Browse content similar to Attenborough's Big Birds. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
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Birds are masters of the skies. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
There are more than 10,000 species | 0:00:23 | 0:00:26 | |
and they behave in a huge variety of different ways. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:30 | |
But of all the birds I've filmed over the years, | 0:00:34 | 0:00:36 | |
there's nothing that can really compare with these comic characters. | 0:00:36 | 0:00:40 | |
That's not just because of their great size. | 0:00:43 | 0:00:46 | |
But because they can't do the one thing | 0:00:46 | 0:00:48 | |
that birds are famous for doing. | 0:00:48 | 0:00:51 | |
They can't fly. | 0:00:51 | 0:00:52 | |
The ostrich, the emu and the rhea, together with two other birds, | 0:00:54 | 0:00:59 | |
the kiwi and the cassowary, | 0:00:59 | 0:01:01 | |
are the court jesters of the avian world. | 0:01:01 | 0:01:03 | |
They're a family with a remarkable success story, | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
despite having never flown a day in their lives. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:13 | |
But exactly how and why did these birds abandon flight? | 0:01:18 | 0:01:22 | |
It's one of the natural world's great mysteries | 0:01:23 | 0:01:26 | |
and it's taxed some of the finest minds in science | 0:01:26 | 0:01:29 | |
from Darwin's time right through to the present day. | 0:01:29 | 0:01:33 | |
And now, DNA is promising to give us the answer. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:40 | |
But what is even more exciting | 0:01:42 | 0:01:44 | |
than the remarkable evolutionary history of these birds | 0:01:44 | 0:01:47 | |
is their behaviour - | 0:01:47 | 0:01:49 | |
because if you're a bird that can't fly, | 0:01:49 | 0:01:52 | |
you have to find other ways of surviving. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:55 | |
BIRDSONG | 0:02:03 | 0:02:05 | |
It's said that a bird is three things - | 0:02:06 | 0:02:10 | |
feathers, | 0:02:11 | 0:02:14 | |
flight | 0:02:14 | 0:02:16 | |
and song. | 0:02:16 | 0:02:19 | |
BIRDS CHIRP | 0:02:19 | 0:02:21 | |
But what happens if you are a bird which can't fly, | 0:02:23 | 0:02:26 | |
which doesn't sing... | 0:02:26 | 0:02:29 | |
HISSING | 0:02:29 | 0:02:31 | |
..and whose feathers are closer to fluff? | 0:02:32 | 0:02:35 | |
Well, then you have to come up with | 0:02:37 | 0:02:39 | |
some pretty unusual ways of surviving. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:42 | |
This small group of birds are real oddballs, | 0:02:46 | 0:02:49 | |
with a rag bag of characteristics | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
that help them with life on the ground. | 0:02:52 | 0:02:54 | |
Among their number is the fastest bird on land. | 0:02:58 | 0:03:01 | |
A bird with the biggest eyes on Earth. | 0:03:03 | 0:03:07 | |
One has dagger-sharp talons. | 0:03:07 | 0:03:11 | |
Another, killer thighs. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:13 | |
OSTRICH HISSES | 0:03:16 | 0:03:18 | |
Their chicks hatch, ready to run. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:25 | |
CHICKS GRUNT SOFTLY | 0:03:25 | 0:03:27 | |
And they all have crazy hair. | 0:03:30 | 0:03:33 | |
And useless wings. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:40 | |
This lot couldn't fly even if they wanted to | 0:03:42 | 0:03:45 | |
because their feathers aren't like those of other birds. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
They don't have barbs that link together into air-cutting vanes, | 0:03:49 | 0:03:53 | |
like normal wing feathers. | 0:03:53 | 0:03:55 | |
Nor can they be held neatly and tightly together. | 0:03:56 | 0:04:00 | |
They are more like a fluffy feather boa. | 0:04:00 | 0:04:02 | |
Without a role in flight, these feathers act instead | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
as warm blankets or insect repellers | 0:04:09 | 0:04:13 | |
or props in an exotic dance. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:16 | |
But if you are a bird that hasn't flown a day in its life, | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
then beauty isn't enough to survive. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:27 | |
The first, the fastest and the biggest of all our birds | 0:04:31 | 0:04:35 | |
is the ostrich. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:36 | |
OSTRICH BOOMS | 0:04:36 | 0:04:41 | |
Indeed, it's the largest bird in the world. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
Standing up to 3 metres tall, it weighs up to 150 kilos. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:51 | |
On the African plains, it lives alongside | 0:04:58 | 0:05:00 | |
some of the world's most dangerous predators... | 0:05:00 | 0:05:03 | |
..hyenas... | 0:05:08 | 0:05:09 | |
..lions... | 0:05:11 | 0:05:13 | |
..and cheetahs. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:17 | |
BIRDS CHIRP | 0:05:20 | 0:05:22 | |
DRAMATIC MUSIC | 0:05:28 | 0:05:32 | |
Pounding across the plains, | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
it uses its powerful legs to run for its life. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:39 | |
DRAMATIC MUSIC | 0:05:45 | 0:05:47 | |
Adult birds can run at speeds | 0:05:47 | 0:05:49 | |
of up to 70km - over 40 miles - an hour, | 0:05:49 | 0:05:53 | |
