Attenborough's Big Birds Natural World


Attenborough's Big Birds

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Birds are masters of the skies.

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There are more than 10,000 species

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and they behave in a huge variety of different ways.

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But of all the birds I've filmed over the years,

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there's nothing that can really compare with these comic characters.

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That's not just because of their great size.

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But because they can't do the one thing

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that birds are famous for doing.

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They can't fly.

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The ostrich, the emu and the rhea, together with two other birds,

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the kiwi and the cassowary,

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are the court jesters of the avian world.

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They're a family with a remarkable success story,

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despite having never flown a day in their lives.

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But exactly how and why did these birds abandon flight?

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It's one of the natural world's great mysteries

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and it's taxed some of the finest minds in science

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from Darwin's time right through to the present day.

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And now, DNA is promising to give us the answer.

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But what is even more exciting

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than the remarkable evolutionary history of these birds

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is their behaviour -

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because if you're a bird that can't fly,

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you have to find other ways of surviving.

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BIRDSONG

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It's said that a bird is three things -

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feathers,

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flight

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and song.

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BIRDS CHIRP

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But what happens if you are a bird which can't fly,

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which doesn't sing...

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HISSING

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..and whose feathers are closer to fluff?

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Well, then you have to come up with

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some pretty unusual ways of surviving.

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This small group of birds are real oddballs,

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with a rag bag of characteristics

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that help them with life on the ground.

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Among their number is the fastest bird on land.

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A bird with the biggest eyes on Earth.

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One has dagger-sharp talons.

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Another, killer thighs.

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OSTRICH HISSES

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Their chicks hatch, ready to run.

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CHICKS GRUNT SOFTLY

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And they all have crazy hair.

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And useless wings.

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This lot couldn't fly even if they wanted to

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because their feathers aren't like those of other birds.

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They don't have barbs that link together into air-cutting vanes,

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like normal wing feathers.

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Nor can they be held neatly and tightly together.

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They are more like a fluffy feather boa.

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Without a role in flight, these feathers act instead

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as warm blankets or insect repellers

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or props in an exotic dance.

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But if you are a bird that hasn't flown a day in its life,

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then beauty isn't enough to survive.

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The first, the fastest and the biggest of all our birds

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is the ostrich.

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OSTRICH BOOMS

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Indeed, it's the largest bird in the world.

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Standing up to 3 metres tall, it weighs up to 150 kilos.

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On the African plains, it lives alongside

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some of the world's most dangerous predators...

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..hyenas...

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..lions...

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..and cheetahs.

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BIRDS CHIRP

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DRAMATIC MUSIC

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Pounding across the plains,

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it uses its powerful legs to run for its life.

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DRAMATIC MUSIC

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Adult birds can run at speeds

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of up to 70km - over 40 miles - an hour,

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covering almost 5 metres in a single stride.

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DRAMATIC MUSIC

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DRAMATIC MUSIC CLIMAXES

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This young ostrich hadn't quite developed

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the power or agility needed

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to escape these speediest of predators.

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But it still took the combined skill and experience

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of a team of cheetahs, working together,

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to bring the young ostrich down.

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CHEETAH GROWLS

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This is, nonetheless, a remarkable and very rare sight.

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CHEETAH PANTS

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Most ostriches escape from such attacks.

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Adult ostriches are powerhouses of strength and agility

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and are seldom caught by predators.

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BIRDS CHIRP AND WHOOP

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The second of our birds also has size and speed on its side.

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But for the biggest bird in South America,

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there is danger of a different kind.

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LATIN GUITAR MUSIC

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This Argentinian rhea has grown big -

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indeed, bigger than most of the mammals that live here.

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But this male has nonetheless to remain alert...

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..from attacks from one of his own kind.

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It's the beginning of the breeding season

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and males are starting to spar, sizing up their rivals' strength

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before the real battle to breed begins.

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RHEAS GRUNT

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MUSIC CONTINUES

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To the winner, TWO females.

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But although this fight has been won,

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the coming war will doubtless see him forced to defend his gains.

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CRICKETS CHIRP, INSECTS BUZZ

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DIDGERIDOO PLAYS

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Here in the Australian outback

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roams the second-largest of our big birds,

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the emu.

