Pennod 8 ‹ 100 Lle

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-In this episode of 100 Lle, we visit -Tretower in the old Brecknockshire.	0:00:24	0:00:29
-We talk about photographs -of Cardigan taken by Marian Delyth.	0:00:30	0:00:34
-I'll look -at the attractions of Brecon...	0:00:35	0:00:38
-..before joining Dr John Davies at -Garn Goch and Carreg Cennen Castle.	0:00:38	0:00:44
-There is no more beautiful sight...	0:00:46	0:00:49
-..than the approach to Llandeilo -across the bridge from Ffair-fach.	0:00:49	0:00:54
-I should know - I live here!	0:00:54	0:00:56
-We're standing in the cemetery -in the centre of Llandeilo, John.	0:01:14	0:01:18
-This cemetery was split in two -by a new road in the 19th century.	0:01:19	0:01:24
-Its size suggests that it has been -a sacred place for centuries.	0:01:25	0:01:30
-Its circular shape suggests -it had ritual significance...	0:01:32	0:01:37
-..even before -the birth of Christianity.	0:01:37	0:01:40
-Llandeilo is, of course, -named after Saint Teilo.	0:01:41	0:01:45
-He was one of the great saints -of the Celtic and Welsh tradition.	0:01:45	0:01:50
-Like Saint David, -Teilo was a 6th century saint.	0:01:50	0:01:53
-By the 12th century, 25 Welsh parish -churches were dedicated to Teilo...	0:01:53	0:01:59
-..but there was only one -Llandeilo Fawr, or Great Llandeilo.	0:01:59	0:02:03
-The people of Llandeilo love paint!	0:02:04	0:02:07
-Llandeilo is almost as attractive -as Aberaeron and Llandovery!	0:02:08	0:02:13
-It's definitely improving!	0:02:13	0:02:15
-Thank you!	0:02:15	0:02:17
-The main attraction at St Teilo's -Church is the exhibition...	0:02:19	0:02:23
-..covering the history and contents -of the St Chad Gospels.	0:02:24	0:02:29
-This 9th century book is now kept -at St Chad's Cathedral, Lichfield.	0:02:29	0:02:34
-It's believed that the altar -at Llandeilo was its original home.	0:02:34	0:02:38
-This is how the book looks. -We can turn its 236 pages.	0:02:40	0:02:43
-It consists of the Latin text -of the gospels of Matthew and Mark...	0:02:43	0:02:48
-..and part of that of Luke.	0:02:48	0:02:50
-Some believe that this document -was compiled here in Llandeilo.	0:02:50	0:02:55
-Parts of it are so similar to what -was compiled on Lindisfarne...	0:02:55	0:03:00
-..that it may come from the school -based on Ireland and Lindisfarne.	0:03:00	0:03:04
-That's probably where it originated, -but it came to Llandeilo.	0:03:04	0:03:09
-Or, at least, -it came to the altar of St Teilo...	0:03:10	0:03:14
-..which some interpret -as a reference to Llandaff.	0:03:14	0:03:17
-Notes in the margins -suggest connections with this area...	0:03:17	0:03:22
-..so I believe it was kept -on the altar in Llandeilo.	0:03:22	0:03:26
-They copied manuscripts -in St David's at the time...	0:03:26	0:03:29
-..but nothing of this standard -has survived...	0:03:30	0:03:33
-..from any other part of Wales, -other than Llandeilo Fawr.	0:03:33	0:03:37
-Did they swear oaths -on this document?	0:03:38	0:03:40
-Yes, you placed your hand upon it -to swear an oath.	0:03:41	0:03:44
-Paper had disappeared from western -Europe by the ninth century...	0:03:44	0:03:49
-..so they used treated calves' skin -as writing material.	0:03:49	0:03:53
-It was expensive stuff...	0:03:54	0:03:55
-..so if there was a blank space, -they'd write on that as well.	0:03:56	0:04:00
-Things such as land deeds -were written in the margins.	0:04:00	0:04:04
-You can see the pages turn -and they're all beautifully neat...	0:04:04	0:04:08
-..but later in the book, -the space at the end of a chapter...	0:04:08	0:04:13
-..has been used to make notes.	0:04:13	0:04:15
-Interestingly, the notes -are written in Welsh.	0:04:15	0:04:19
-It's in the local dialect -and records a land dispute.	0:04:20	0:04:24
-Later in the book, -the notes are in English.	0:04:24	0:04:27