covering almost 5 metres in a single stride. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:56 | |
DRAMATIC MUSIC | 0:06:04 | 0:06:07 | |
DRAMATIC MUSIC CLIMAXES | 0:06:27 | 0:06:29 | |
This young ostrich hadn't quite developed | 0:06:33 | 0:06:35 | |
the power or agility needed | 0:06:35 | 0:06:37 | |
to escape these speediest of predators. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:41 | |
But it still took the combined skill and experience | 0:06:44 | 0:06:47 | |
of a team of cheetahs, working together, | 0:06:47 | 0:06:50 | |
to bring the young ostrich down. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:53 | |
CHEETAH GROWLS | 0:06:53 | 0:06:55 | |
This is, nonetheless, a remarkable and very rare sight. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:00 | |
CHEETAH PANTS | 0:07:00 | 0:07:02 | |
Most ostriches escape from such attacks. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:06 | |
Adult ostriches are powerhouses of strength and agility | 0:07:10 | 0:07:14 | |
and are seldom caught by predators. | 0:07:14 | 0:07:17 | |
BIRDS CHIRP AND WHOOP | 0:07:22 | 0:07:25 | |
The second of our birds also has size and speed on its side. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:29 | |
But for the biggest bird in South America, | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
there is danger of a different kind. | 0:07:34 | 0:07:36 | |
LATIN GUITAR MUSIC | 0:07:43 | 0:07:45 | |
This Argentinian rhea has grown big - | 0:07:51 | 0:07:54 | |
indeed, bigger than most of the mammals that live here. | 0:07:54 | 0:07:58 | |
But this male has nonetheless to remain alert... | 0:08:06 | 0:08:10 | |
..from attacks from one of his own kind. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:14 | |
It's the beginning of the breeding season | 0:08:21 | 0:08:24 | |
and males are starting to spar, sizing up their rivals' strength | 0:08:24 | 0:08:29 | |
before the real battle to breed begins. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:32 | |
RHEAS GRUNT | 0:08:36 | 0:08:39 | |
MUSIC CONTINUES | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
To the winner, TWO females. | 0:08:52 | 0:08:55 | |
But although this fight has been won, | 0:08:55 | 0:08:58 | |
the coming war will doubtless see him forced to defend his gains. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:03 | |
CRICKETS CHIRP, INSECTS BUZZ | 0:09:07 | 0:09:10 | |
DIDGERIDOO PLAYS | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
Here in the Australian outback | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
roams the second-largest of our big birds, | 0:09:18 | 0:09:22 | |
the emu. | 0:09:22 | 0:09:23 | |
A nomadic character, he uses his spectacularly elongated legs | 0:09:34 | 0:09:39 | |
and ferocious-looking feet to go walkabout... | 0:09:39 | 0:09:42 | |
..meaning he can cover vast distances | 0:09:46 | 0:09:49 | |
in search of food and water. | 0:09:49 | 0:09:51 | |
BANJO PLAYS | 0:09:53 | 0:09:56 | |
Emu truly are wanderers - | 0:10:06 | 0:10:09 | |
always on the move, following the rains, | 0:10:09 | 0:10:12 | |
they walk hundreds of kilometres. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:14 | |
And when they find water, they take on board all they can. | 0:10:26 | 0:10:31 | |
BIRDS CHIRP, INSECTS BUZZ | 0:10:33 | 0:10:36 | |
But flightless birds in Australia | 0:10:39 | 0:10:42 | |
aren't restricted to the parched outback. | 0:10:42 | 0:10:44 | |
In the tropical rainforests in the north of the country | 0:10:50 | 0:10:54 | |
lives another one. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:55 | |
It stands almost 2 metres tall and has a dinosaur-like crest | 0:11:02 | 0:11:07 | |
and dagger-sharp claws that give it a lethal kick. | 0:11:07 | 0:11:11 | |
DRAMATIC MUSIC | 0:11:11 | 0:11:14 | |
Cassowaries are fiercely territorial. | 0:11:21 | 0:11:23 | |
And one will fight to the death to defend itself | 0:11:25 | 0:11:29 | |
or its magnificent emerald-green eggs. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:32 | |
Like the rest of his family | 0:11:59 | 0:12:00 | |
in Africa, South America and Australia, | 0:12:00 | 0:12:03 | |
it's a bird which has taken an evolutionary route | 0:12:03 | 0:12:06 | |
very different from that of its aeronautical relatives. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:10 | |
Cassowaries vary greatly in colouration. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
So, it's debatable how many species there are. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:25 | |
Probably three. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:27 | |
Another flightless bird lives in New Zealand, | 0:12:30 | 0:12:33 | |
hidden in the forests and only active at night. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:36 | |
It could be called the runt of the litter. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:40 | |
Standing only a half a metre or so tall, | 0:12:46 | 0:12:49 | |
this is a kiwi. | 0:12:49 | 0:12:51 | |
More like a mammal than a bird, it has dense, hair-like plumage | 0:12:55 | 0:13:00 | |
and a very long, very sensitive beak, | 0:13:00 | 0:13:03 | |
which makes up for its tiny and all but useless eyes. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:07 | |
It walks along like a little hobbit, with its arms behind its back. | 0:13:11 | 0:13:15 | |
When, in the 19th century, | 0:13:20 | 0:13:21 | |
tales of the kiwi reached naturalists in England, | 0:13:21 | 0:13:24 | |
