21 | 0:14:26 | |
The invaders retreat, with nothing gained from the battle except injuries. | 0:14:30 | 0:14:36 | |
If murder and morality have roots in our past, then so too does compassion. | 0:14:37 | 0:14:45 | |
The fighters return, and are soothed and nursed. | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
Hands that when they were tiny explored the world and opened a mind, | 0:15:29 | 0:15:35 | |
now demonstrate a gentle understanding of others. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:39 | |
Grooming does more than clean wounds and remove parasites. | 0:15:52 | 0:15:57 | |
It shows respect and affection. | 0:15:57 | 0:16:00 | |
Monkeys' attention to their health goes even further. | 0:16:03 | 0:16:07 | |
Some monkeys have discovered a few simple medicines. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:11 | |
The leaves of the Piper plant are antiseptic, and used by people here in Costa Rica as an insect repellent. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:19 | |
When a capuchin finds a Piper plant, they all become very excited, | 0:16:19 | 0:16:23 | |
sharing, rubbing, disinfecting, and turning it into a party. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:28 | |
Self-medication becomes a social event. | 0:16:28 | 0:16:33 | |
We do the same. Think of tea and alcohol. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
A need to try everything is an extraordinary way to survive in the jungle. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:05 | |
Here are leaves that can cure disease or repel insects, feed you or poison you. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:16 | |
Knowledge, technology and culture are rooted here in the forest, in the hands of monkeys. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:31 | |
In Sri Lanka, toque macaques fish for caterpillars. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:45 | |
The caterpillars hang from the end of silk threads, but monkey hands can reel them in. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:52 | |
Local knowledge and their unique culture are what they live by. | 0:17:57 | 0:18:02 | |
They know a nearby lake is guarded by a six-foot monkey-eating monitor lizard. | 0:18:02 | 0:18:09 | |
Trust monkeys to find a way to reach the delicious lily flowers, safe from the monitor lizard. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:23 | |
Only the high born, the dominant in the monkey society are allowed to use these overhanging branches. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:31 | |
Those at the bottom of the social scale have to take bigger risks. | 0:18:38 | 0:18:43 | |
They take turns to watch for the monitor lizard. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:50 | |
While the guards are alert, it's pretty safe. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:55 | |
These lower ranking toque macaques will actually dive for lily roots and bulbs. | 0:18:56 | 0:19:03 | |
Little of this amazing behaviour is instinctive. | 0:19:03 | 0:19:07 | |
It was discovered, learned, and passed down the generations. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:11 | |
Keeping an eye out for your family and friends is an important part of their culture too. | 0:19:12 | 0:19:18 | |
Instincts in animals generally are automatic, restrictive but reliable. | 0:19:28 | 0:19:34 | |
But learning can be forgotten, and concentration can lapse. | 0:19:34 | 0:19:38 | |
SQUEALING | 0:20:15 | 0:20:17 | |
What must a monkey guard feel when a youngster is lost on their watch? | 0:20:36 | 0:20:42 | |
We can't know what they are thinking, but they behave in a way that we imagine we recognise. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:18 | |
Another of the troop has been killed in a fight. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
He was the leader. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