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A nomadic character, he uses his spectacularly elongated legs

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and ferocious-looking feet to go walkabout...

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..meaning he can cover vast distances

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in search of food and water.

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BANJO PLAYS

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Emu truly are wanderers -

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always on the move, following the rains,

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they walk hundreds of kilometres.

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And when they find water, they take on board all they can.

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BIRDS CHIRP, INSECTS BUZZ

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But flightless birds in Australia

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aren't restricted to the parched outback.

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In the tropical rainforests in the north of the country

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lives another one.

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It stands almost 2 metres tall and has a dinosaur-like crest

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and dagger-sharp claws that give it a lethal kick.

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DRAMATIC MUSIC

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Cassowaries are fiercely territorial.

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And one will fight to the death to defend itself

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or its magnificent emerald-green eggs.

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Like the rest of his family

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in Africa, South America and Australia,

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it's a bird which has taken an evolutionary route

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very different from that of its aeronautical relatives.

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Cassowaries vary greatly in colouration.

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So, it's debatable how many species there are.

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Probably three.

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Another flightless bird lives in New Zealand,

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hidden in the forests and only active at night.

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It could be called the runt of the litter.

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Standing only a half a metre or so tall,

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this is a kiwi.

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More like a mammal than a bird, it has dense, hair-like plumage

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and a very long, very sensitive beak,

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which makes up for its tiny and all but useless eyes.

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It walks along like a little hobbit, with its arms behind its back.

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When, in the 19th century,

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tales of the kiwi reached naturalists in England,

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they thought them merely figments of early travellers' imaginations.

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One of the largest collections of this weird walking family

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was amassed by a Victorian English eccentric, Walter Rothschild.

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Collectively, these extraordinary birds are known as the ratites,

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flightless birds that just grew and grew,

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from the smallest - that's the kiwi -

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to the largest alive today, the ostrich.

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But their ancient relatives were even more impressive.

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Enormous birds that would have towered over me,

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like the moa from New Zealand

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or the elephant bird from Madagascar.

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But exactly why did these birds abandon flight?

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Well, flying is a very energetic business,

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much more so than walking or running,

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and birds don't fly unless they have to.

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-WAVES CRASH

-Some, like penguins,

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gave up flight relatively recently

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and took to the water.

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But they still have strong wings,

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which they use like paddles for swimming.

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The ratites are different.

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They are the original flightless birds.

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And they're the only birds whose skeletons

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make them incapable of flight.

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Hidden beneath their mass of feathery fluff

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is a flat, raft-like breastbone

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that lacks the ridge onto which flight muscles can be attached.

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In fact, it's this which gives them their name,

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from the Latin word, "ratis", meaning "raft".

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So, whilst there are other birds which don't fly,

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our very special family, the ratites,

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stand entirely apart from all the others.

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They are the Flintstones of the bird world,

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a group whose lineage can be traced back to the time

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when dinosaurs walked the Earth.

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The dinosaurs once dominated the land,

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just as their relatives, the pterosaurs, ruled the skies.

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But when, 66 million years ago, both groups were wiped out,

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some of the ancient birds seized their moment

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and made a bid to dominate the land themselves.

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Some, the ancestral ratites, grew big and fat,

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with long, strong legs, until one day,

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they were too heavy to fly.

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Since then, of course, the mammals have fought back

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and in most places, THEY won.

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But the elephant bird and the moa, now extinct,

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survived until a few centuries ago

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and five others still flourish across the southern hemisphere.

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The ostrich, the emu,

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the cassowary, the rhea

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and the kiwi.

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BIRDS CHIRP, INSECTS BUZZ

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The success of the ratites today is largely due to

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some bizarre breeding and very complicated relationships.

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Males mating with multiple females,

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females mating with multiple males,

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fathers raising chicks which aren't theirs.

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The tenacity and endurance of these dedicated dads

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has helped raise generations of walking giants.

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So, how do our motley crew ensure the survival of their offspring

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when safe tree-top nests are out of the question?

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Well, it takes a lot of work.

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For the emu in the Australian outback,

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the breeding season starts in the winter.

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This is when a male needs to be at his heaviest.