they thought them merely figments of early travellers' imaginations. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:29 | |
One of the largest collections of this weird walking family | 0:13:36 | 0:13:40 | |
was amassed by a Victorian English eccentric, Walter Rothschild. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:44 | |
Collectively, these extraordinary birds are known as the ratites, | 0:13:52 | 0:13:57 | |
flightless birds that just grew and grew, | 0:13:57 | 0:14:01 | |
from the smallest - that's the kiwi - | 0:14:01 | 0:14:03 | |
to the largest alive today, the ostrich. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:08 | |
But their ancient relatives were even more impressive. | 0:14:08 | 0:14:11 | |
Enormous birds that would have towered over me, | 0:14:15 | 0:14:19 | |
like the moa from New Zealand | 0:14:19 | 0:14:22 | |
or the elephant bird from Madagascar. | 0:14:22 | 0:14:24 | |
But exactly why did these birds abandon flight? | 0:14:29 | 0:14:33 | |
Well, flying is a very energetic business, | 0:14:33 | 0:14:37 | |
much more so than walking or running, | 0:14:37 | 0:14:40 | |
and birds don't fly unless they have to. | 0:14:40 | 0:14:44 | |
-WAVES CRASH -Some, like penguins, | 0:14:44 | 0:14:47 | |
gave up flight relatively recently | 0:14:47 | 0:14:49 | |
and took to the water. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:51 | |
But they still have strong wings, | 0:14:51 | 0:14:54 | |
which they use like paddles for swimming. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:56 | |
The ratites are different. | 0:15:01 | 0:15:04 | |
They are the original flightless birds. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:08 | |
And they're the only birds whose skeletons | 0:15:08 | 0:15:11 | |
make them incapable of flight. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:14 | |
Hidden beneath their mass of feathery fluff | 0:15:14 | 0:15:17 | |
is a flat, raft-like breastbone | 0:15:17 | 0:15:19 | |
that lacks the ridge onto which flight muscles can be attached. | 0:15:19 | 0:15:24 | |
In fact, it's this which gives them their name, | 0:15:24 | 0:15:26 | |
from the Latin word, "ratis", meaning "raft". | 0:15:26 | 0:15:30 | |
So, whilst there are other birds which don't fly, | 0:15:31 | 0:15:34 | |
our very special family, the ratites, | 0:15:34 | 0:15:37 | |
stand entirely apart from all the others. | 0:15:37 | 0:15:40 | |
They are the Flintstones of the bird world, | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
a group whose lineage can be traced back to the time | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
when dinosaurs walked the Earth. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:50 | |
The dinosaurs once dominated the land, | 0:15:55 | 0:15:57 | |
just as their relatives, the pterosaurs, ruled the skies. | 0:15:57 | 0:16:01 | |
But when, 66 million years ago, both groups were wiped out, | 0:16:03 | 0:16:08 | |
some of the ancient birds seized their moment | 0:16:08 | 0:16:10 | |
and made a bid to dominate the land themselves. | 0:16:10 | 0:16:13 | |
Some, the ancestral ratites, grew big and fat, | 0:16:18 | 0:16:23 | |
with long, strong legs, until one day, | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
they were too heavy to fly. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
Since then, of course, the mammals have fought back | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
and in most places, THEY won. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:38 | |
But the elephant bird and the moa, now extinct, | 0:16:40 | 0:16:43 | |
survived until a few centuries ago | 0:16:43 | 0:16:45 | |
and five others still flourish across the southern hemisphere. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:49 | |
The ostrich, the emu, | 0:16:49 | 0:16:51 | |
the cassowary, the rhea | 0:16:51 | 0:16:54 | |
and the kiwi. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:56 | |
BIRDS CHIRP, INSECTS BUZZ | 0:17:02 | 0:17:05 | |
The success of the ratites today is largely due to | 0:17:09 | 0:17:13 | |
some bizarre breeding and very complicated relationships. | 0:17:13 | 0:17:17 | |
Males mating with multiple females, | 0:17:18 | 0:17:21 | |
females mating with multiple males, | 0:17:21 | 0:17:24 | |
fathers raising chicks which aren't theirs. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:27 | |
The tenacity and endurance of these dedicated dads | 0:17:29 | 0:17:34 | |
has helped raise generations of walking giants. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:37 | |
So, how do our motley crew ensure the survival of their offspring | 0:17:40 | 0:17:44 | |
when safe tree-top nests are out of the question? | 0:17:44 | 0:17:47 | |
Well, it takes a lot of work. | 0:17:49 | 0:17:51 | |
For the emu in the Australian outback, | 0:18:01 | 0:18:04 | |
the breeding season starts in the winter. | 0:18:04 | 0:18:07 | |
This is when a male needs to be at his heaviest. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
DIDGERIDOO PLAYS | 0:18:14 | 0:18:17 | |
Large bodies enable ratites to develop large guts, | 0:18:17 | 0:18:21 | |
so unlike small flying birds, | 0:18:21 | 0:18:23 | |
they can stock up on plenty of plants and seeds. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:26 | |
Soon, he will mate and he will be the one who will incubate the eggs. | 0:18:32 | 0:18:37 | |
During his time on the nest, he won't eat or drink. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:47 | |
