La Coruna to Lisbon Great Continental Railway Journeys


La Coruna to Lisbon

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I'm embarking on a new railway adventure

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that will take me across the heart of Europe.

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I'll be using this, my Bradshaw's Continental Railway Guide,

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dated 1913, which opened up an exotic world of foreign travel

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for the British tourist.

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'It told travellers where to go, what to see,

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'and how to navigate the thousands of miles of tracks

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'crisscrossing the continent.

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'Now, a century later, I'm using my copy

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'to reveal an era of great optimism and energy,

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'where technology, industry,

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'science and the arts were flourishing.

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'I want to rediscover that lost Europe,

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'that in 1913 couldn't know that its way of life'

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would shortly be swept aside by the advent of war.

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Following my 1913 Bradshaw's, today I'm exploring

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north-western Spain and Portugal.

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Relatively little-known to visitors from Britain today,

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in the early 20th-century, British tourism briefly flowered here.

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Westward-facing and very different from the Spain I know best,

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this part of the Iberian peninsula

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is bursting with British connections,

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which my guidebook will help me to enjoy.

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I'm back in my beloved Spain, land of my father.

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But, as Bradshaw says,

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"Owing to the configuration of the country,

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"there are as many variations in climate

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"as there are contrasts in the character of the population."

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This is Galicia, cradle of the Celts, with its own language,

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and this green and rainy landscape

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would be more home to a Briton than to many a Spaniard.

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Travelling south into Portugal, as I will do,

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the early 20th-century traveller

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entered the warm embrace of England's oldest ally.

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'From the Celtic ties that bind Galicia to the British Isles...'

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-Muy bien. Gracias.

-Gracias. Gracias.

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'..to the Atlantic fishing industry

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'that courted early 20th-century tourists...'

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Isn't that a beautiful beast? Isn't that fantastic?

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'..and the trade in a favourite British tipple...'

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It's a Martinez 1953, a very rare wine.

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It's glorious.

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'..I'll explore this Edwardian home from home

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'on the region's remarkable railways...'

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Oh, yes. This is a fantastic view.

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'..uncovering the close political links

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'between Portugal and the United Kingdom.'

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It's the world's oldest diplomatic alliance still in force.

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'And the turbulent 20th-century events

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'that shocked Edwardian Britain.'

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They're a group of armed republicans.

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In five minutes, they almost wiped out the entire royal family.

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So, this square was the scene of appalling horror.

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Beginning in the seaside city of La Coruna,

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my route will take me inland

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to the cathedral city of Santiago de Compostela,

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then follow the Atlantic coast as I travel via Pontevedra into Portugal.

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From Porto, I'll take the famous, scenic Douro valley line east

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before heading south once more,

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to the ancient university city of Coimbra

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and on to my final stop in Lisbon.

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My guidebook says of my first destination,

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"La Coruna is a prosperous trading town

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"and principal military station in North Spain."

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Today, the city known to Galicians as 'A Coruna'

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is still the region's economic powerhouse,

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with a thriving industry and a busy harbour.

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In 1900, barely a single British tourist had ventured here,

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but by the time of my guidebook,

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Galicia was a fashionable destination

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welcoming hundreds of Britons every year.

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And it's easy to see why this elegant city had such appeal.

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I love these glassed-in balconies which are so typical of La Coruna.

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They're practical. In winter, you shut the glass

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and you keep out the Atlantic gale,

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and then, in the summer, you open them up and the sun streams in.

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I'm taking a tour with historian Kirsty Hooper

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who has researched Galicia's early 20th-century tourism boom.

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At the beginning of the 20th century,

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what would have brought British travellers to La Coruna?

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Well, first of all it was the first stop on the big transatlantic routes

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from Southampton to South America,

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so lots of British tourists would have taken the opportunity

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to hop off after two days to see the city

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and to see something more of Galicia themselves.

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Galicia held lots of attractions for the British

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at the beginning of the 20th-century.

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There was a large British business community

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and also British industry was quite well established here.

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We're talking about railways, the mines,

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also the sea port and the shipyards.

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These expatriate industrialists

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clubbed together with steam liner companies and local businessmen

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to woo visitors.

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But La Coruna boasted an attraction that needed no marketing.

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My Bradshaw's directs Edwardian tourists

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to the Jardin de San Carlos, to the east of the harbour,

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the burial place of Sir John Moore,

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whose death in 1809 had made him a war hero.

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At the time of my Bradshaw's guide,

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would Sir John Moore still have been well remembered?

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Absolutely, because your Bradshaw was published

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very shortly after the centenary of his death

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which had brought him back into the British imagination,

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and the tomb formed a very popular stop

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on the battlefield tourism circuit

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which had begun in 1815, straight after the Battle of Waterloo.

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The Duke of Wellington's victory at Waterloo

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marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars which had raged

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as French forces occupied vast swathes of Europe.

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Sir John Moore's final battle

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had been part of a British attempt to oust them from Spain.

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He was leading the British Army in a strategic retreat

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from Salamanca further south, and when they arrived, they established

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a strategic position up on a hill and they managed to hold off

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the French until most of the army was able to embark

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upon the waiting warships to leave.

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Unfortunately, Sir John Moore didn't go with them

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because at the front of his army, he was hit in the shoulder and died.

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It's a sort of early version of Dunkirk, this, isn't it?

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I mean, a retreat which is somehow converted into a victory.

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Absolutely, that's a great comparison.

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People at home, initially, were very unhappy.

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They felt that Sir John Moore had let everybody down,

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but when it became clear that this defensive manoeuvre

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had in fact contributed to Wellington's victory overall,

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he was converted into a hero,

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and is remembered both here in Galicia and in Britain.

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Sir John Moore had said that he wished to be buried where he fell,

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and so a hasty grave was dug

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before the rest of the troops made their escape to fight another day.

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Today, his tomb,

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and a nearby pavilion decorated with poetry written in his honour

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still attract British tourists.

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Hello. Hello. Have you come to see Sir John Moore?

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ALL: Yes.

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And what has brought you to see Sir John Moore?

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Saga!

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-Is Sir John Moore a little bit of a hero for you?

-I think so.

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To tell you the truth, I hadn't heard about him before I came on this trip.

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And he seems an extraordinary person. The things he achieved in his life.

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How do you feel about the fact that

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the British were retreating when he died?

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Probably quite sensible!

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THEY LAUGH

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Who else wants to talk about Sir John Moore?

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Sorry, do you want... No?

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You're all running away now.

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It seems the British still have a talent for the tactical retreat.

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Edwardian travellers arriving in Galicia

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were fascinated by local people's traditional costumes and customs.