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DIDGERIDOO PLAYS

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Large bodies enable ratites to develop large guts,

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so unlike small flying birds,

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they can stock up on plenty of plants and seeds.

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Soon, he will mate and he will be the one who will incubate the eggs.

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During his time on the nest, he won't eat or drink.

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So, he's preparing for that by fattening up.

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This time of the year is all about finding food

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and some enterprising males

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even go into town to pick up dinner.

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CAR HORN BEEPS

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BANJO PLAYS

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TRUCK HORN BEEPS

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A strange sight - but the locals are used to it.

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TRUCK HORN BEEPS

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When they are ready to breed,

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male ratites start to try and impress females

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and they do so with some pretty flamboyant dance moves.

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Ratites might not be strong contenders in a beauty contest

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but these males certainly know how to move and groove.

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From the ostrich to the cassowary,

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the males all work hard to show off their best features.

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Just HOW hard can be seen on the grasslands of Argentina.

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It's spring and the rheas are preparing for the breeding season.

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Male rheas, with their distinctive black markings, have broken away

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from the flocks in which they spend the rest of the year.

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Now is the time for courtship,

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when their feathers will be shown off in all their splendour.

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As ratites no longer fly, they have no gland to produce the oil

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needed to preen their feathers into continuous air-catching services.

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But with a little grooming,

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their plumage can be very impressive.

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This male has managed to secure several females for himself.

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Herding them with his outstretched wings,

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a male can maintain a harem of anything from two to ten females,

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as long as he can keep them close.

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He doesn't let them out of his sight,

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courting each one in turn.

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And the grand finale of his mating ritual...

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..this curious head-bobbing dance.

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It's hardly a tango.

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And the object of his affections doesn't seem particularly impressed.

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But despite the lack of encouragement,

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he will spend most of the breeding season

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herding and head-bobbing to his females,

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until they are ready to mate.

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Unless, of course...

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..this rival male can rob him of his hard-won harem.

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Rising up as high as he can,

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he puts on a show of size and strength.

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This performance has rarely been filmed.

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It's a tango of a different, aggressive kind

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with plenty of Latin American spirit.

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Today, there is someone better than he.

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He retreats, leaving the rival male

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to take his place on the dance floor.

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This male is, it seems, a little more persuasive.

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Exactly how ratites mate

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was a mystery only solved by scientists

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in the last few years.

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Most birds don't have a penis.

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Instead, both the male and female birds

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have an opening called a cloaca.

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That certainly helps to streamline the body of a flying bird.

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The male ratite, however, is different.

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He does have a penis,

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and it was once assumed that these large birds

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would have blood-based erection systems,

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similar to humans.

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But in fact the ostrich, emu and rhea

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enlarge their penises with lymph fluid.

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They also have a few additional muscles to keep everything in place.

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While it's known that male and female rheas will mate

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with several different partners over the course of the breeding season,

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there is much less certainty with another of our ratite family.

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On the islands of New Zealand lives an enigma.

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The most secretive of our flightless birds.

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Hidden in these ancient and mysterious forests,

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it only emerges after dusk.

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HIGH-PITCHED BIRD CALL

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Only in the pitch-black dead of night does it call.

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HIGH-PITCHED CALLING

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Ratites might not sing,

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but their mating calls are certainly piercing.

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This is a bird which is heard but seldom seen.

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Scientists have to struggle to catch sight of the kiwi,

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let alone to understand its behaviour,

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even when they work around the clock.

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But using infrared light, which the kiwis can't see,

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and radio transmitters to track them in the darkness,

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the researchers here are slowly piecing together

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a picture of this shy bird.

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For the last 11 years,

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I have been looking at the breeding behaviour of Kiwi

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and everything that is associated with it.

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Dr Isabel Castro is a Colombian expert on kiwis

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who has lived in New Zealand for the past 25 years.

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This environment where they are

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is completely different than our environment.

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They are nocturnal where we are diurnal,

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and for many years before we started this research,

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people thought that they had this relatively boring life

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and yet as soon as we started this project,

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we started finding out these fantastic things

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about their intimate life.