So, he's preparing for that by fattening up. | 0:18:47 | 0:18:50 | |
This time of the year is all about finding food | 0:18:55 | 0:18:58 | |
and some enterprising males | 0:18:58 | 0:19:00 | |
even go into town to pick up dinner. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:03 | |
CAR HORN BEEPS | 0:19:03 | 0:19:05 | |
BANJO PLAYS | 0:19:08 | 0:19:10 | |
TRUCK HORN BEEPS | 0:19:24 | 0:19:27 | |
A strange sight - but the locals are used to it. | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
TRUCK HORN BEEPS | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
When they are ready to breed, | 0:19:51 | 0:19:53 | |
male ratites start to try and impress females | 0:19:53 | 0:19:56 | |
and they do so with some pretty flamboyant dance moves. | 0:19:56 | 0:20:00 | |
Ratites might not be strong contenders in a beauty contest | 0:20:10 | 0:20:14 | |
but these males certainly know how to move and groove. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:17 | |
From the ostrich to the cassowary, | 0:20:20 | 0:20:23 | |
the males all work hard to show off their best features. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:26 | |
Just HOW hard can be seen on the grasslands of Argentina. | 0:20:34 | 0:20:39 | |
It's spring and the rheas are preparing for the breeding season. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:50 | |
Male rheas, with their distinctive black markings, have broken away | 0:21:07 | 0:21:11 | |
from the flocks in which they spend the rest of the year. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:14 | |
Now is the time for courtship, | 0:21:16 | 0:21:18 | |
when their feathers will be shown off in all their splendour. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:21 | |
As ratites no longer fly, they have no gland to produce the oil | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
needed to preen their feathers into continuous air-catching services. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:34 | |
But with a little grooming, | 0:21:39 | 0:21:40 | |
their plumage can be very impressive. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
This male has managed to secure several females for himself. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
Herding them with his outstretched wings, | 0:22:03 | 0:22:06 | |
a male can maintain a harem of anything from two to ten females, | 0:22:06 | 0:22:12 | |
as long as he can keep them close. | 0:22:12 | 0:22:15 | |
He doesn't let them out of his sight, | 0:22:22 | 0:22:24 | |
courting each one in turn. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:27 | |
And the grand finale of his mating ritual... | 0:22:40 | 0:22:43 | |
..this curious head-bobbing dance. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
It's hardly a tango. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:04 | |
And the object of his affections doesn't seem particularly impressed. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:14 | |
But despite the lack of encouragement, | 0:23:23 | 0:23:26 | |
he will spend most of the breeding season | 0:23:26 | 0:23:28 | |
herding and head-bobbing to his females, | 0:23:28 | 0:23:32 | |
until they are ready to mate. | 0:23:32 | 0:23:34 | |
Unless, of course... | 0:23:40 | 0:23:42 | |
..this rival male can rob him of his hard-won harem. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:48 | |
Rising up as high as he can, | 0:24:27 | 0:24:29 | |
he puts on a show of size and strength. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:32 | |
This performance has rarely been filmed. | 0:24:34 | 0:24:37 | |
It's a tango of a different, aggressive kind | 0:24:37 | 0:24:40 | |
with plenty of Latin American spirit. | 0:24:40 | 0:24:43 | |
Today, there is someone better than he. | 0:25:26 | 0:25:30 | |
He retreats, leaving the rival male | 0:25:39 | 0:25:43 | |
to take his place on the dance floor. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:45 | |
This male is, it seems, a little more persuasive. | 0:25:54 | 0:25:59 | |
Exactly how ratites mate | 0:26:26 | 0:26:29 | |
was a mystery only solved by scientists | 0:26:29 | 0:26:31 | |
in the last few years. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:34 | |
Most birds don't have a penis. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:40 | |
Instead, both the male and female birds | 0:26:40 | 0:26:42 | |
have an opening called a cloaca. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:44 | |
That certainly helps to streamline the body of a flying bird. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:56 | |
The male ratite, however, is different. | 0:27:01 | 0:27:04 | |
He does have a penis, | 0:27:04 | 0:27:06 | |
and it was once assumed that these large birds | 0:27:06 | 0:27:08 | |
would have blood-based erection systems, | 0:27:08 | 0:27:11 | |
similar to humans. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:12 | |
But in fact the ostrich, emu and rhea | 0:27:16 | 0:27:19 | |
enlarge their penises with lymph fluid. | 0:27:19 | 0:27:23 | |
They also have a few additional muscles to keep everything in place. | 0:27:27 | 0:27:31 | |
While it's known that male and female rheas will mate | 0:27:46 | 0:27:49 | |
with several different partners over the course of the breeding season, | 0:27:49 | 0:27:53 | |
there is much less certainty with another of our ratite family. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:57 | |