-That suggests -it was taken to England...	0:04:27	0:04:31
-..where they carried on scribbling.	0:04:31	0:04:33
-This is among the earliest surviving -examples of written Welsh.	0:04:33	0:04:37
-It's now in Lichfield -and that's wrong.	0:04:38	0:04:40
-Dinefwr Park, which stands -above Llandeilo...	0:04:50	0:04:53
-..was probably the chief centre -of the kingdom of Ystrad Tywi.	0:04:53	0:04:58
-According to some, the kingdom -existed during Teilo's lifetime.	0:04:59	0:05:04
-This is Dinefwr Castle.	0:05:08	0:05:09
-It's fair to say this isn't -the first building erected here.	0:05:09	0:05:14
-No, an Iron Age fortress -and two Roman fortresses stood here.	0:05:15	0:05:20
-This was always seen -as a strategic stronghold.	0:05:20	0:05:23
-Dinefwr borders Llandeilo...	0:05:24	0:05:26
-..and Llandeilo had grown -as a spiritual centre.	0:05:26	0:05:30
-The military centre -must have been in Dinefwr.	0:05:30	0:05:34
-This castle was commissioned -in the 12th century.	0:05:35	0:05:38
-Work was completed -in the 13th century.	0:05:38	0:05:41
-Lord Rhys and his descendants -carried out the work.	0:05:41	0:05:45
-The round keep was built -by descendants of Lord Rhys...	0:05:45	0:05:50
-..and it was completed -in around 1240.	0:05:50	0:05:53
-A belvedere was built -on top of the keep in around 1660.	0:05:53	0:05:58
-This was built -by the Rhys or Rice family...	0:05:58	0:06:02
-..that later held -the Dynevor peerage.	0:06:02	0:06:06
-This is the only place to see -Welsh sovereignty built in stone.	0:06:06	0:06:10
-The jewel in the crown of the castle -and of Newton House is this park.	0:06:23	0:06:29
-Yes, and this is -a very interesting park.	0:06:29	0:06:33
-There was a Welsh borough -on the slopes near the castle.	0:06:33	0:06:37
-That borough disappeared...	0:06:37	0:06:40
-..but Newton House still stands.	0:06:41	0:06:44
-There were two Roman fortresses -beyond it.	0:06:44	0:06:47
-The woodlands are splendid.	0:06:47	0:06:50
-They were landscaped -by Capability Brown...	0:06:51	0:06:54
-..in the 18th century.	0:06:54	0:06:56
-Some say that he worked hard here...	0:06:56	0:06:58
-..but rumour has it he spent -most of his time drinking wine!	0:06:59	0:07:03
-Local people -take great pride in this park.	0:07:05	0:07:08
-You're a local. Do you see the park -as part of your heritage?	0:07:08	0:07:12
-Yes - it belongs to us.	0:07:12	0:07:13
-Yes - it belongs to us. - -Absolutely.	0:07:13	0:07:15
-Next, to Tretower, Brecknockshire.	0:07:32	0:07:34
-This is the best place to study -the evolution of the dwellings...	0:07:35	0:07:39
-..of the powerful families -of medieval Wales.	0:07:39	0:07:43
-A motte was built -by one of the knights...	0:07:43	0:07:46
-..assisting Bernard de Neufmarche...	0:07:46	0:07:49
-..in the task of destroying -the kingdom of Brycheiniog.	0:07:49	0:07:53
-What we see here -is 300 years of history.	0:07:53	0:07:56
-Monsieur Picard came here -in the 11th century...	0:07:56	0:08:00
-..and he built the motte.	0:08:00	0:08:02
-He also built a timber palisade, -or a timber castle, around it.	0:08:02	0:08:06
-It was a wooden curtain wall, -in effect.	0:08:07	0:08:10
-Fifty years later, his son, John, -built a stone curtain wall.	0:08:11	0:08:15
-Then, in the 13th century...	0:08:15	0:08:17
-..the curtain walls -were demolished...	0:08:17	0:08:20
-..and the motte was surrounded -by a tall masonry tower.	0:08:21	0:08:25
-This gave Tretower its name, -of course.	0:08:26	0:08:28
-As time went on, -enemies faded away...	0:08:29	0:08:32
-..and the family didn't need -a fortified castle.	0:08:32	0:08:36
-That's when the priority shifted -from a fortified home...	0:08:37	0:08:41
-..to a more sophisticated dwelling, -Tretower Court.	0:08:41	0:08:45
-This is the best example in Wales -of a 15th century gentry house.	0:08:48	0:08:53