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There have been all sorts of things

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that were completely unexpected,

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and that made now these birds very extraordinary,

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because we didn't know those things before.

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Living in complete darkness,

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unable to see virtually anything, the eyes of the kiwi

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are all but useless,

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but - unusually for a bird -

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it's got a great sense of smell,

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which it uses to find its way around.

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By setting up remote cameras,

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the scientists have been able to capture behaviour

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never filmed before in the wild.

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Two males fighting.

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KIWIS RASP

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A female calling for her mate.

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REPETITIVE GUTTURAL CALL

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Males and females have different calls.

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The females have this very coarse, grunty call,

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as all females should have, you know!

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The males have these whistles, beautiful and piercing.

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REPETITIVE SHRILL CALL

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Isabel and her team even managed to film a kiwi family

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with a tiny chick.

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Kiwis are the only nocturnal ratites

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and by far the smallest.

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This big bird isn't big at all.

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It only weighs about two kilos.

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Kiwis never grew big

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because they lived alongside the now-extinct moas.

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With those giant herbivores already roaming New Zealand,

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the kiwi's evolution took an alternative path.

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It remained small, became nocturnal and omnivorous.

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With nostrils at the end of its beak,

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the kiwi sniffs out insects and worms at night...

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..and then stays in the safety of its burrow for the day.

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Unlike the other ratites, it nests underground.

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Until recently, it was thought that kiwis bred in monogamous pairs,

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but now DNA analysis has painted a much more complicated picture.

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They are very naughty, kiwi.

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For a long time, we thought that they were really good birds,

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and mated with one another, one male, one female,

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but they are not like that at all.

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They do stray a little bit.

0:34:500:34:52

They do stray.

0:34:520:34:53

It seems that breeding is a little more flexible than just one-on-one.

0:34:570:35:02

Some birds seem to breed in family groups.

0:35:020:35:06

Others may raise young as a pair

0:35:060:35:08

even though the chicks might not belong to Dad.

0:35:080:35:11

However, it's the males who shoulder the burden of incubation.

0:35:160:35:20

The eggs in their care are among the oddest on earth.

0:35:200:35:24

This is a kiwi's egg.

0:35:260:35:29

It's the biggest in proportion to body size of any bird's egg.

0:35:290:35:33

It weighs about a fifth

0:35:330:35:35

as much as the adult bird.

0:35:350:35:38

It's so big, it takes 80 days to incubate.

0:35:380:35:42

The Maoris used to say

0:35:420:35:44

that tree routes would grow over a kiwi's nest.

0:35:440:35:48

This is the egg of another ratite, an ostrich,

0:35:480:35:53

and curiously, it is the smallest egg in terms of body weight

0:35:530:35:59

for any bird in the world.

0:35:590:36:01

These ostrich eggs are unusual in other ways.

0:36:040:36:07

They too are part of an elaborate game of pick and mix...

0:36:070:36:12

..because ostriches are almost like cuckoos.

0:36:150:36:18

Females will lay in the nests of other ostriches,

0:36:180:36:22

but unlike the cuckoo,

0:36:220:36:24

the owners of the nest know about it

0:36:240:36:26

and they don't seem to mind.

0:36:260:36:28

It may help to have a few spare eggs.

0:36:340:36:37

The female seems to be able to recognise her own eggs,

0:36:410:36:45

keeping them at the centre of the nest while rolling out others

0:36:450:36:49

as sacrifices to any predator brave enough to make an attack.

0:36:490:36:53

Up to six female ostriches may lay in a single nest.

0:36:580:37:02

For most members of the ratite family,

0:37:070:37:09

the rhea, the emu and the cassowary,

0:37:090:37:11

incubation is something of a gentleman's club -

0:37:110:37:15

females aren't welcome.

0:37:150:37:17

But the ostrich does things a little differently.

0:37:180:37:21

The male and female take turns at caring for the clutch,

0:37:230:37:27

keeping watch by day and night to make sure

0:37:270:37:30

nothing has a chance to steal the eggs.

0:37:300:37:33

This father-to-be is carefully rolling the eggs to make sure

0:37:380:37:42

the embryo inside gets evenly warmed.

0:37:420:37:44

In the cold of the night,

0:37:490:37:50

he uses his feathers as a blanket to cover his charges.