It was a battle for control of the group. | 0:21:29 | 0:21:32 | |
They are unusually silent as they gather around. | 0:21:34 | 0:21:38 | |
The victorious new leader watches from the side, his injuries ignored. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:43 | |
He does not interfere. | 0:21:43 | 0:21:45 | |
Some who brought about the old leader's downfall are now tender and respectful. | 0:21:49 | 0:21:55 | |
For many years he had been an ally, or a mate. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:08 | |
He'd been a caring father to a whole generation of young. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:13 | |
As scientists trace human qualities and feelings further back in time, | 0:23:02 | 0:23:08 | |
so modern monkeys seem less "animal", more like rediscovered relatives. | 0:23:08 | 0:23:14 | |
Many are very rare, like the golden lion tamarin. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:21 | |
There's so much to discover. | 0:23:21 | 0:23:23 | |
Why does the white uakari in the Amazon think a red face a good sign? | 0:23:23 | 0:23:29 | |
Or the golden snub-nosed monkey in China have blue eye shadow? | 0:23:31 | 0:23:36 | |
Why does the emperor tamarin have a moustache? | 0:23:38 | 0:23:42 | |
The weirdest may be the proboscis monkey in Borneo, | 0:23:42 | 0:23:46 | |
with a 9" nose, and a fermenting stomach like a cow. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
Perhaps the most beautiful is the Douc monkey of Cambodia. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:57 | |
Every monkey has its own different character and story. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:03 | |
FEROCIOUS GROWLING | 0:24:05 | 0:24:07 | |
Howler monkeys call to declare territory. | 0:24:10 | 0:24:14 | |
Lions roar and nightingales sing for the same reason. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:19 | |
Howlers have a silent duet too. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:24 | |
It's a love song, though in us it would be considered a little rude. | 0:24:24 | 0:24:29 | |
All animals instinctively pair together. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
But if monkeys are at all sensitive, | 0:24:57 | 0:25:01 | |
if they can guess what another monkey may be thinking, | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
if they have memories and make plans for the future, | 0:25:04 | 0:25:09 | |
it must be surprisingly close to how we feel. | 0:25:09 | 0:25:13 | |
We give words to thoughts and feelings. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:48 | |
Without words, is thinking even possible? | 0:25:48 | 0:25:53 | |
The jungle to us may seem a cacophony of meaningless sounds. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:58 | |
Each animal listens to its own calls, and usually tunes out the rest. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:12 | |
But some monkeys are multilingual. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:15 | |
Guenons live here and there are several species of them. | 0:26:23 | 0:26:27 | |
Each has its own calls for communicating with other members of its troop. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:31 | |
These Diana monkeys have joined an army of other guenons - | 0:26:36 | 0:26:41 | |
a United Nation of monkeys, and that requires them to understand each other. | 0:26:41 | 0:26:45 | |
On the forest floor live sooty mangabeys. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:51 | |
They specialize in gathering fallen nuts. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:55 | |
Above are red colobus, spot-nosed and putty-nosed guenons, | 0:26:55 | 0:27:01 | |
black and white colobus, Campbell's guenon, | 0:27:01 | 0:27:05 | |
and the Diana monkey which live mainly in the upper canopy. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:09 | |
These monkeys all behave as though they're one troop, | 0:27:09 | 0:27:13 | |