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Like the Irish, the Cornish and the Welsh, the people of Galicia

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trace their roots back to pre-Roman Celtic tribes.

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THEY GREET EACH OTHER IN SPANISH

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And a vital symbol of their Celtic identity is the Gaita, or bagpipes.

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Alvaro Seivane's family have been making them for 75 years.

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How popular is the bagpipe now in Galicia compared with a century ago?

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HE ANSWERS IN SPANISH

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Even though a century ago it was popular, there's no comparison.

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Now, there are thousands and thousands of people

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playing the bagpipes.

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Alvaro's family has played a leading role

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in this extraordinary revival.

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His daughter is a famous piper who plays at music festivals

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all over the world.

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BAGPIPES PLAY

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And the family tradition looks set to continue.

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Muy bien, muy bien, muy bien.

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Who is this?

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HE ANSWERS IN SPANISH

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This is your grandson, Brice.

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This is the youngest bagpipe player in the family?

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HE ANSWERS IN SPANISH

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He's just turned six but he's already spent two years

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playing the bagpipe.

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HE THANKS HIM IN SPANISH

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Making bagpipes takes patience.

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The wood for the pipes is seasoned for ten years

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before it's ready to be worked,

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and it takes another five years to complete the instrument.

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BAGPIPES DRONE TUNELESSLY

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Despite Brice's performance,

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extracting music from the gaita isn't child's play.

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It's a modern composition!

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HE SPEAKS SPANISH

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I have a big future as a bagpipe player, he says.

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I don't think so but gracias.

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In the middle years of the 20th century,

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during General Franco's dictatorship,

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Galicians were prevented from expressing their distinct identity.

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But since the 1980s,

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there's been a resurgence of interest in the local culture,

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flamboyantly expressed in La Coruna through the traditional dances

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that take place in the city square.

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PIPES AND DRUMS PLAY

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Edwardian tourists would have loved this spectacle.

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Back home there was a Celtic revival in full swing

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with renewed interest in folk dance and music.

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To Galicians, keeping traditions like this alive helps set them apart

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from their Latin Spanish neighbours.

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-Muy bien. Gracias.

-Gracias, gracias.

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Is this very important for you, as a Galician person, this dancing?

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Yes, for sure it is.

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Now, you're Celtic. Do you feel any connection with maybe Scotland,

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with Ireland, with Cornwall, any of those places?

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I definitely do. I do feel that we have similar characteristics

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in traditional dancing and music and so on.

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So, you feel Celtic, you feel Galician,

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do you feel Spanish as well?

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Yeah, I also do.

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-And European?

-Yes, why not?

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But first more Galician than Spanish and European.

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First, I want to be Galician, then the rest.

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Already, Galicia has been full of surprises.

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But before I leave La Coruna, I'm keen to uncover one more.

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-Ruben?

-Hola, Michael.

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Ruben Ventureira is showing me round a small museum,

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hidden away in this unassuming house.

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Because this apartment is where Pablo Picasso came of age.

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By the time of my guidebook,

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Picasso was well on the way to becoming a 20th-century master,

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though his more avant-garde works

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were too radical for most Edwardian tastes.

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But 20 years earlier, having moved to La Coruna with his family,

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the adolescent Pablo was still learning formal painting

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from his father, a tutor at the local Academy of Fine Art.

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So, this is by Pablo Picasso's father,

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it's the painting that has the most doves or pigeons in it.

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It was his favourite subject.

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It also then became the favourite subject of Pablo Picasso.

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The anecdote that is told is that the feet of the birds

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were actually done by Pablo Picasso, by the boy, by the son.

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How would you describe the relationship

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between Picasso and his father?

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HE ANSWERS IN SPANISH

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Here in La Coruna, the father and the son establish

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a teacher-pupil relationship, in which,

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curiously, the pupil ends up surpassing the teacher.

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It was in La Coruna that Picasso held his first exhibition in 1895,

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at the tender age of 13.

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In the same year,

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the family was touched by tragedy, when Pablo's seven-year-old sister

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Conchita died of diphtheria in this very room.

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THEY TALK IN SPANISH

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Picasso, when his sister was so ill, swore an oath to God

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that if God saved the girl he would never paint again.

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God did not save the girl

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and the world was given, instead of Conchita, the great artist Picasso.

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Later that year, Pablo Picasso's family moved to Barcelona,

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and it's time for me to wave goodbye to La Coruna too,

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and to continue my journey following my 1913 Bradshaw's guide.

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As evening sets in, I've bought myself a little snack.

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I'm on my way to Santiago de Compostela which is perhaps

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the most famous of all the destinations for pilgrims

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and. over the centuries, they used to sustain themselves

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with this sort of Spanish pasty.

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It's called an empanada and this one is filled with scallops.

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The fresh taste of the sea on a train.

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A new day, and I'm approaching my next destination not by rail,

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but on foot, following the Camino de Santiago,

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or the pathway of St James.

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Pilgrims must come prepared to walk in all weathers,

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for green and pleasant Galicia shares much by way of climate,

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as well as culture, with the British Isles.

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Some years ago, I walked for seven days

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the last stretch of the pilgrims' trail into Santiago de Compostela

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with my rucksack and my walking stick.

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It was an unforgettable experience.

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All the time, you are meeting other pilgrims

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and there is a sort of etiquette that you catch up with them

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for a short while and you have a chat.

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You only ever give your first name,

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you don't normally give much background

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about your reasons for walking the way.

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And all the time that I was walking,

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I could see a line of pilgrims behind me

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and a line of pilgrims ahead

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and quite a thought that the line ahead really stretched out

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for centuries since people first began to visit

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the tomb of St James.

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When I walked my little pilgrimage, I covered 130km,

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just more than the shortest distance that you can do

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to qualify officially as a pilgrim.

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But walkers set out for Santiago from destinations across Europe.

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Good day. Congratulations, you're very close to Santiago.

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How far have you come?

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Me, I come from St Jean Pied De Port, that's about 780km.

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-That's a long, long walk. You've become friends on the Camino?

-Yes.

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What made you think of doing the Camino?

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For me, it's the fourth Camino.

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It's like a drug, being on the Camino.

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It's the first time for me, yes.

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I have thought about doing the Camino for the last ten years,

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but I was always afraid of doing it alone because I thought

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I would be alone which turned out to be quite wrong, actually.

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So, now you've only got a few kilometres to go.

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You must be feeling what? Elated, excited, how do you feel?

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Elated, but also I think I'm a bit sad that it's coming to an end.

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I've done this for 30 straight days.