0:37:500:37:54

Communicating by clacking their beaks,

0:38:070:38:09

this couple share the parental burden.

0:38:090:38:12

They take turns to sit on the eggs,

0:38:200:38:23

which, although small compared to the ostrich itself,

0:38:230:38:26

weigh in fact almost two kilos each,

0:38:260:38:29

the largest eggs laid by any living animal.

0:38:290:38:32

Left unattended, such large eggs soon attract attention.

0:38:440:38:49

These ostrich eggs are giant ready meals

0:38:530:38:56

for a variety of African animals.

0:38:560:38:59

You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs,

0:39:010:39:04

and this jackal has worked out just how to crack one against another

0:39:040:39:08

and so release his lunch.

0:39:080:39:10

The Egyptian vulture has its own ingenious version of smash and grab.

0:39:330:39:37

It's perhaps not surprising

0:39:580:40:00

that up to 90% of ostrich clutches

0:40:000:40:03

are totally destroyed.

0:40:030:40:05

In South America, rheas nest in a similar way to the ostrich.

0:40:190:40:25

For two weeks, females lay their eggs in one shallow, communal nest.

0:40:310:40:37

Each egg is 12 times the size of that of a chicken.

0:40:390:40:44

But unlike the ostrich,

0:40:450:40:47

it's the male who settles down to do all the hard work.

0:40:470:40:50

He alone will incubate these eggs,

0:40:540:40:56

and he does so for more than five weeks, whatever the weather.

0:40:560:41:01

THUNDER CRACKS, HEAVY RAIN

0:41:010:41:05

It's an arduous task.

0:41:320:41:34

65% of males abandon their nests,

0:41:340:41:38

many because they don't have the energy to sustain themselves

0:41:380:41:41

without going away to feed.

0:41:410:41:43

The females, however, never put all their eggs in one basket.

0:41:550:41:59

Once they've mated with this one male,

0:42:010:42:04

they move on to another, so increasing the chance

0:42:040:42:07

that at least some of their young will survive.

0:42:070:42:10

Nesting on the ground out in the open

0:42:260:42:28

means that, inevitably, the eggs are vulnerable.

0:42:280:42:32

From the enormous eggs of the ostrich...

0:42:380:42:42

..to the green eggs of the emu.

0:42:450:42:48

But for one of the relatives, the battle to keep their clutches safe

0:42:570:43:02

was, in the end, lost.

0:43:020:43:05

These are the leg bones of the elephant bird.

0:43:080:43:11

It was the largest of the ratites.

0:43:110:43:13

Indeed, it was one of the biggest birds ever known.

0:43:130:43:16

It stood over 3m tall and weighed half a tonne.

0:43:160:43:20

It lived on the ancient island of Madagascar,

0:43:220:43:26

which I visited over 50 years ago.

0:43:260:43:29

Before Europeans ever went to the island,

0:43:460:43:49

it had a reputation for being the home

0:43:490:43:50

of really strange, fabulous beasts,

0:43:500:43:53

and Marco Polo, 700 years ago,

0:43:530:43:56

believed that it was the home of the fabulous bird, the rukh.

0:43:560:43:59

The rukh, which carried off Sinbad the Sailor, and which was reputed

0:43:590:44:03

to be able to carry off elephants in its talons,

0:44:030:44:05

as this one is doing.

0:44:050:44:08

But Marco Polo had very good reason for thinking that it lived in Madagascar,

0:44:080:44:12

because he heard stories that in Madagascar were found gigantic eggs,

0:44:120:44:16

over two feet long. What else could have laid them but the rukh?

0:44:160:44:22

Well, I was lucky enough to find

0:44:220:44:24

some pieces of the rukh, or elephant bird's egg.

0:44:240:44:28

And even luckier to be given some pieces that looked like

0:44:360:44:40

they might belong to one egg.

0:44:400:44:42

Now, would they fit together?

0:44:460:44:48

These two certainly did.

0:44:550:44:57

At the end of an hour, I had two halves.

0:45:050:45:08

And to my joy, they fitted together perfectly.

0:45:180:45:22

There was a place for even such a tiny fragment as this.