moving through the forest together, resting together, | 0:27:13 | 0:27:17 | |
and all looking out for predators. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:19 | |
On the forest floor the sooty mangabey | 0:27:19 | 0:27:24 | |
can rely on the eyes and ears above and relax, thanks to the alliance. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:28 | |
If a red colobus spots something like a snake, | 0:27:32 | 0:27:36 | |
it gives the red colobus alarm call for, "Snake". | 0:27:36 | 0:27:40 | |
A spot-nosed guenon reacts immediately. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:44 | |
If a Diana monkey high in the tree sees an eagle, | 0:27:44 | 0:27:47 | |
the alarm goes up, "Eagle" and all the monkeys look up. | 0:27:47 | 0:27:51 | |
Each species has a different alarm call, | 0:27:51 | 0:27:54 | |
but they all understand each other. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:56 | |
With 8 different monkeys, and about 15 calls each, | 0:27:56 | 0:28:01 | |
that's 120 different sounds. | 0:28:01 | 0:28:04 | |
The Mangabeys see a leopard. All the other monkeys call, "Leopard", | 0:28:04 | 0:28:07 | |
in their own way, but there are other calls in there too. | 0:28:07 | 0:28:12 | |
Diana monkeys have been the most studied. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:14 | |
Their ability to understand other species | 0:28:14 | 0:28:18 | |
gives scientists a running translation of other monkey calls. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:23 | |
If Diana monkeys hear a string of calls by a Campbell's guenon, say, | 0:28:23 | 0:28:27 | |
they behave as if they were hearing a sentence. | 0:28:27 | 0:28:30 | |
Some calls add detail - "Maybe," or "Not urgent." | 0:28:30 | 0:28:35 | |
With another guenon, if the sounds are in a different order, | 0:28:35 | 0:28:38 | |
it means something else. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:40 | |
Grammar, the basis of true language, | 0:28:40 | 0:28:43 | |
was once thought of as uniquely human. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:46 | |
Chimps have not yet been shown to have this ability in the wild - | 0:28:46 | 0:28:51 | |
only monkeys and people. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
Diana monkeys also have a voice box more like ours, | 0:28:53 | 0:28:57 | |
so alarm calls may be only a small part of their vocabulary. | 0:28:57 | 0:29:00 | |
If talking is an ancient monkey ability, | 0:29:03 | 0:29:06 | |
we should find something similar in other monkeys around the world. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:11 | |
In forests from Africa to South America | 0:29:11 | 0:29:14 | |
scientists have found monkeys whose calls refer to predators. | 0:29:14 | 0:29:19 | |
But do they ever use sounds for things when they can't see them, | 0:29:19 | 0:29:23 | |
when they are just thinking about them? | 0:29:23 | 0:29:26 | |
The white faced capuchins in Costa Rica live by streams full of danger. | 0:29:30 | 0:29:36 | |
They are nervous, maybe imagining death | 0:29:36 | 0:29:39 | |
lurking under every log or pile of leaves. | 0:29:39 | 0:29:42 | |
They too have put sounds to some of their fears, | 0:29:42 | 0:29:45 | |
and have different calls for different predators. | 0:29:45 | 0:29:49 | |
A call goes up, "Snake!" | 0:29:51 | 0:29:53 | |
The whole troop leaps out of the water and up into the trees. | 0:29:53 | 0:29:58 | |
They soon calm down. Once noticed, most predators are of little danger. | 0:30:01 | 0:30:06 | |
The warning system is built on trust and honesty. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:10 | |
Yet, very occasionally, some monkeys deliberately shout an alarm call | 0:30:10 | 0:30:16 | |
when there is no snake there. | 0:30:16 | 0:30:18 | |
The reason for this deception | 0:30:18 | 0:30:21 | |
lies in the fact that monkey society is very competitive. | 0:30:21 | 0:30:25 | |