-When you look at the rooms, -it's easy to see why a hall house...	0:08:53	0:08:58
-..was more appealing than the tower -and the castle.	0:08:58	0:09:02
-This is the guest wing -and this was the guest lounge.	0:09:03	0:09:07
-Guests would sleep at the far end -of what is now one long room.	0:09:07	0:09:12
-The wooden partition walls -have disappeared.	0:09:12	0:09:16
-There was a partition wall here.	0:09:16	0:09:18
-The beams on this side -of the room were painted red...	0:09:19	0:09:22
-..but were plain on the other side, -so they were two separate rooms.	0:09:23	0:09:27
-Leaves had been painted -in the two corner quadrants.	0:09:28	0:09:33
-That suggests -this was an ornate room.	0:09:33	0:09:36
-You get a stronger suggestion -of just how ornate it was...	0:09:37	0:09:41
-..downstairs in the great hall.	0:09:41	0:09:44
-These are the sorts of ornate, -decorative touches I mean.	0:10:00	0:10:04
-This colourful piece -is a copy, of course...	0:10:04	0:10:07
-..but it's the kind of thing -that was here originally.	0:10:08	0:10:12
-The decorative ceiling -adds to the hall's sumptuous feel.	0:10:12	0:10:17
-The wind braces -add something to the room.	0:10:17	0:10:20
-Tretower has been restored to its -15th century glory, through Cadw.	0:10:25	0:10:30
-It deserves its place among the -100 places to see before you die.	0:10:31	0:10:36
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-This week, Marian Delyth's camera...	0:10:49	0:10:52
-..focuses on the events -and traditions of Cardigan.	0:10:52	0:10:57
-In the book, John says...	0:11:01	0:11:03
-..that 300 ships were registered -in the port of Cardigan in 1816.	0:11:04	0:11:09
-Both banks of the river -were lined with warehouses.	0:11:12	0:11:16
-Having heard that, it's natural -for us to start with this image...	0:11:16	0:11:21
-..of the river -running through Cardigan.	0:11:21	0:11:25
-Yes, it puts the place -in its context.	0:11:25	0:11:28
-It's a record of the importance -of the river.	0:11:28	0:11:31
-The small photograph shows -two warehouses that still stand.	0:11:32	0:11:37
-I've tried to include -a variety of images in the book.	0:11:46	0:11:50
-Where there was an opportunity -to include shots of people...	0:11:50	0:11:55
-..I seized that opportunity.	0:11:55	0:11:57
-There was ample opportunity -in Cardigan.	0:11:58	0:12:01
-Barley Saturday -is such an important event.	0:12:02	0:12:05
-The highlight of the day...	0:12:05	0:12:07
-..is when the horses, which have -been judged during the day...	0:12:07	0:12:12
-..run through the streets.	0:12:12	0:12:14
-Thousands of people -come out to watch them.	0:12:15	0:12:18
-The town comes alive.	0:12:20	0:12:22
-I think it's a very exciting event.	0:12:22	0:12:24
-I've attended Barley Saturday -several times.	0:12:24	0:12:28
-I wanted to express -that atmosphere in my photographs.	0:12:28	0:12:33
-This is the photograph -I eventually chose.	0:12:36	0:12:39
-It fills a whole page in the book.	0:12:40	0:12:42
-It expresses the excitement -and the tension of the event.	0:12:42	0:12:46
-It's no easy task to lead -strong horses through the streets.	0:12:47	0:12:51
-There's a performance area -on the riverbank in Cardigan.	0:12:55	0:13:00
-Yes, it was redeveloped recently.	0:13:00	0:13:03
-It's a wonderful space -in which to hold events.	0:13:04	0:13:07
-A poem by Ceri Wyn Jones -has been carved into the stone.	0:13:07	0:13:11
-The Welsh National Folk Dance -Society was in Cardigan that day...	0:13:11	0:13:17
-..to celebrate its 60th anniversary.	0:13:17	0:13:20
-As I recorded that event...	0:13:22	0:13:24
-..I also spotted a tiny detail, -as you can see here.	0:13:24	0:13:28
-As I take photographs, my eye -is often drawn to a minute detail.	0:13:31	0:13:36
-It could be a busy scene, -but I'll pick up on something small.	0:13:37	0:13:41