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Thank you so much for stopping and Godspeed, pilgrims.

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-Thank you.

-Thank you.

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The popularity of the Camino peaked in the Middle Ages,

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but the Reformation stopped pilgrims from Britain in their tracks.

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In Edwardian times, a party of British Catholics who visited

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the city were feted as the first English pilgrims for four centuries.

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These days, around 100,000 people complete the challenge every year

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and as they take the last weary steps on their journey,

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the promise of reaching Santiago's magnificent cathedral

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inspires them onward.

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Bradshaw's is full of superlatives about this building.

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The cathedral is considered one the most impressive examples

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of early Romanesque architecture in Spain, dating from 1078 to 1211

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and then the gothic cloisters are amongst the best in Spain.

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Altogether it's one of the greatest glories of Christian art.

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This was the building that Christians felt

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they had to construct to house the tomb of St James the Apostle.

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And this is the destination

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of pilgrims who have walked for hundreds of miles

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and behind me, the Capilla Mayor,

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housing the tomb of the saint himself.

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The story goes that St James's body was brought to Spain

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after he was martyred in Jerusalem in 44AD.

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It was then rediscovered 800 years later,

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and before long, people began to journey to venerate his tomb.

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Medieval pilgrims didn't have the benefit of Bradshaw's.

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-INTO INTERCOM:

-Buenos dias, Michael Portillo.

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But the cathedral houses an ancient

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illuminated manuscript that helped them on their way.

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Jose Manuel Sanchez is the guardian of this prized Latin text.

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Jose Manuel, I'm Michael.

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Hi, nice to meet you.

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-Well...

-So, what is this book?

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This is the Codex Calixtinus.

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It's one compilation of all the traditions

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related with the apostle Santiago in the Middle Ages.

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When was it written, do we think?

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It was written in the middle of the 12th century.

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The book is an important source of information

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on the history of St James,

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but it also lays claim to being one of the world's first guidebooks,

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packed with handy hints for pilgrims.

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Give me some practical tips for going on the Camino.

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Yes, for example, we have, er...

0:21:060:21:08

HE READS IN LATIN

0:21:080:21:13

So, horses must not drink there because they could die.

0:21:140:21:18

Because the river is...

0:21:180:21:20

The river is dangerous.

0:21:200:21:21

READING LATIN

0:21:210:21:24

Very good water to drink or to refresh.

0:21:270:21:32

Limpha, dulcis and sana.

0:21:320:21:35

So, clean, sweet and healthy.

0:21:350:21:38

Yeah, great! You did great!

0:21:380:21:41

Next time I come on the walk, this will be the book I'll take.

0:21:410:21:44

The Codex is a remarkable relic, but to continue my railway journey,

0:21:490:21:54

I think I'll stick with Bradshaw's.

0:21:540:21:56

My 1913 guide is not complimentary about Spanish trains,

0:21:570:22:02

remarking on their slow speeds and uncomfortable facilities.

0:22:020:22:07

But Edwardian tourists taking the West Galician Railway

0:22:070:22:09

from Santiago might have been reassured to know

0:22:090:22:12

that the company manager was British born and bred.

0:22:120:22:15

I'm hearing the story from Javier Losada Boedo.

0:22:170:22:20

-Hello, Xavier.

-Hi, Michael.

0:22:200:22:22

Very good to see you.

0:22:220:22:24

I'm interested in a great British railway man, John Trulock,

0:22:240:22:28

and I believe that he is your ancestor. What's the connection?

0:22:280:22:31

He was the father of my grandmother.

0:22:310:22:34

He was the eldest of six brothers

0:22:340:22:38

but his father died really young, when he was 15.

0:22:380:22:42

So, he had to earn his living.

0:22:420:22:45

Trulock decided to seek his fortune in Galicia.

0:22:450:22:49

And by the 1880s,

0:22:490:22:51

he was running the West Galician Railway company.

0:22:510:22:55

So what sort of a railway was this?

0:22:550:22:58

It was the first railway in Galicia.

0:22:580:23:00

It was from Carril in the coast to Compostela,

0:23:000:23:03

Santiago de Compostela in the Galician centre.

0:23:030:23:07

Begun in 1862, construction was overseen by a British engineer,

0:23:070:23:12

and by Trulock's time,

0:23:120:23:13

the railway had been bought by a British company.

0:23:130:23:17

Trulock ruled the line for over 40 years,

0:23:170:23:20

setting up home in Galicia where he continued to live

0:23:200:23:23

in Edwardian English style.

0:23:230:23:26

What sort of man was John Trulock?

0:23:260:23:28

I would say he was of course a gentleman. He was a character.

0:23:280:23:32

He was especially strict in terms of punctuality.

0:23:320:23:36

He was said to be quite focused on people being punctual

0:23:360:23:41

and he hated Galician people because of that.

0:23:410:23:45

But no-one was on time.

0:23:450:23:47

He liked to write that punctuality was a virtue for human beings.

0:23:470:23:53

We need him on the British railways today, I think.

0:23:530:23:56

Yeah.

0:23:560:23:57

By the turn of the 20th century,

0:24:010:24:03

James Trulock was helping to lure British tourists to Galicia.

0:24:030:24:07

In 1910, he laid on a special train

0:24:090:24:11

to carry journalists on a press tour.

0:24:110:24:14

I'm getting off in Pontevedra

0:24:140:24:16

to hunt down one of the more unusual sights that they saw.

0:24:160:24:19

I do love to be beside the seaside,

0:24:230:24:25

but here in the little village of Bueu, the sea is a place of work,

0:24:250:24:30

and what comes out of the sea gives rise to light industry close by

0:24:300:24:35

and that's the sort of light industry

0:24:350:24:37

that was a magnetic attraction for the discerning traveller

0:24:370:24:41

in the early 20th century.

0:24:410:24:43

Surprisingly, an Edwardian tourist's trip to Galicia wasn't complete

0:24:450:24:49

without a visit to a sardine cannery,

0:24:490:24:52

thanks to a local sardine entrepreneur

0:24:520:24:54

who was one of the main promoters of British tourism here.

0:24:540:24:58

I'm taking my own tour of this 21st-century fish canning factory,

0:24:590:25:04

guided by export manager Jose Emilio Dopazo.

0:25:040:25:07

Jose Emilio, it's an impressive and very noisy canning factory.

0:25:100:25:15

When did this business begin?

0:25:150:25:17

Well, this business has been here for 141 years now.

0:25:170:25:21

We founded the company, the family Alonso, in 1873,

0:25:210:25:26

and it has been kept in the same family for five generations.