The leaders often take food from subordinates. | 0:30:25 | 0:30:29 | |
The problem for a low-status monkey is not just finding food, | 0:30:29 | 0:30:33 | |
it's hanging on to it, and sometimes they have to be a little crafty. | 0:30:33 | 0:30:38 | |
Suppose a subordinate is acting a little strangely, | 0:30:41 | 0:30:44 | |
watching the others closely. | 0:30:44 | 0:30:46 | |
He then could, without any obvious panic, call, "Snake," | 0:30:50 | 0:30:54 | |
and everybody leaps out of the water. | 0:30:54 | 0:30:56 | |
While the others are looking for snakes, | 0:31:03 | 0:31:05 | |
he could sneak down and recover a fallen bird's egg | 0:31:05 | 0:31:08 | |
he could have been hiding. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:10 | |
The leaders slowly return to the pool. | 0:31:19 | 0:31:22 | |
It seems that lying may be as old as language itself. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:27 | |
If our little manipulator is spotted with his egg, he's in big trouble. | 0:31:27 | 0:31:32 | |
This sort of deception has been noticed in several species. | 0:31:38 | 0:31:43 | |
It shows they imagine things when they're not visible, | 0:31:43 | 0:31:47 | |
and it implies they are beginning to think about | 0:31:47 | 0:31:50 | |
what each other may be thinking about. | 0:31:50 | 0:31:53 | |
Millions of years ago some monkeys reached this point, | 0:31:56 | 0:32:01 | |
and then took another huge leap into the unknown. | 0:32:01 | 0:32:05 | |
They left the forest. | 0:32:05 | 0:32:08 | |
Open grassland is a hard place in which to survive. | 0:32:23 | 0:32:28 | |
Fruits and flowers are scarce. | 0:32:28 | 0:32:30 | |
There's nowhere to escape, and some very dangerous predators. | 0:32:30 | 0:32:35 | |
Baboons have grown larger than forest monkeys | 0:32:51 | 0:32:55 | |
and 80 or so baboons stick together for defence. | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
They are wary and aggressive. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:01 | |
The big males will often go on the attack. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:11 | |
The young are helpless. | 0:33:48 | 0:33:50 | |
Most animals here run from birth. | 0:33:50 | 0:33:53 | |
Gazelles and baboons feed together, both watching for predators. | 0:33:53 | 0:33:57 | |
The baboons make do with tough plants, insects and grass mainly. | 0:34:00 | 0:34:05 | |
The fawns assume the baboons are allies, | 0:34:10 | 0:34:12 | |
and don't realise that monkeys also eat meat. | 0:34:12 | 0:34:16 | |
GROWLING | 0:34:21 | 0:34:23 | |
When our ancestors left the trees, | 0:34:38 | 0:34:41 | |
we changed too, and became more predatory and dangerous | 0:34:41 | 0:34:44 | |
than the apes and monkeys | 0:34:44 | 0:34:46 | |
we left behind in the forest. | 0:34:46 | 0:34:49 | |
There's more to learn in larger and more volatile societies. | 0:34:53 | 0:34:58 | |
All monkeys can be murderous, but baboons seem closer to violence, | 0:34:58 | 0:35:04 | |
as though anger and frustration were just under the surface. | 0:35:04 | 0:35:08 | |
The lower ranking males find failing ambition very stressful, | 0:35:08 | 0:35:12 | |
and become neurotic, with high blood pressure and ulcers. | 0:35:12 | 0:35:16 | |
High ranking males are dictatorial bullies while their power lasts, | 0:35:18 | 0:35:23 | |
but when deposed become ill and have symptoms of depression. | 0:35:23 | 0:35:27 | |
Baboon society shares many of our problems. | 0:35:31 | 0:35:34 | |
We're psychologically similar. | 0:35:34 | 0:35:37 | |
Of course there are huge differences, | 0:35:37 | 0:35:40 | |
but if you want to imagine your early ancestor on a hunt, think baboon. | 0:35:40 | 0:35:45 | |
A clever political mind is essential in large groups. | 0:36:49 | 0:36:55 | |
So the cleverest monkeys should be found | 0:36:55 | 0:36:58 | |
in the biggest troops, equivalent to our towns or cities. | 0:36:58 | 0:37:02 | |
In the Simien Mountains of Ethiopia live huge herds of geladas. | 0:37:05 | 0:37:11 | |