-I like the pattern of the lace -against the pattern of the pavement.	0:13:42	0:13:47
-It's not in the book because -it says nothing about Cardigan...	0:13:47	0:13:52
-..but I'm fond of it as an image.	0:13:54	0:13:56
-It's wonderful.	0:13:56	0:13:58
-Welcome to Brecon.	0:14:07	0:14:08
-This Norman town was built -in the 11th century...	0:14:08	0:14:12
-..by Bernard de Neufmarche, -William the Conqueror's brother.	0:14:12	0:14:17
-Much has happened in Brecon -since then.	0:14:17	0:14:21
-De Neufmarche chose rising land -on the River Honddu's west bank...	0:14:24	0:14:29
-..for his castle, -his fortified town and his church.	0:14:30	0:14:34
-This trio was central to the power -of the Marcher Lords.	0:14:34	0:14:38
-The church was moved -to the top of the hill.	0:14:39	0:14:41
-The priory is now the cathedral -of the Diocese of Swansea & Brecon.	0:14:42	0:14:47
-There was a church in the castle, -but this Benedictine priory...	0:14:53	0:14:58
-..was moved north of the castle -and had its own fortifications.	0:14:59	0:15:03
-This happened in around 1200.	0:15:04	0:15:06
-It took 150 years -to build this church.	0:15:06	0:15:09
-It sounds like a long time...	0:15:09	0:15:11
-..but isn't long at all -in terms of cathedrals.	0:15:12	0:15:15
-Apart from some minor changes -carried out in Victorian times...	0:15:26	0:15:30
-..this is amazingly untouched.	0:15:31	0:15:33
-Incredibly, the buildings -linked with the priory...	0:15:33	0:15:37
-..survived the Dissolution -of the Monasteries.	0:15:38	0:15:41
-When it became a cathedral -during the 20th century...	0:15:41	0:15:46
-..it offered a home for the dean -and an administrative centre.	0:15:46	0:15:51
-Unlike many other Welsh towns...	0:16:24	0:16:26
-..Brecon spread eastwards -rather than westwards.	0:16:27	0:16:30
-The town centre is now in the area -around St Mary's Church.	0:16:30	0:16:34
-There's evidence within the church -that it is a Norman building...	0:16:35	0:16:39
-..but that's a military tower, -which isn't original to the church.	0:16:40	0:16:45
-The canal basin is worth a visit.	0:16:51	0:16:53
-You can imagine the barges...	0:16:53	0:16:55
-..that brought new life -to Brecon in the 1790s.	0:16:55	0:16:59
-You can also visit -a special military building.	0:17:00	0:17:03
-Before you leave Brecon...	0:17:03	0:17:05
-..the South Wales Borderers Museum -is worth a visit.	0:17:06	0:17:10
-Among the exhibits is the tale -of the Battle of Rorke's Drift.	0:17:11	0:17:17
-That's the battle -featured in the film Zulu.	0:17:18	0:17:21
-Exhibited in this museum -are Victoria Crosses...	0:17:21	0:17:25
-..awarded to soldiers -who took part in that battle.	0:17:25	0:17:29
-This one belonged to -Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead.	0:17:29	0:17:34
-He was the character played -by Michael Caine in the film.	0:17:34	0:17:41
-If you wanted to buy -these two medals today...	0:17:42	0:17:46
-..you'd have to part with 500,000.	0:17:46	0:17:50
-But this is their home -and they'll stay here in Brecon.	0:17:50	0:17:55
-Above Bethlehem, near Llangadog, -is the largest hill fort in Wales.	0:18:17	0:18:21
-The Iron Age fort of Garn Goch.	0:18:21	0:18:24
-If the reason -for building a fort on a hill...	0:18:36	0:18:39
-..is being able to see easily -in all directions...	0:18:40	0:18:43
-..Garn Goch certainly ticks the box.	0:18:43	0:18:47
-Yes, and it's a very large hill fort.	0:18:47	0:18:50
-It covers an area of around 30 acres.	0:18:50	0:18:53
-It's the largest hill fort in Wales.	0:18:54	0:18:57
-It's 1.5 miles around its perimeter.	0:18:57	0:19:00
-There are nine openings -such as this one in the walls.	0:19:00	0:19:04
-They allow people to go in and out.	0:19:04	0:19:06
-There may have been -some sort of gate here...	0:19:07	0:19:10
-..to keep out the enemy.	0:19:10	0:19:12
-Its sheer size is very striking.	0:19:12	0:19:15