0:25:260:25:30

Like so much in Galicia,

0:25:310:25:32

there's a British connection to the region's canning industry.

0:25:320:25:36

The idea of canning food came from a British merchant.

0:25:360:25:40

In the beginning of the 19th-century,

0:25:400:25:42

he had the idea of preserving food in cans.

0:25:420:25:46

The initial idea was a Frenchman,

0:25:460:25:49

but the Frenchman was only doing it in glass,

0:25:490:25:52

and the English man said, "No, we can put this also in tins,"

0:25:520:25:56

The idea rapidly expanded to the continent and came here.

0:25:560:26:00

By Edwardian times,

0:26:010:26:03

canned fish had helped to transform British people's diets,

0:26:030:26:07

bringing delicacies like sardines within everyone's reach.

0:26:070:26:11

At the moment, it's not the sardine season,

0:26:110:26:14

but this factory packs plenty of other types of seafood

0:26:140:26:17

including a million tins of octopus every year.

0:26:170:26:21

-Hola.

-Hola, buenos tardes.

0:26:230:26:24

HE SPEAKS SPANISH

0:26:240:26:28

They are washing the octopus.

0:26:330:26:35

Just like washing the laundry, isn't it?

0:26:350:26:38

Give that a good scrub

0:26:380:26:40

Let's get those tentacles in there.

0:26:400:26:43

HE SPEAKS SPANISH

0:26:430:26:46

I asked her whether she could actually still eat octopus,

0:26:500:26:54

and she says she absolutely loves it.

0:26:540:26:57

The thriving canning trade on this stretch of coast is

0:27:040:27:08

thanks to the extraordinary bounty of the Atlantic

0:27:080:27:11

and the unique geography of the so- called 'rias' of Galicia.

0:27:110:27:14

So, the rias are part of an estuary,

0:27:170:27:19

and are they like long fingers, something like that?

0:27:190:27:22

They are long fingers.

0:27:220:27:23

The legend says that God, when constructing the world

0:27:230:27:27

put five fingers on the land, and these are the five Galician rias.

0:27:270:27:31

In these estuaries, fresh water from the rivers

0:27:330:27:36

mixes with the salty sea, creating ideal conditions for plankton,

0:27:360:27:40

which in turn feeds the fish and other sea creatures.

0:27:400:27:43

So, today we are fishing for octopus, are we?

0:27:450:27:48

Yes, we have here a big devotion for the octopus.

0:27:480:27:52

Devotion for the animal itself, for the taste,

0:27:520:27:55

for the role in the factory, for everything.

0:27:550:27:58

The fishermen have previously lowered traps,

0:27:580:28:01

and now it's time to see what they've caught.

0:28:010:28:04

-Oh, that is a weird feeling.

-Very big one!

0:28:100:28:14

It's a lovely big octopus, isn't it? Yeah, it is indeed,

0:28:140:28:17

I can feel it pulsing and wriggling in my hand.

0:28:170:28:20

Look at its tentacles now, whoo!

0:28:200:28:23

-Fantastic.

-Wow.

-Lovely one.

0:28:230:28:25

Well, you are a Spanish fisherman now!

0:28:260:28:28

-Wonderful.

-Isn't that a beautiful beast? Isn't that fantastic?

0:28:280:28:33

It's a fantastic one.

0:28:330:28:34

One of the things that's special about Galicia, eh?

0:28:340:28:37

I'm not sure that Edwardian tourists were quite so hands-on,

0:28:410:28:45

but if not, they missed out.

0:28:450:28:48

And there's one last treat in store for me in Bueu.

0:28:480:28:51

This is a wonderful way to end the day.

0:28:540:28:57

A beautiful presentation of octopus.

0:28:570:29:00

This is the very special recipe in Galicia.

0:29:000:29:03

It's boiled, olive oil, and paprika.

0:29:030:29:07

-How is it?

-It's magnificent.

0:29:090:29:12

I'm glad you like it.

0:29:120:29:13

My Galician fishing trip has been the perfect way to draw

0:29:150:29:19

the Spanish leg of my journey to a close.

0:29:190:29:22

Two days in Galicia have opened my eyes to a side of Spain

0:29:300:29:34

that I've rarely seen before.

0:29:340:29:36

Now my 1913 guide is leading me over the border to a new land.

0:29:360:29:41

I'm bound for the gateway to the port wine region

0:29:430:29:47

where I'll board Portugal's most scenic railway.

0:29:470:29:50

I'll trace the impact of trains on Coimbra's ancient university,

0:29:500:29:54

before reliving dramatic early 20th-century history in Lisbon.

0:29:540:29:58

Obrigado.

0:30:000:30:01

Is this Portugal already?

0:30:030:30:05

HE ANSWERS IN PORTUGUESE

0:30:050:30:08

Ah, I've got to change my watch. One hour less.

0:30:110:30:16

-Yes, yes. OK.

-Obrigado.

0:30:160:30:17

Unlike Spain, Portugal is on the same time as Britain,

0:30:190:30:22

and that's not the only connection.

0:30:220:30:25

I'm now in Portugal, about which Bradshaw's is enthusiastic.

0:30:250:30:30

"The most favourable time of the year for a visit to Portugal

0:30:300:30:33

"is November until May.

0:30:330:30:35

"A charming variety of natural beauty,

0:30:350:30:37

"inland, mountain and valley,

0:30:370:30:39

"along the rugged coast, bold headlands

0:30:390:30:42

"and stretches of sand downs."

0:30:420:30:44

And then this intriguing reference.

0:30:440:30:46

"The British sovereign is legal currency in Portugal."

0:30:460:30:49

Now that is testimony to a long relationship,

0:30:490:30:53

stretching back over seven centuries,

0:30:530:30:56

cemented by alliances, and marriages,

0:30:560:30:59

so that for all the time that we were fighting off Spanish armadas

0:30:590:31:03

and defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Trafalgar,

0:31:030:31:06

Portugal was our friend.

0:31:060:31:10

'I'm travelling towards Porto on the Minho line, opened in the 1880s.

0:31:150:31:19

'Compared to Britain,

0:31:190:31:21

'19th-century Portugal was slow to adopt the railway.

0:31:210:31:25

'The first line was built with British help in the 1850s,

0:31:250:31:28

'amidst hopes that trains would bring to Portugal

0:31:280:31:31

'the kind of economic growth Britain had enjoyed.'

0:31:310:31:34

'I've come to Sao Bento station,

0:31:410:31:43

'a building whose ornate decorations are testament

0:31:430:31:46

'to the excitement that surrounded the coming of the railways.