0:45:250:45:28

The egg was well nigh perfect.

0:45:310:45:36

As I held it, I had little difficulty in imagining the country

0:45:360:45:40

as it must have been when great numbers of gigantic birds,

0:45:400:45:44

over ten feet tall, strode majestically through the swamps.

0:45:440:45:48

This is the egg that I brought back from Madagascar all those years ago.

0:45:510:45:56

It's the biggest egg ever laid by anything.

0:45:560:46:00

Bigger by far than even the egg of the biggest dinosaur.

0:46:000:46:05

As you might imagine, it could have made a meal

0:46:050:46:08

for quite a lot of people,

0:46:080:46:10

and that may well be, some people think,

0:46:100:46:13

the reason why the elephant bird became extinct.

0:46:130:46:17

If it wasn't for human beings, the elephant bird might still

0:46:170:46:21

be walking around on Madagascar.

0:46:210:46:23

The same fate met the moas of New Zealand,

0:46:300:46:34

some kinds of which weighed over 200 kilos.

0:46:340:46:38

The elephant bird might have been the biggest bird ever to exist,

0:46:380:46:42

but some think that one species of moa was the tallest.

0:46:420:46:46

Moas, too, were hunted and had their eggs eaten by humans

0:46:470:46:51

until there were none left.

0:46:510:46:54

We know this because of the careful detective work scientists

0:46:540:46:58

have done on their bones.

0:46:580:47:00

It's not the only puzzle

0:47:020:47:04

that fragments of extinct bird like these, of the moa,

0:47:040:47:08

might be able to solve.

0:47:080:47:10

If these birds were flightless, how did they manage to spread

0:47:100:47:14

round the world, from the deserts of Africa

0:47:140:47:16

to the rainforests of Australia?

0:47:160:47:19

It's a conundrum that has puzzled minds for centuries.

0:47:190:47:22

Not that long ago, scientists thought they had the answer.

0:47:270:47:31

All the places in which the ratites lived

0:47:310:47:34

had once been part of a supercontinent called Gondwanaland.

0:47:340:47:38

Perhaps our birds came from one common ancestor, which was

0:47:410:47:45

also flightless, that roamed all over that land.

0:47:450:47:48

Then, millions of years ago, when the continents split up,

0:47:500:47:54

populations of this bird were separated.

0:47:540:47:57

As their homes drifted into new positions,

0:47:570:48:00

the isolated birds adapted and evolved in different ways,

0:48:000:48:04

producing everything from the tiny kiwi

0:48:040:48:06

to the huge extinct elephant bird.

0:48:060:48:09

But ancient bones are telling a different story.

0:48:120:48:16

Scientists have recently been sequencing DNA

0:48:160:48:19

from the bones of extinct ratites

0:48:190:48:22

and compared them with living flightless birds,

0:48:220:48:25

and the results have come as a huge surprise.

0:48:250:48:28

The mighty elephant bird, which should be most closely

0:48:320:48:35

related to the ostrich, turns out to be most similar to the tiny kiwi.

0:48:350:48:40

Not what was expected at all.

0:48:410:48:44

So how could this possibly be?

0:48:440:48:47

Well, an unexpected character is providing some answers.

0:48:490:48:53

A little-known ratite relative, the tinamou,

0:48:570:49:00

that lives in Central and South America.

0:49:000:49:02

DNA has recently revealed that it isn't a distant relative,

0:49:070:49:12

a cousin, say, but instead a sibling,

0:49:120:49:14

smack in the middle of the ratite family tree.

0:49:140:49:18

Which is remarkable, because tinamous can fly.

0:49:200:49:25

Now, if all the ratites and the tinamous evolved

0:49:270:49:29

from one flightless ancestor,

0:49:290:49:31

then the tinamous must have relearned how to fly.

0:49:310:49:35

But there are no known examples of a species of flightless bird

0:49:360:49:41

regaining flight, so this suggests

0:49:410:49:43

that the common ancestor of the ratites and the tinamous

0:49:430:49:47

wasn't flightless at all. He could fly.

0:49:470:49:51

Our birds might not have drifted away from one another

0:49:570:50:00

on the lands in which they live today.