On the islands of New Zealand lives an enigma. | 0:28:14 | 0:28:18 | |
The most secretive of our flightless birds. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:23 | |
Hidden in these ancient and mysterious forests, | 0:28:26 | 0:28:30 | |
it only emerges after dusk. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:32 | |
HIGH-PITCHED BIRD CALL | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
Only in the pitch-black dead of night does it call. | 0:29:03 | 0:29:06 | |
HIGH-PITCHED CALLING | 0:29:06 | 0:29:09 | |
Ratites might not sing, | 0:29:16 | 0:29:18 | |
but their mating calls are certainly piercing. | 0:29:18 | 0:29:21 | |
This is a bird which is heard but seldom seen. | 0:29:23 | 0:29:27 | |
Scientists have to struggle to catch sight of the kiwi, | 0:29:27 | 0:29:30 | |
let alone to understand its behaviour, | 0:29:30 | 0:29:33 | |
even when they work around the clock. | 0:29:33 | 0:29:35 | |
But using infrared light, which the kiwis can't see, | 0:29:40 | 0:29:43 | |
and radio transmitters to track them in the darkness, | 0:29:43 | 0:29:47 | |
the researchers here are slowly piecing together | 0:29:47 | 0:29:50 | |
a picture of this shy bird. | 0:29:50 | 0:29:52 | |
For the last 11 years, | 0:29:57 | 0:29:59 | |
I have been looking at the breeding behaviour of Kiwi | 0:29:59 | 0:30:03 | |
and everything that is associated with it. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:05 | |
Dr Isabel Castro is a Colombian expert on kiwis | 0:30:07 | 0:30:11 | |
who has lived in New Zealand for the past 25 years. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:14 | |
This environment where they are | 0:30:16 | 0:30:18 | |
is completely different than our environment. | 0:30:18 | 0:30:21 | |
They are nocturnal where we are diurnal, | 0:30:21 | 0:30:22 | |
and for many years before we started this research, | 0:30:22 | 0:30:25 | |
people thought that they had this relatively boring life | 0:30:25 | 0:30:29 | |
and yet as soon as we started this project, | 0:30:29 | 0:30:31 | |
we started finding out these fantastic things | 0:30:31 | 0:30:35 | |
about their intimate life. | 0:30:35 | 0:30:37 | |
There have been all sorts of things | 0:30:39 | 0:30:41 | |
that were completely unexpected, | 0:30:41 | 0:30:43 | |
and that made now these birds very extraordinary, | 0:30:43 | 0:30:47 | |
because we didn't know those things before. | 0:30:47 | 0:30:50 | |
Living in complete darkness, | 0:30:54 | 0:30:56 | |
unable to see virtually anything, the eyes of the kiwi | 0:30:56 | 0:31:00 | |
are all but useless, | 0:31:00 | 0:31:02 | |
but - unusually for a bird - | 0:31:02 | 0:31:04 | |
it's got a great sense of smell, | 0:31:04 | 0:31:06 | |
which it uses to find its way around. | 0:31:06 | 0:31:08 | |
By setting up remote cameras, | 0:31:17 | 0:31:19 | |
the scientists have been able to capture behaviour | 0:31:19 | 0:31:22 | |
never filmed before in the wild. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:24 | |
Two males fighting. | 0:31:26 | 0:31:28 | |
KIWIS RASP | 0:31:28 | 0:31:30 | |
A female calling for her mate. | 0:31:55 | 0:31:58 | |
REPETITIVE GUTTURAL CALL | 0:31:58 | 0:32:01 | |
Males and females have different calls. | 0:32:11 | 0:32:13 | |
The females have this very coarse, grunty call, | 0:32:13 | 0:32:18 | |
as all females should have, you know! | 0:32:18 | 0:32:20 | |
The males have these whistles, beautiful and piercing. | 0:32:20 | 0:32:24 | |
REPETITIVE SHRILL CALL | 0:32:24 | 0:32:27 | |
Isabel and her team even managed to film a kiwi family | 0:32:36 | 0:32:40 | |
with a tiny chick. | 0:32:40 | 0:32:41 | |
Kiwis are the only nocturnal ratites | 0:32:58 | 0:33:01 | |
and by far the smallest. | 0:33:01 | 0:33:03 | |
This big bird isn't big at all. | 0:33:15 | 0:33:18 | |
It only weighs about two kilos. | 0:33:18 | 0:33:21 | |
Kiwis never grew big | 0:33:24 | 0:33:26 | |
because they lived alongside the now-extinct moas. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:30 | |
With those giant herbivores already roaming New Zealand, | 0:33:33 | 0:33:37 | |
the kiwi's evolution took an alternative path. | 0:33:37 | 0:33:40 | |
It remained small, became nocturnal and omnivorous. | 0:33:42 | 0:33:46 | |
With nostrils at the end of its beak, | 0:33:54 | 0:33:56 | |
the kiwi sniffs out insects and worms at night... | 0:33:56 | 0:34:00 | |
..and then stays in the safety of its burrow for the day. | 0:34:02 | 0:34:06 | |
Unlike the other ratites, it nests underground. | 0:34:14 | 0:34:18 | |
Until recently, it was thought that kiwis bred in monogamous pairs, | 0:34:26 | 0:34:31 | |
but now DNA analysis has painted a much more complicated picture. | 0:34:31 | 0:34:36 | |
They are very naughty, kiwi. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:42 | |
For a long time, we thought that they were really good birds, | 0:34:42 | 0:34:45 | |
and mated with one another, one male, one female, | 0:34:45 | 0:34:48 | |
but they are not like that at all. | 0:34:48 | 0:34:50 | |
They do stray a little bit. | 0:34:50 | 0:34:52 | |
They do stray. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:53 | |
It seems that breeding is a little more flexible than just one-on-one. | 0:34:57 | 0:35:02 | |
Some birds seem to breed in family groups. | 0:35:02 | 0:35:06 | |
Others may raise young as a pair | 0:35:06 | 0:35:08 | |
even though the chicks might not belong to Dad. | 0:35:08 | 0:35:11 | |