0:31:460:31:50

'Carol Rankin's family has lived and worked in Portugal for generations.

0:31:510:31:56

'Born and brought up here, she knows the station well.'

0:31:560:32:01

The railway station is magnificent, when does it date from?

0:32:010:32:04

Well, the foundation stone was laid by King Carlos I of Portugal

0:32:040:32:08

in 1900, and then it obviously took a while to build, so, it opened...

0:32:080:32:12

Actually, the whole thing completed, a few years after that.

0:32:120:32:17

I think by the time the tiles were put in place, it was probably 1915.

0:32:170:32:20

-All around the time of my Bradshaw's guide.

-Indeed.

0:32:200:32:24

The station walls are covered in spectacular painted tiles,

0:32:240:32:28

a local tradition that evolved out of Moorish mosaics,

0:32:280:32:32

introduced to Spain and Portugal in the Middle Ages.

0:32:320:32:36

By the time of my guidebook,

0:32:360:32:37

they were being used to celebrate the advent of the age of steam.

0:32:370:32:41

But the tiles also tell the story

0:32:420:32:44

of the birth of Portugal's special relationship with Britain.

0:32:440:32:48

This shows us Juan I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster

0:32:490:32:54

coming in through the streets of Oporto, strewn with rose petals

0:32:540:32:59

as you can see, to celebrate their marriage in the city's cathedral.

0:32:590:33:03

-Who was she?

-She was the daughter of John of Gaunt,

0:33:030:33:06

and he was uncle to Richard II

0:33:060:33:10

who was on the throne of England at the time.

0:33:100:33:13

So, this was quite an important marriage alliance

0:33:130:33:15

between England and Portugal?

0:33:150:33:17

It is indeed, because it cemented the treaty of Windsor

0:33:170:33:20

which was signed in 1386.

0:33:200:33:22

The terms of alliance and perpetual friendship that the treaty contained

0:33:220:33:27

have never been broken, and it's the world's oldest diplomatic alliance

0:33:270:33:32

still in force.

0:33:320:33:33

The alliance helped to usher in a golden age in Portuguese history,

0:33:340:33:39

with John and Philippa's son Henry the Navigator

0:33:390:33:42

initiating a period of exploration

0:33:420:33:45

which ultimately gave Portugal an extensive empire.

0:33:450:33:48

500 years later,

0:33:500:33:51

Edwardian tourists arriving here could marvel at the legacy

0:33:510:33:55

of Porto's 19th-century industrialisation,

0:33:550:33:58

which included the magnificent 395-metre-long Dom Luis Bridge,

0:33:580:34:03

opened in 1886.

0:34:030:34:05

Today, it's one of six bridges that connect picturesque Porto

0:34:050:34:10

with Vila Nova de Gaia south of the river.

0:34:100:34:13

"Porto," my guidebook tells me, "on the River Douro,

0:34:130:34:16

"is very pleasantly placed in a hemmed-in situation

0:34:160:34:19

"on slopes descending to the river.

0:34:190:34:22

"And the river broadens out to a spacious harbour."

0:34:220:34:25

And then, as these barrel-laden boats suggest

0:34:250:34:27

and Bradshaw's confirms,

0:34:270:34:29

the principal trade is connected with port wine,

0:34:290:34:33

so my next move is evident.

0:34:330:34:35

I must steer to port.

0:34:350:34:38

Any smart Edwardian dinner party

0:34:380:34:41

would culminate with a glass of port.

0:34:410:34:43

But the history of this fortified wine in Porto predates my guidebook.

0:34:430:34:49

I'm meeting producer Jose Alvaro Ribiero

0:34:490:34:51

at a 200-year-old wine lodge to hear the tale.

0:34:510:34:55

Well, that is on a grand scale.

0:34:560:34:59

How much wine do you have here?

0:35:000:35:03

Well, we have around 22 million litres of port.

0:35:030:35:08

Wine produced in the Douro valley has been exported to Britain

0:35:090:35:12

since the 17th century, and, in fact, port as we know it

0:35:120:35:16

owes its origins to the requirements of the British market.

0:35:160:35:20

At the beginning, the wine that was exported was normal still wine,

0:35:220:35:26

not port, but as there were years where the quality of the wine

0:35:260:35:30

was not as good as other years,

0:35:300:35:33

they started adding brandy to it to stabilise the wine so that it

0:35:330:35:36

would reach the UK in great shape, so it really started as an accident.

0:35:360:35:43

-So, it's an accident with a British accent?

-Definitely.

0:35:430:35:48

As well as being enthusiastic consumers of port,

0:35:480:35:51

Britons have for centuries been involved in the trade.

0:35:510:35:55

Porto's Factory House is the historic centre of their operations.

0:35:550:36:00

Today, as in Edwardian times, there's a strict dress code.

0:36:000:36:04

What a gorgeous ballroom.

0:36:060:36:08

What is this institution,

0:36:080:36:09

this Factory House, that you have such wonderful premises?

0:36:090:36:12

Well, this Factory House here in Porto is a place

0:36:120:36:15

where all the British that had businesses here

0:36:150:36:18

in the north of Portugal would do business with locals.

0:36:180:36:22

So, it was like a place they felt protected,

0:36:220:36:24

and they also used it for social gatherings.

0:36:240:36:29

'Factor' is an old term for businessman,

0:36:290:36:32

and the Porto Factory House was paid for by British port shippers.

0:36:320:36:36

A century ago, when my guidebook was written,

0:36:370:36:40

they came here to network, and of course,

0:36:400:36:42

to enjoy the wine that kept them in business.

0:36:420:36:44

Michael, I have some special vintage port for us to taste now.

0:36:500:36:54

Looks wonderful, what age is this?

0:36:540:36:56

Well, it's a very special age.

0:36:560:36:59

-It's your birth year.

-1953.

0:36:590:37:02

1953. It's a Martinez 1953. A very rare wine.

0:37:020:37:06

We only have six in our cellar.

0:37:060:37:08

My goodness, what a privilege.

0:37:080:37:10

This has to be done quite carefully

0:37:100:37:12

because the cork, clearly, is an old one.

0:37:120:37:16

Oh, yes. Anything from 1953 is very decrepit, I assure you.

0:37:160:37:20

-There we are.

-Well done.

0:37:210:37:24

Thanks to the added brandy,

0:37:240:37:25

port can be aged much longer than most wines.

0:37:250:37:28

One of the oldest vintages to be sold was over 150 years old.

0:37:280:37:34

The colour is just wonderful.

0:37:340:37:37

I get some scents of tobacco.

0:37:370:37:39

-Definitely.