0:50:000:50:03

Instead, their ancestors must have flown across miles of ocean

0:50:030:50:07

to reach the far corners of the world, and only then

0:50:070:50:10

did they independently lose the ability to fly.

0:50:100:50:13

It's an amazing thought,

0:50:240:50:26

but the ratites lost their ability to fly independently

0:50:260:50:30

and on several different occasions.

0:50:300:50:33

Thousands of miles apart from each other on their separate continents,

0:50:360:50:40

each kind of ratite developed into its own flightless form.

0:50:400:50:44

The ostrich and the rhea kept their wings

0:50:480:50:51

and evolved elaborate uses for their feathers.

0:50:510:50:54

The wings of the emu and cassowary became short and tiny...

0:50:570:51:02

..and the kiwi, well, its wings are now all but invisible.

0:51:030:51:08

Although the details are different,

0:51:140:51:16

the demands of living on the ground meant that all the ratites

0:51:160:51:20

evolved in their own way into flightlessness.

0:51:200:51:23

And there's one survival strategy which they all share,

0:51:260:51:30

and which begins when they hatch.

0:51:300:51:32

In the Australian outback,

0:51:400:51:42

this male emu's hard work over the past 56 days is about to pay off.

0:51:420:51:48

He is a father.

0:51:590:52:01

His chicks, like all newly hatched ratites, are able to get up and go

0:52:060:52:10

almost from the moment they break free from their eggs.

0:52:100:52:14

This is an invaluable ability for a chick,

0:52:240:52:27

which is, after all,

0:52:270:52:29

a very succulent mouthful for almost any predator.

0:52:290:52:32

Emu chicks, with their tawny markings, are known to Australians

0:52:400:52:44

as stripeys.

0:52:440:52:46

Their dedicated dad will spend the next six months caring for them,

0:53:050:53:10

by which time they will already have grown to at least half his height.

0:53:100:53:15

That is, if they ever hurry up and hatch.

0:53:150:53:18

The chicks had to work hard to free themselves from the egg shells.

0:53:340:53:38

Now they need a drink.

0:53:380:53:40

Their father must face a tough decision.

0:53:450:53:48

One egg still hasn't hatched.

0:54:010:54:04

If he stays and waits for it to do so, the older chicks may die.

0:54:040:54:09

It's likely that he can hear sounds coming from within

0:54:210:54:25

the unhatched egg.

0:54:250:54:26

Meanwhile, the harsh Australian sun scorches down on those

0:54:310:54:35

of his offspring desperately waiting for their first drink.

0:54:350:54:39

After many agonising hours, he makes his choice.

0:55:150:55:19

Leading the brood to find water,

0:55:340:55:36

this father helps a new generation of big birds take their first steps.

0:55:360:55:42

From South Africa to South America,

0:56:140:56:18

an extraordinary combination of mating behaviour

0:56:180:56:22

and parental care has produced birds which are very special indeed.

0:56:220:56:26

CHIRPING

0:56:280:56:30

These young ostriches will soon grow into the biggest birds in the world.

0:56:390:56:45

Although today, as they take tiny steps across this vast landscape,

0:56:490:56:54

that day seems a long way off.

0:56:540:56:56

The next generation of ratites.

0:57:000:57:02

A reminder of how one remarkable group of birds independently

0:57:040:57:08

seized a moment when there were no predators around to hunt them down

0:57:080:57:12

and set off down various but similar evolutionary paths.

0:57:120:57:17

The only group of birds to have become massive and flightless.

0:57:210:57:25

It wasn't long before some mammals also became big and dominant,

0:57:290:57:34

and when they did,

0:57:340:57:35

the window of opportunity for more birds to do so closed.

0:57:350:57:39

But what an opportunity it was,

0:57:390:57:43

and those birds which took advantage of it are truly remarkable.

0:57:430:57:47

Scientists are currently working to gather still more clues,

0:57:540:57:58

from birds both extinct and living, to add even more detail

0:57:580:58:03

to their amazing evolutionary history.

0:58:030:58:06

We can only hope this will help us to better understand

0:58:060:58:10

this family of birds, which are surely flightless wonders.

0:58:100:58:14

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