Speeded up, they move like an army. | 0:37:14 | 0:37:18 | |
Groups of mothers and their young, | 0:37:41 | 0:37:44 | |
a harem, gather together to form troops of up to 800 monkeys. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:49 | |
Geladas' hands are usually busy plucking grass instead of grooming, | 0:37:51 | 0:37:56 | |
so to keep in touch, geladas have become the chattiest of all monkeys. | 0:37:56 | 0:38:02 | |
The gossipy banter can sound to scientists | 0:38:03 | 0:38:07 | |
like sentences with words or even names for each other. | 0:38:07 | 0:38:11 | |
Most agree it's often used to defuse tension. | 0:38:11 | 0:38:16 | |
In geladas, there's a lot to be tense about. | 0:38:20 | 0:38:24 | |
There are gangs of young males | 0:38:26 | 0:38:29 | |
trying to steal away the women from the family harems. | 0:38:29 | 0:38:33 | |
Each handful of females is guarded by a single male, the harem master. | 0:38:34 | 0:38:39 | |
The spare boys try and tempt the girls away, | 0:38:43 | 0:38:47 | |
hoping the resident father figure doesn't notice. | 0:38:47 | 0:38:50 | |
The males flash teeth at each other. | 0:38:55 | 0:38:58 | |
They may fight, | 0:38:58 | 0:38:59 | |
but it's usually just showing off, | 0:38:59 | 0:39:01 | |
in case the girls are watching. | 0:39:01 | 0:39:02 | |
There's a lot of flirting on both sides. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:07 | |
And then if an innocent looking female is tempted to wander off | 0:39:09 | 0:39:12 | |
past her guardian, he has to decide what to do. | 0:39:12 | 0:39:16 | |
Girls mostly sneak off secretly for affairs. | 0:39:18 | 0:39:20 | |
This is a blatant challenge to his authority. | 0:39:20 | 0:39:24 | |
The illicit couple just sit. | 0:39:27 | 0:39:29 | |
The suitor seems to be using his hand to hide his grimace. | 0:39:29 | 0:39:34 | |
He probably doesn't want trouble. | 0:39:34 | 0:39:37 | |
Chimps, baboons and macaques may also try to look innocent when they break the rules. | 0:39:37 | 0:39:43 | |
This is a complicated social problem. | 0:39:44 | 0:39:47 | |
Using your brain to control societies is called Machiavellian Intelligence, | 0:39:47 | 0:39:54 | |
after a sixteenth century courtier | 0:39:54 | 0:39:56 | |
who wrote on manipulating political power. | 0:39:56 | 0:39:59 | |
Instead of launching into an attack, | 0:39:59 | 0:40:02 | |
the politician here tries to grab a baby. | 0:40:02 | 0:40:05 | |
Monkey etiquette dictates nobody attacks anyone holding a baby, | 0:40:05 | 0:40:10 | |
so they are like living flak jackets. | 0:40:10 | 0:40:12 | |
The mothers are worried, and quickly scoop up the youngest. | 0:40:12 | 0:40:16 | |
Here, the two males face each other. | 0:40:18 | 0:40:21 | |
The family man backs towards one of his more loyal wives, | 0:40:21 | 0:40:25 | |
calling for support. | 0:40:25 | 0:40:26 | |
One of the youngsters suddenly switches from mother to father. | 0:40:28 | 0:40:33 | |
This should calm things down. | 0:40:33 | 0:40:36 | |
With the youngster attached, | 0:40:36 | 0:40:37 | |
the father is protected, and the harem should unite. | 0:40:37 | 0:40:41 | |
But it can go wrong. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:46 | |
The youngster is slipping off. The family are frantic. | 0:40:59 | 0:41:03 | |
The harem master has no protection from attack. | 0:41:06 | 0:41:10 | |
The bachelor is finally driven off, with a little help from the mothers. | 0:41:17 | 0:41:23 | |
But the fathers are meant to guard the precious young. | 0:41:26 | 0:41:29 | |
He knows he's in all sorts of trouble. | 0:41:29 | 0:41:32 | |
If the infant dies, the mothers may not support him again. | 0:41:32 | 0:41:37 | |
Our brain too, wrestles with our own similar problems. | 0:41:44 | 0:41:48 | |
We are as social and as competitive. | 0:41:48 | 0:41:51 | |
Intelligence sweeps in through monkey evolution, | 0:41:59 | 0:42:04 | |