-And also nuts.

0:37:390:37:41

It's quite amazing, because it's still got quite a lot of fruit

0:37:410:37:43

for a wine of this age, it's amazing. And look at the colour, fantastic.

0:37:430:37:49

I think, let's take a sip.

0:37:490:37:50

-It's glorious.

-Velvety.

0:37:550:37:57

1953 was a great year.

0:37:590:38:00

With the taste of port still on my lips,

0:38:070:38:10

I'm continuing my journey into its history,

0:38:100:38:13

eastwards down the Douro valley on the Linha do Douro.

0:38:130:38:16

It's been described as Portugal's best train ride.

0:38:210:38:25

And I'm getting a front row seat.

0:38:250:38:28

Bom dia.

0:38:350:38:37

Oh, yes, this is a fantastic view,

0:38:390:38:42

As the railway line snakes along the banks of the river,

0:38:420:38:47

it's really a very, very impressive valley.

0:38:470:38:50

The steep sides, of course, covered in vines producing the port,

0:38:500:38:55

and the other great wines of the Douro.

0:38:550:38:57

The arrival of the railway transformed the port trade.

0:39:120:39:17

Paul Symington's ancestors witnessed its impact.

0:39:170:39:20

So, your family has been in the wine business quite a long time?

0:39:220:39:25

Yeah, my great-grandfather came here in 1882 as a very young lad.

0:39:250:39:29

He was only 18. He came from Scotland

0:39:290:39:31

and he had the very good fortune to marry a woman

0:39:310:39:34

who was half Portuguese, half English,

0:39:340:39:36

and her family had been in port since the 1700s, so we go back a long way.

0:39:360:39:41

It strikes me that this is one of the great railway rides in Europe.

0:39:410:39:45

When was this railway built?

0:39:450:39:47

1875, they started from Oporto

0:39:470:39:50

and got up to the frontier in the early 1880s

0:39:500:39:54

and that transformed the region.

0:39:540:39:56

Before that, presumably, the wines had been moving along the river.

0:39:560:40:00

Yes, right here, down this river.

0:40:000:40:02

But the river wasn't dammed then, so there were rapids

0:40:020:40:05

in many, many places, so there were huge disasters from time to time

0:40:050:40:09

because if these big boats with 40 barrels on board

0:40:090:40:12

got sideways in the tricky bit, that was, you know, chips. Game over.

0:40:120:40:16

For port-producing families,

0:40:190:40:21

the new line cut the travel time from Porto

0:40:210:40:24

over the treacherous mountains from three or four days

0:40:240:40:27

to around four hours.

0:40:270:40:29

But within a few years of my guidebook's publication,

0:40:310:40:34

this lifeline to the outside world

0:40:340:40:36

took on a bittersweet significance for Paul's family.

0:40:360:40:40

My grandfather, who was born in Oporto in 1895,

0:40:410:40:44

was in the British Army in the first war.

0:40:440:40:46

In 1916 he was in the trenches,

0:40:460:40:49

and he was told that his mother was dying.

0:40:490:40:52

And they gave him permission to come home,

0:40:520:40:54

so he went to London, Liverpool, Lisbon and then up by train

0:40:540:40:57

and he was only allowed four days in Oporto to see his mother

0:40:570:41:00

and I've got his diary and he writes in it that he got on this train

0:41:000:41:05

at six o'clock in the morning, from Sao Bento, where you got on today,

0:41:050:41:08

and he writes in it,

0:41:080:41:09

"May God damn in hell the people responsible for this war.

0:41:090:41:12

"I will never see my mother again."

0:41:120:41:14

And he never did. She died about ten days later.

0:41:140:41:16

I could stay watching the stunning Douro countryside unroll,

0:41:290:41:34

but I'm leaving the train to explore the Symington estate.

0:41:340:41:37

And here we are at Vesuvio, a quinta,

0:41:410:41:43

which is the Portuguese for a wine estate.

0:41:430:41:46

That is absolutely beautiful.

0:41:460:41:49

In vineyards like this, the story of port begins,

0:41:560:42:00

and it's an awe-inspiring sight.

0:42:000:42:03

Protected by mountains, the region has its own microclimate,

0:42:030:42:06

warmer and drier than the surrounding area

0:42:060:42:09

which contributes to the fruity richness of the wine.

0:42:090:42:13

This is a really important time of year for us

0:42:130:42:15

because the flowering will take place sometime in the next week

0:42:150:42:18

to ten days and the fruit doesn't set if the flowering is done

0:42:180:42:24

under damp conditions, and we can lose 20, 30% of the crop,

0:42:240:42:28

so what we really want is nice, warm, dry weather

0:42:280:42:32

to bring the flowering on. We've already got the little buds here,

0:42:320:42:35

and that will be a lovely bunch of grapes one day.

0:42:350:42:38

As evening draws in, I'll be keeping my fingers firmly crossed.

0:42:410:42:45

After a peaceful night in the Douro Valley,

0:42:570:42:59

I'm now swapping the countryside

0:42:590:43:01

for one of Portugal's most ancient cities.

0:43:010:43:04

My next stop will be Coimbra,

0:43:120:43:14

which Bradshaw's tells me stands on a hill by the River Mondego.

0:43:140:43:19

"The situation and climate have always been extolled.

0:43:190:43:22

"The university library contains

0:43:220:43:24

"100,000 volumes and many manuscripts."

0:43:240:43:28

Which makes a good case for a hide-bound old book lover like me

0:43:280:43:32

to visit.

0:43:320:43:33

The beautiful city of Coimbra was once Portugal's capital

0:43:400:43:44

and its ancient buildings reveal its long and illustrious history.

0:43:440:43:48

The university, founded in 1290 in Lisbon,

0:43:500:43:54

moved here in the 16th century,

0:43:540:43:56

and, by the time of the railways,

0:43:560:43:58

witnessed an Anglo-Portuguese exchange of ideas

0:43:580:44:01

every bit as vigorous as the trade in wine.

0:44:010:44:04

Carlos Fiolhais is showing me round the world-famous library.

0:44:090:44:13

Carlos, this is the most fantastic building

0:44:140:44:17

-but it reminds me more of a church than a library.

-Yes.

0:44:170:44:21

But it's not a church, we may call it a temple,

0:44:210:44:24

but it's a temple of books.

0:44:240:44:25

It was built at the beginning of the 18th century,

0:44:250:44:28

at the time of the Enlightenment.

0:44:280:44:31

The library's grandeur reflects the wealth then pouring into Portugal

0:44:310:44:35

from its colony Brazil, rich in gold and diamonds.