However, it's the males who shoulder the burden of incubation. | 0:35:16 | 0:35:20 | |
The eggs in their care are among the oddest on earth. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:24 | |
This is a kiwi's egg. | 0:35:26 | 0:35:29 | |
It's the biggest in proportion to body size of any bird's egg. | 0:35:29 | 0:35:33 | |
It weighs about a fifth | 0:35:33 | 0:35:35 | |
as much as the adult bird. | 0:35:35 | 0:35:38 | |
It's so big, it takes 80 days to incubate. | 0:35:38 | 0:35:42 | |
The Maoris used to say | 0:35:42 | 0:35:44 | |
that tree routes would grow over a kiwi's nest. | 0:35:44 | 0:35:48 | |
This is the egg of another ratite, an ostrich, | 0:35:48 | 0:35:53 | |
and curiously, it is the smallest egg in terms of body weight | 0:35:53 | 0:35:59 | |
for any bird in the world. | 0:35:59 | 0:36:01 | |
These ostrich eggs are unusual in other ways. | 0:36:04 | 0:36:07 | |
They too are part of an elaborate game of pick and mix... | 0:36:07 | 0:36:12 | |
..because ostriches are almost like cuckoos. | 0:36:15 | 0:36:18 | |
Females will lay in the nests of other ostriches, | 0:36:18 | 0:36:22 | |
but unlike the cuckoo, | 0:36:22 | 0:36:24 | |
the owners of the nest know about it | 0:36:24 | 0:36:26 | |
and they don't seem to mind. | 0:36:26 | 0:36:28 | |
It may help to have a few spare eggs. | 0:36:34 | 0:36:37 | |
The female seems to be able to recognise her own eggs, | 0:36:41 | 0:36:45 | |
keeping them at the centre of the nest while rolling out others | 0:36:45 | 0:36:49 | |
as sacrifices to any predator brave enough to make an attack. | 0:36:49 | 0:36:53 | |
Up to six female ostriches may lay in a single nest. | 0:36:58 | 0:37:02 | |
For most members of the ratite family, | 0:37:07 | 0:37:09 | |
the rhea, the emu and the cassowary, | 0:37:09 | 0:37:11 | |
incubation is something of a gentleman's club - | 0:37:11 | 0:37:15 | |
females aren't welcome. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:17 | |
But the ostrich does things a little differently. | 0:37:18 | 0:37:21 | |
The male and female take turns at caring for the clutch, | 0:37:23 | 0:37:27 | |
keeping watch by day and night to make sure | 0:37:27 | 0:37:30 | |
nothing has a chance to steal the eggs. | 0:37:30 | 0:37:33 | |
This father-to-be is carefully rolling the eggs to make sure | 0:37:38 | 0:37:42 | |
the embryo inside gets evenly warmed. | 0:37:42 | 0:37:44 | |
In the cold of the night, | 0:37:49 | 0:37:50 | |
he uses his feathers as a blanket to cover his charges. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:54 | |
Communicating by clacking their beaks, | 0:38:07 | 0:38:09 | |
this couple share the parental burden. | 0:38:09 | 0:38:12 | |
They take turns to sit on the eggs, | 0:38:20 | 0:38:23 | |
which, although small compared to the ostrich itself, | 0:38:23 | 0:38:26 | |
weigh in fact almost two kilos each, | 0:38:26 | 0:38:29 | |
the largest eggs laid by any living animal. | 0:38:29 | 0:38:32 | |
Left unattended, such large eggs soon attract attention. | 0:38:44 | 0:38:49 | |
These ostrich eggs are giant ready meals | 0:38:53 | 0:38:56 | |
for a variety of African animals. | 0:38:56 | 0:38:59 | |
You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs, | 0:39:01 | 0:39:04 | |
and this jackal has worked out just how to crack one against another | 0:39:04 | 0:39:08 | |
and so release his lunch. | 0:39:08 | 0:39:10 | |
The Egyptian vulture has its own ingenious version of smash and grab. | 0:39:33 | 0:39:37 | |
It's perhaps not surprising | 0:39:58 | 0:40:00 | |
that up to 90% of ostrich clutches | 0:40:00 | 0:40:03 | |
are totally destroyed. | 0:40:03 | 0:40:05 | |
In South America, rheas nest in a similar way to the ostrich. | 0:40:19 | 0:40:25 | |
For two weeks, females lay their eggs in one shallow, communal nest. | 0:40:31 | 0:40:37 | |
Each egg is 12 times the size of that of a chicken. | 0:40:39 | 0:40:44 | |
But unlike the ostrich, | 0:40:45 | 0:40:47 | |
it's the male who settles down to do all the hard work. | 0:40:47 | 0:40:50 | |
He alone will incubate these eggs, | 0:40:54 | 0:40:56 | |
and he does so for more than five weeks, whatever the weather. | 0:40:56 | 0:41:01 | |
THUNDER CRACKS, HEAVY RAIN | 0:41:01 | 0:41:05 | |
It's an arduous task. | 0:41:32 | 0:41:34 | |
65% of males abandon their nests, | 0:41:34 | 0:41:38 | |
many because they don't have the energy to sustain themselves | 0:41:38 | 0:41:41 | |
without going away to feed. | 0:41:41 | 0:41:43 | |
The females, however, never put all their eggs in one basket. | 0:41:55 | 0:41:59 | |
Once they've mated with this one male, | 0:42:01 | 0:42:04 | |
they move on to another, so increasing the chance | 0:42:04 | 0:42:07 | |
that at least some of their young will survive. | 0:42:07 | 0:42:10 | |
Nesting on the ground out in the open | 0:42:26 | 0:42:28 | |
means that, inevitably, the eggs are vulnerable. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:32 | |
From the enormous eggs of the ostrich... | 0:42:38 | 0:42:42 | |
..to the green eggs of the emu. | 0:42:45 | 0:42:48 | |
But for one of the relatives, the battle to keep their clutches safe | 0:42:57 | 0:43:02 | |
was, in the end, lost. | 0:43:02 | 0:43:05 | |
These are the leg bones of the elephant bird. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:11 | |
It was the largest of the ratites. | 0:43:11 | 0:43:13 | |
Indeed, it was one of the biggest birds ever known. | 0:43:13 | 0:43:16 | |
It stood over 3m tall and weighed half a tonne. | 0:43:16 | 0:43:20 | |