-If there were houses -in every part of the fort...	0:19:16	0:19:19
-..it was even bigger than Llandeilo!	0:19:19	0:19:22
-No detailed research -has been carried out here.	0:19:22	0:19:26
-Until the National Park workers -cut the bracken recently...	0:19:26	0:19:31
-..you couldn't see a thing here.	0:19:31	0:19:33
-Some outstanding work -has been done recently.	0:19:33	0:19:37
-Having said that, there were -very few large hill forts...	0:19:37	0:19:41
-..in the territory of the Demetae -in south-west Wales.	0:19:41	0:19:45
-There was once an assumption -that the Demetae were smallholders...	0:19:45	0:19:50
-..and that there was -no central authority.	0:19:50	0:19:54
-This was clearly -the Demetae's chief stronghold.	0:19:54	0:19:58
-The Demetae rulers lived here -around 300 years before Christ.	0:19:59	0:20:03
-It's an Iron Age hill fort, -making it almost 2,500 years old.	0:20:04	0:20:10
-If detailed archaeological work -was carried out here...	0:20:10	0:20:15
-..it would be one of the most -interesting locations in Wales.	0:20:15	0:20:20
-There's one more notable feature -on the slopes.	0:20:24	0:20:28
-A monolith -to commemorate Gwynfor Evans.	0:20:29	0:20:32
-Garn Goch was Gwynfor Evans's -favourite place in the world.	0:20:32	0:20:36
-His ashes were scattered here...	0:20:37	0:20:39
-..and this huge chunk of local stone -is a fitting memorial to him.	0:20:39	0:20:44
-I think he saw Garn Goch -as a symbol of Welsh sovereignty.	0:20:44	0:20:48
-He fought for that cause -all his life.	0:20:48	0:20:51
-It's a very noble memorial stone.	0:20:52	0:20:54
-On a limestone ridge almost 100m -above the River Cennen...	0:20:58	0:21:02
-..is one of Britain's most striking -and romantic sights.	0:21:03	0:21:08
-It was painted by Turner in 1798...	0:21:08	0:21:11
-..and it remains -a much-admired attraction.	0:21:11	0:21:15
-No castle in Wales filled the enemy -with quite as much dread...	0:21:16	0:21:20
-..as Carreg Cennen Castle.	0:21:20	0:21:22
-If I tried to attack it from the -bottom of the hill, I'd give up!	0:21:23	0:21:27
-This is the Welsh castle -in the most dramatic location.	0:21:28	0:21:32
-Caernarfon and Conwy castles -may be more elaborate...	0:21:32	0:21:35
-..but no Welsh castle -is in a location to compare to this.	0:21:36	0:21:40
-You can see it from miles away.	0:21:40	0:21:43
-This is the main landmark -of Carmarthenshire.	0:21:44	0:21:47
-It was originally a Welsh castle...	0:21:47	0:21:50
-..commissioned by the descendants -of Lord Rhys in the 13th century.	0:21:50	0:21:55
-It was the headquarters -of the district of Iscennen.	0:21:55	0:21:58
-The Deheubarth family lost its land -by the late 13th century.	0:21:59	0:22:04
-The castle was granted -to John Giffard, Lord of Llandovery.	0:22:05	0:22:10
-The castle you see today -was built by the Giffards...	0:22:10	0:22:13
-..between 1280 and 1322.	0:22:14	0:22:16
-After the Giffard period...	0:22:20	0:22:22
-..the castle passed to the Despenser -and Lancaster families.	0:22:22	0:22:28
-It then became a royal castle -and was targeted by Owain Glyndwr.	0:22:28	0:22:33
-He laid siege to it -and took the castle in 1403.	0:22:33	0:22:36
-He did extensive damage here.	0:22:37	0:22:39
-We know that 500 was spent -on repairs after the Revolt.	0:22:39	0:22:43
-That was a fortune -in the 15th century.	0:22:43	0:22:45
-The castle then became part -of the estate of the Earl of Cawdor.	0:22:46	0:22:50
-Carreg Cennen farm was sold -to its tenant in the 1970s.	0:22:50	0:22:54
-Somehow, the castle -was included in the sale.	0:22:55	0:23:00
-It was an error by Cawdor...	0:23:01	0:23:03
-..but the family is proud -to own Carreg Cennen Castle.	0:23:03	0:23:07
-I'd be proud too.	0:23:07	0:23:08
-S4C subtitles by Eirlys A Jones	0:23:43	0:23:45
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