0:44:350:44:40

At the time, Portuguese thinkers were being influenced

0:44:400:44:42

by British Enlightenment figures such as Isaac Newton.

0:44:420:44:47

But later, technology injected new life into academia in Coimbra.

0:44:470:44:52

Do the railways have an impact on the transfer of ideas?

0:44:520:44:55

Oh, tremendous impact.

0:44:550:44:57

It was in the middle of the 19th century,

0:44:570:45:00

so later on, and the train arrived to Coimbra in 1864.

0:45:000:45:06

And there was a connection to France

0:45:060:45:08

and to central Europe and to England.

0:45:080:45:10

It was not only a symbol of progress, the train,

0:45:100:45:13

it was really progress.

0:45:130:45:14

The railway carried radical new ideas to the university,

0:45:150:45:19

including Darwin's theory of evolution.

0:45:190:45:21

An important Portuguese writer, he wrote that,

0:45:230:45:25

every day a torrent of new ideas was coming here as the new sun,

0:45:250:45:29

and this is indeed a nice expression of what was happening at that time.

0:45:290:45:34

That's a lovely idea, that the train was bringing a torrent of ideas,

0:45:340:45:39

every day a new dawn, every day a new sun. Precisely.

0:45:390:45:43

Coimbra is still one of Portugal's most prestigious universities,

0:45:470:45:51

and when its students aren't studying hard, they're making music.

0:45:510:45:55

The university is famous for its version of Fado,

0:45:550:45:58

a Portuguese form of music full of mournful longing.

0:45:580:46:01

THEY SING IN PORTUGUESE

0:46:050:46:07

That was so beautiful.

0:47:130:47:15

So beautifully sung and so beautifully played. So sad.

0:47:150:47:19

You've stolen my heart and left it in Coimbra. Thank you, Maestro.

0:47:190:47:22

Thank you very much.

0:47:220:47:23

My 1913 guide is now steering me towards my last Portuguese stop

0:47:320:47:38

as I race towards Lisbon on one of Portugal's modern high-speed trains.

0:47:380:47:42

By the turn of the 20th century,

0:47:440:47:47

Portugal had invested heavily in its railways.

0:47:470:47:50

But sadly, this had failed to bring the hoped-for prosperity.

0:47:500:47:55

Instead, overspending on public works including railways

0:47:550:47:59

had brought the state close to financial ruin.

0:47:590:48:03

There were tumultuous times ahead in Portuguese politics.

0:48:030:48:06

I'm alighting in the capital to trace the story.

0:48:060:48:09

This is Rossio station.

0:48:120:48:14

Bradshaw's tells me that it's at the heart of Lisbon

0:48:140:48:17

and that express trains used to arrive here from Spain and France.

0:48:170:48:22

A century ago, the gateway to Portugal was changing

0:48:220:48:25

from the seaport to this beautiful terminus.

0:48:250:48:28

British tourists were following in the footsteps

0:48:380:48:41

of King Edward VII, who had come to Lisbon on a state visit in 1903.

0:48:410:48:47

Warmly received by his relation King Carlos,

0:48:470:48:50

after the trip, this park was renamed in Edward's honour.

0:48:500:48:53

It was a measure of the longevity of the special relationship

0:48:550:48:59

between Britain and Portugal.

0:48:590:49:01

But by the 1900s, the balance of power had shifted.

0:49:010:49:05

Britain now ruled the waves,

0:49:050:49:07

and the Portuguese Empire was much diminished.

0:49:070:49:10

For a bird's eye view of the city

0:49:130:49:15

whose ships had colonised Brazil, India and beyond,

0:49:150:49:19

Edwardian tourists could travel in this remarkable lift,

0:49:190:49:22

opened in 1902.

0:49:220:49:23

"Lisbon," says Bradshaw's, "is pre-eminent

0:49:280:49:31

"for the natural beauty of its situation,

0:49:310:49:33

"lying in and upon an amphitheatre of hills.

0:49:330:49:38

"Regarded from the sea,

0:49:380:49:40

"the city seems to rise in picturesque terraces.

0:49:400:49:43

"Lisbon is poised on the edge of ocean,

0:49:430:49:46

"peering towards the Americas."

0:49:460:49:48

During Portugal's 15th and 16th-century golden age,

0:49:560:49:59

the launch pad for its seafaring explorers was the harbour at Belem,

0:49:590:50:04

protected by this extraordinary fortress, completed in 1521.

0:50:040:50:08

I'm seeking out another attraction of the Belem quarter,

0:50:130:50:17

on a form of transport familiar to the Edwardian traveller.

0:50:170:50:20

Bradshaw's tells me that inclined railways

0:50:250:50:28

connect the upper and lower parts of the city.

0:50:280:50:31

In this, as in so many other things,

0:50:310:50:34

my ancient guidebook remains reliable.

0:50:340:50:36

Belem is the birthplace of Pasteis de nata,

0:50:480:50:51

the custard tarts which have become Portugal's national sweetmeat.

0:50:510:50:55

-Dulce.

-Hello, Michael. How are you?

0:50:570:50:59

'I'm hearing their story from pastry chef Dulce Roque,

0:50:590:51:03

'who's worked at this pasteleria for 37 years.'

0:51:030:51:06

Apparently, the cakes were invented by local monks and nuns.

0:51:070:51:11

What are the main ingredients?

0:51:130:51:15

The main ingredients, I don't know, because it is a secret.

0:51:150:51:18

A secret recipe, but I can tell you about milk and flour

0:51:180:51:23

and sugar and butter and eggs, that are very important because

0:51:230:51:29

the nuns, of the monasteries, used to use the egg whites

0:51:290:51:33

as starch for their robes.

0:51:330:51:34

The egg yolks they use for making sweets.

0:51:340:51:37

In the 1830s, Portugal abolished its monasteries,

0:51:390:51:42

and monks from the nearby Jeronimo monastery, seeking a living,

0:51:420:51:46

began to sell tarts in this shop.

0:51:460:51:48

Soon after, the shop started manufacturing them

0:51:490:51:52

to the monks' original recipe.

0:51:520:51:54

This is the puff pastry.

0:51:550:51:57

She is cutting the puff pastry into little pieces.

0:51:570:52:01

Now, you are going to cut a little piece, aren't you?

0:52:010:52:03

Yes, please. I'd love to have a go at that.

0:52:030:52:06

Yes, and you stretch and you pull, and stretch...

0:52:060:52:09

SHE SPEAKS PORTUGUESE

0:52:100:52:12

-Round it. Make it round. Yeah.

-Make it round.