It lived on the ancient island of Madagascar, | 0:43:22 | 0:43:26 | |
which I visited over 50 years ago. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:29 | |
Before Europeans ever went to the island, | 0:43:46 | 0:43:49 | |
it had a reputation for being the home | 0:43:49 | 0:43:50 | |
of really strange, fabulous beasts, | 0:43:50 | 0:43:53 | |
and Marco Polo, 700 years ago, | 0:43:53 | 0:43:56 | |
believed that it was the home of the fabulous bird, the rukh. | 0:43:56 | 0:43:59 | |
The rukh, which carried off Sinbad the Sailor, and which was reputed | 0:43:59 | 0:44:03 | |
to be able to carry off elephants in its talons, | 0:44:03 | 0:44:05 | |
as this one is doing. | 0:44:05 | 0:44:08 | |
But Marco Polo had very good reason for thinking that it lived in Madagascar, | 0:44:08 | 0:44:12 | |
because he heard stories that in Madagascar were found gigantic eggs, | 0:44:12 | 0:44:16 | |
over two feet long. What else could have laid them but the rukh? | 0:44:16 | 0:44:22 | |
Well, I was lucky enough to find | 0:44:22 | 0:44:24 | |
some pieces of the rukh, or elephant bird's egg. | 0:44:24 | 0:44:28 | |
And even luckier to be given some pieces that looked like | 0:44:36 | 0:44:40 | |
they might belong to one egg. | 0:44:40 | 0:44:42 | |
Now, would they fit together? | 0:44:46 | 0:44:48 | |
These two certainly did. | 0:44:55 | 0:44:57 | |
At the end of an hour, I had two halves. | 0:45:05 | 0:45:08 | |
And to my joy, they fitted together perfectly. | 0:45:18 | 0:45:22 | |
There was a place for even such a tiny fragment as this. | 0:45:25 | 0:45:28 | |
The egg was well nigh perfect. | 0:45:31 | 0:45:36 | |
As I held it, I had little difficulty in imagining the country | 0:45:36 | 0:45:40 | |
as it must have been when great numbers of gigantic birds, | 0:45:40 | 0:45:44 | |
over ten feet tall, strode majestically through the swamps. | 0:45:44 | 0:45:48 | |
This is the egg that I brought back from Madagascar all those years ago. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:56 | |
It's the biggest egg ever laid by anything. | 0:45:56 | 0:46:00 | |
Bigger by far than even the egg of the biggest dinosaur. | 0:46:00 | 0:46:05 | |
As you might imagine, it could have made a meal | 0:46:05 | 0:46:08 | |
for quite a lot of people, | 0:46:08 | 0:46:10 | |
and that may well be, some people think, | 0:46:10 | 0:46:13 | |
the reason why the elephant bird became extinct. | 0:46:13 | 0:46:17 | |
If it wasn't for human beings, the elephant bird might still | 0:46:17 | 0:46:21 | |
be walking around on Madagascar. | 0:46:21 | 0:46:23 | |
The same fate met the moas of New Zealand, | 0:46:30 | 0:46:34 | |
some kinds of which weighed over 200 kilos. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
The elephant bird might have been the biggest bird ever to exist, | 0:46:38 | 0:46:42 | |
but some think that one species of moa was the tallest. | 0:46:42 | 0:46:46 | |
Moas, too, were hunted and had their eggs eaten by humans | 0:46:47 | 0:46:51 | |
until there were none left. | 0:46:51 | 0:46:54 | |
We know this because of the careful detective work scientists | 0:46:54 | 0:46:58 | |
have done on their bones. | 0:46:58 | 0:47:00 | |
It's not the only puzzle | 0:47:02 | 0:47:04 | |
that fragments of extinct bird like these, of the moa, | 0:47:04 | 0:47:08 | |
might be able to solve. | 0:47:08 | 0:47:10 | |
If these birds were flightless, how did they manage to spread | 0:47:10 | 0:47:14 | |
round the world, from the deserts of Africa | 0:47:14 | 0:47:16 | |
to the rainforests of Australia? | 0:47:16 | 0:47:19 | |
It's a conundrum that has puzzled minds for centuries. | 0:47:19 | 0:47:22 | |
Not that long ago, scientists thought they had the answer. | 0:47:27 | 0:47:31 | |
All the places in which the ratites lived | 0:47:31 | 0:47:34 | |
had once been part of a supercontinent called Gondwanaland. | 0:47:34 | 0:47:38 | |
Perhaps our birds came from one common ancestor, which was | 0:47:41 | 0:47:45 | |
also flightless, that roamed all over that land. | 0:47:45 | 0:47:48 | |
Then, millions of years ago, when the continents split up, | 0:47:50 | 0:47:54 | |
populations of this bird were separated. | 0:47:54 | 0:47:57 | |
As their homes drifted into new positions, | 0:47:57 | 0:48:00 | |
the isolated birds adapted and evolved in different ways, | 0:48:00 | 0:48:04 | |
producing everything from the tiny kiwi | 0:48:04 | 0:48:06 | |
to the huge extinct elephant bird. | 0:48:06 | 0:48:09 | |
But ancient bones are telling a different story. | 0:48:12 | 0:48:16 | |
Scientists have recently been sequencing DNA | 0:48:16 | 0:48:19 | |
from the bones of extinct ratites | 0:48:19 | 0:48:22 | |
and compared them with living flightless birds, | 0:48:22 | 0:48:25 | |
and the results have come as a huge surprise. | 0:48:25 | 0:48:28 | |
The mighty elephant bird, which should be most closely | 0:48:32 | 0:48:35 | |
related to the ostrich, turns out to be most similar to the tiny kiwi. | 0:48:35 | 0:48:40 | |
Not what was expected at all. | 0:48:41 | 0:48:44 | |
So how could this possibly be? | 0:48:44 | 0:48:47 | |
Well, an unexpected character is providing some answers. | 0:48:49 | 0:48:53 | |
A little-known ratite relative, the tinamou, | 0:48:57 | 0:49:00 | |
that lives in Central and South America. | 0:49:00 | 0:49:02 | |
DNA has recently revealed that it isn't a distant relative, | 0:49:07 | 0:49:12 | |
a cousin, say, but instead a sibling, | 0:49:12 | 0:49:14 | |