to apes and us, and leaves a chilling legacy. | 0:42:04 | 0:42:08 | |
Becoming clever can mean being controlling, | 0:42:10 | 0:42:14 | |
stressed, perhaps unhappy. | 0:42:14 | 0:42:16 | |
The females are plotting, worrying for their young. | 0:42:16 | 0:42:20 | |
He worries about other males stealing his girls. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:24 | |
All of them are thinking about whom they can trust. | 0:42:24 | 0:42:28 | |
Is this the pinnacle of monkey brainpower? | 0:42:31 | 0:42:35 | |
Monkeys also set us on a path | 0:42:35 | 0:42:37 | |
towards co-operation, planning, tool-making and technology. | 0:42:37 | 0:42:42 | |
The cleverest monkey perhaps took that path too. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:46 | |
Stone slabs have been found in the forests of Brazil | 0:43:02 | 0:43:05 | |
that have been worn into hollows, | 0:43:05 | 0:43:08 | |
apparently by prehistoric people, using stone hammers. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:13 | |
It turns out they were not made by humans at all. | 0:43:20 | 0:43:24 | |
A bearded capuchin monkey starts the processing of palm nuts | 0:43:27 | 0:43:30 | |
by tapping them to see if they are ripe. | 0:43:30 | 0:43:33 | |
There are only 20 or 30 monkeys in a group, with fewer social pressures. | 0:43:41 | 0:43:47 | |
They are thinkers and doers, not chatterers. | 0:43:47 | 0:43:51 | |
The ripest palm nuts are stripped of their outer case ready to be dropped | 0:43:51 | 0:43:57 | |
on to the ground to dry out, which will take about three days. | 0:43:57 | 0:44:02 | |
Each stage seems very well co-ordinated, | 0:44:02 | 0:44:06 | |
a routine in a monkey culture, choreographed to perfection. | 0:44:06 | 0:44:11 | |
Tapping again tells the monkeys which ones are ready. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:16 | |
The next stage may take place | 0:44:44 | 0:44:47 | |
at the other end of the valley, | 0:44:47 | 0:44:49 | |
the nut-cracking site. | 0:44:49 | 0:44:51 | |
The hammers are of a harder stone, | 0:44:51 | 0:44:54 | |
brought up from the river beds | 0:44:54 | 0:44:56 | |
by the monkeys. | 0:44:56 | 0:44:57 | |
They are heavy - some as heavy as the monkey itself. | 0:44:57 | 0:45:00 | |
Palm nuts are extremely hard | 0:45:03 | 0:45:05 | |
and difficult to crack open. | 0:45:05 | 0:45:06 | |
It only works if you get it exactly right. | 0:45:06 | 0:45:10 | |
Somehow these clever monkeys | 0:45:18 | 0:45:21 | |
get amazingly good at it. | 0:45:21 | 0:45:23 | |
Collecting a ripe nut has taken days of harvesting, | 0:45:55 | 0:45:59 | |
testing, ripening, transportation, | 0:45:59 | 0:46:02 | |
collecting tools and choosing sites, | 0:46:02 | 0:46:05 | |
not forgetting years of learning | 0:46:05 | 0:46:07 | |
in the nut-cracking school. | 0:46:07 | 0:46:09 | |
The Year Two class is still wrestling with the basics. | 0:46:17 | 0:46:21 | |
The sounds echo through the forest. | 0:46:27 | 0:46:30 | |
Jaguars know it's monkeys at work. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:37 | |
The capuchins always select their sites carefully, | 0:46:39 | 0:46:42 | |
preferably below the edge of the escarpment. | 0:46:42 | 0:46:45 | |
But it's more than just an escape route. | 0:46:48 | 0:46:52 | |
We are increasingly realising | 0:47:08 | 0:47:11 | |
we are not the only intelligent life on the planet. | 0:47:11 | 0:47:15 | |
40 million years ago, it seems, there were creatures with hands and eyes | 0:47:31 | 0:47:36 | |
who took great care of their babies | 0:47:36 | 0:47:39 | |
because they took a long time to grow up. | 0:47:39 | 0:47:41 | |
The story has ended up with us, seeing ourselves in their faces. | 0:47:43 | 0:47:49 | |
We can be proud of the fact | 0:47:52 | 0:47:54 | |
that what makes us human isn't just human after all. | 0:47:54 | 0:48:00 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:48:18 | 0:48:20 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:48:20 | 0:48:23 |