0:52:120:52:15

The buttery puff pastry case is what makes a pastel de nata

0:52:160:52:21

different from an English custard tart.

0:52:210:52:23

I'm cutting them a bit too big.

0:52:270:52:28

She says it ought to be like the top of my thumb

0:52:280:52:31

but I'm quite worried about leaving the top of my thumb in the mix.

0:52:310:52:34

-Nice, nice, nice.

-Thank you.

0:52:340:52:36

The pastry case has to be thin enough that it cooks through

0:52:390:52:42

before the delicate custard curdles.

0:52:420:52:45

-What do you think?

-Good. Very good.

-Is that one all right?

0:52:450:52:49

-Yes.

-You're just going to perfect it, I know.

0:52:490:52:52

The recipe for the custard itself is so closely guarded

0:52:570:53:00

that even the pastry cooks aren't allowed to see it being made.

0:53:000:53:05

Once it's piped into the cases,

0:53:050:53:06

the tarts go into a fiercely hot oven

0:53:060:53:09

before being carried straight to the shop,

0:53:090:53:11

where as many as 18,000 go on sale every day.

0:53:110:53:14

Will you have one?

0:53:230:53:24

I will, but we have to sprinkle first with cinnamon.

0:53:240:53:27

And, as the cinnamon is a sour spice,

0:53:290:53:34

then we sprinkle, to cut the sourness, with icing sugar.

0:53:340:53:38

Mmm, magnificent custard.

0:53:430:53:45

Lovely pastry, and the taste of cinnamon on the top,

0:53:450:53:48

that's wonderful.

0:53:480:53:49

Perhaps this one, you made. Who knows?

0:53:490:53:53

That's so good.

0:53:560:53:57

Having sampled Lisbon's cafe culture,

0:54:030:54:06

Edwardian tourists were refuelled

0:54:060:54:08

and ready to press on with their sightseeing.

0:54:080:54:10

A must-see was the Praca do Comercio,

0:54:120:54:15

described in Bradshaw's as the centre of Lisbon life.

0:54:150:54:18

But while they admired the handsome architecture, readers were reminded

0:54:200:54:24

that just five years before their guide was published,

0:54:240:54:26

on the 1st of February, 1908,

0:54:260:54:29

events unfolded here that devastated the Portuguese monarchy.

0:54:290:54:33

I'm hearing the story from Rui Ramos of the University of Lisbon.

0:54:330:54:37

So, the royal family is returning to Lisbon

0:54:390:54:42

after a fortnight in the country.

0:54:420:54:44

They arrived at a station on the other side of the river

0:54:440:54:47

and then they take a boat into Lisbon.

0:54:470:54:50

They disembark near this square,

0:54:500:54:52

where they get into an open carriage.

0:54:520:54:54

They progress into the square with no guards.

0:54:540:54:59

And in the square, there are a group of armed republicans

0:54:590:55:02

that were looking for the Prime Minister.

0:55:020:55:04

They didn't find the Prime Minister,

0:55:040:55:06

but they suddenly see the royal family in front of them

0:55:060:55:10

and they take advantage of it.

0:55:100:55:11

They kill the king.

0:55:110:55:13

They wounded the crown prince that later dies.

0:55:130:55:16

The youngest son, future King Manuel II,

0:55:160:55:19

escapes with a wound to the arm,

0:55:190:55:22

so in five minutes they almost wiped out the entire royal family.

0:55:220:55:27

So, this square was the scene of appalling horror.

0:55:270:55:30

King Carlos's death was the culmination

0:55:340:55:36

of a century of political upheaval.

0:55:360:55:38

Since the early 1800s,

0:55:380:55:40

liberals had sought to limit the monarchy's powers,

0:55:400:55:43

while by the early 20th century,

0:55:430:55:45

shaky finances and the decline of Portugal's Empire

0:55:450:55:48

had brought public discontent to fever pitch.

0:55:480:55:51

The killings sparked outrage in Britain,

0:55:520:55:55

especially from King Carlos's relative, King Edward VII.

0:55:550:55:58

Meanwhile, 18-year-old Manuel ascended the throne,

0:55:590:56:03

but his lack of experience soon brought the monarchy

0:56:030:56:06

to crisis point.

0:56:060:56:08

From 1908 to 1910, there is this succession of very weak governments.

0:56:080:56:13

Parties splitting, ministers falling one after the other,

0:56:130:56:17

until the king has this bright idea of appealing to the left.

0:56:170:56:21

Now, with that appeal to the left, he didn't convince the left,

0:56:210:56:25

but he managed to have the conservatives

0:56:250:56:29

against the monarchy too.

0:56:290:56:30

So, when the republicans make their move against the monarchy,

0:56:300:56:35

there was no-one to defend the monarchy,

0:56:350:56:37

and on the 5th of October, 1910, on that morning,

0:56:370:56:40

the Portuguese republic is proclaimed

0:56:400:56:42

from this balcony to a half full square.

0:56:420:56:46

Viva a republica.

0:56:470:56:49

In a further twist, Manuel fled the country, seeking asylum in Britain.

0:56:530:56:59

He lived the rest of his days in Richmond and Twickenham,

0:56:590:57:02

where he adopted the lifestyle of an English aristocrat.

0:57:020:57:05

It was the final chapter in the relationship

0:57:070:57:10

of the Portuguese and British royalty,

0:57:100:57:12

united since the days of Richard II.

0:57:120:57:15

A century ago, the traveller knew that, long before the railways,

0:57:180:57:21

the Atlantic Ocean bound together

0:57:210:57:24

the bagpipe playing Celts of the British Isles and Galicia.

0:57:240:57:28

The Atlantic was no limit for Portugal.

0:57:280:57:31

England's oldest ally discovered and colonised land on three continents,

0:57:310:57:36

and built this Belem Tower to defend its harbour.

0:57:360:57:40

The British, Spanish and Portuguese empires are no more,

0:57:400:57:44

and the kings and queens who made alliances have passed into history.

0:57:440:57:49

But on this journey, I've sensed a welcome rooted in long friendship.

0:57:490:57:54

'Next time, I'll visit the holy sites in Jerusalem...

0:57:580:58:01

'..discover how the Holy Land left a mark on British royals...'

0:58:040:58:08

-You're telling me that British kings were tattooed?

-Yes.

0:58:080:58:13

'..and follow in the footsteps of a celebrated British hero.'

0:58:130:58:17

And up we go.

0:58:170:58:18

Wow. What sort of targets does T E Lawrence select?

0:58:190:58:23

He blows up substantial sections of the Hejaz Railway.

0:58:230:58:27

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