smack in the middle of the ratite family tree. | 0:49:14 | 0:49:18 | |
Which is remarkable, because tinamous can fly. | 0:49:20 | 0:49:25 | |
Now, if all the ratites and the tinamous evolved | 0:49:27 | 0:49:29 | |
from one flightless ancestor, | 0:49:29 | 0:49:31 | |
then the tinamous must have relearned how to fly. | 0:49:31 | 0:49:35 | |
But there are no known examples of a species of flightless bird | 0:49:36 | 0:49:41 | |
regaining flight, so this suggests | 0:49:41 | 0:49:43 | |
that the common ancestor of the ratites and the tinamous | 0:49:43 | 0:49:47 | |
wasn't flightless at all. He could fly. | 0:49:47 | 0:49:51 | |
Our birds might not have drifted away from one another | 0:49:57 | 0:50:00 | |
on the lands in which they live today. | 0:50:00 | 0:50:03 | |
Instead, their ancestors must have flown across miles of ocean | 0:50:03 | 0:50:07 | |
to reach the far corners of the world, and only then | 0:50:07 | 0:50:10 | |
did they independently lose the ability to fly. | 0:50:10 | 0:50:13 | |
It's an amazing thought, | 0:50:24 | 0:50:26 | |
but the ratites lost their ability to fly independently | 0:50:26 | 0:50:30 | |
and on several different occasions. | 0:50:30 | 0:50:33 | |
Thousands of miles apart from each other on their separate continents, | 0:50:36 | 0:50:40 | |
each kind of ratite developed into its own flightless form. | 0:50:40 | 0:50:44 | |
The ostrich and the rhea kept their wings | 0:50:48 | 0:50:51 | |
and evolved elaborate uses for their feathers. | 0:50:51 | 0:50:54 | |
The wings of the emu and cassowary became short and tiny... | 0:50:57 | 0:51:02 | |
..and the kiwi, well, its wings are now all but invisible. | 0:51:03 | 0:51:08 | |
Although the details are different, | 0:51:14 | 0:51:16 | |
the demands of living on the ground meant that all the ratites | 0:51:16 | 0:51:20 | |
evolved in their own way into flightlessness. | 0:51:20 | 0:51:23 | |
And there's one survival strategy which they all share, | 0:51:26 | 0:51:30 | |
and which begins when they hatch. | 0:51:30 | 0:51:32 | |
In the Australian outback, | 0:51:40 | 0:51:42 | |
this male emu's hard work over the past 56 days is about to pay off. | 0:51:42 | 0:51:48 | |
He is a father. | 0:51:59 | 0:52:01 | |
His chicks, like all newly hatched ratites, are able to get up and go | 0:52:06 | 0:52:10 | |
almost from the moment they break free from their eggs. | 0:52:10 | 0:52:14 | |
This is an invaluable ability for a chick, | 0:52:24 | 0:52:27 | |
which is, after all, | 0:52:27 | 0:52:29 | |
a very succulent mouthful for almost any predator. | 0:52:29 | 0:52:32 | |
Emu chicks, with their tawny markings, are known to Australians | 0:52:40 | 0:52:44 | |
as stripeys. | 0:52:44 | 0:52:46 | |
Their dedicated dad will spend the next six months caring for them, | 0:53:05 | 0:53:10 | |
by which time they will already have grown to at least half his height. | 0:53:10 | 0:53:15 | |
That is, if they ever hurry up and hatch. | 0:53:15 | 0:53:18 | |
The chicks had to work hard to free themselves from the egg shells. | 0:53:34 | 0:53:38 | |
Now they need a drink. | 0:53:38 | 0:53:40 | |
Their father must face a tough decision. | 0:53:45 | 0:53:48 | |
One egg still hasn't hatched. | 0:54:01 | 0:54:04 | |
If he stays and waits for it to do so, the older chicks may die. | 0:54:04 | 0:54:09 | |
It's likely that he can hear sounds coming from within | 0:54:21 | 0:54:25 | |
the unhatched egg. | 0:54:25 | 0:54:26 | |
Meanwhile, the harsh Australian sun scorches down on those | 0:54:31 | 0:54:35 | |
of his offspring desperately waiting for their first drink. | 0:54:35 | 0:54:39 | |
After many agonising hours, he makes his choice. | 0:55:15 | 0:55:19 | |
Leading the brood to find water, | 0:55:34 | 0:55:36 | |
this father helps a new generation of big birds take their first steps. | 0:55:36 | 0:55:42 | |
From South Africa to South America, | 0:56:14 | 0:56:18 | |
an extraordinary combination of mating behaviour | 0:56:18 | 0:56:22 | |
and parental care has produced birds which are very special indeed. | 0:56:22 | 0:56:26 | |
CHIRPING | 0:56:28 | 0:56:30 | |
These young ostriches will soon grow into the biggest birds in the world. | 0:56:39 | 0:56:45 | |
Although today, as they take tiny steps across this vast landscape, | 0:56:49 | 0:56:54 | |
that day seems a long way off. | 0:56:54 | 0:56:56 | |
The next generation of ratites. | 0:57:00 | 0:57:02 | |
A reminder of how one remarkable group of birds independently | 0:57:04 | 0:57:08 | |
seized a moment when there were no predators around to hunt them down | 0:57:08 | 0:57:12 | |
and set off down various but similar evolutionary paths. | 0:57:12 | 0:57:17 | |
The only group of birds to have become massive and flightless. | 0:57:21 | 0:57:25 | |
It wasn't long before some mammals also became big and dominant, | 0:57:29 | 0:57:34 | |
and when they did, | 0:57:34 | 0:57:35 | |
the window of opportunity for more birds to do so closed. | 0:57:35 | 0:57:39 | |
But what an opportunity it was, | 0:57:39 | 0:57:43 | |
and those birds which took advantage of it are truly remarkable. | 0:57:43 | 0:57:47 | |
Scientists are currently working to gather still more clues, | 0:57:54 | 0:57:58 | |
from birds both extinct and living, to add even more detail | 0:57:58 | 0:58:03 | |
to their amazing evolutionary history. | 0:58:03 | 0:58:06 | |
We can only hope this will help us to better understand | 0:58:06 | 0:58:10 | |
this family of birds, which are surely flightless wonders. | 0:58:10 | 0:58:14 |