Pennod 2 ‹ Llwybr yr Arfordir

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-The Pembrokeshire Coastal Path -National Trail...	0:00:36	0:00:39
-..stretches for more than 186 miles.	0:00:39	0:00:42
-Beginning in Amroth, -it will guide us...	0:00:42	0:00:45
-..to our journey's end -in St Dogmaels.	0:00:45	0:00:48
-Over the coming weeks, we'll visit -several different locations...	0:00:50	0:00:54
-..focusing on archaeology, geology, -wildlife and man's history.	0:00:55	0:01:00
-Joining me on my journey -is naturalist Elinor Gwynn...	0:01:02	0:01:06
-..and poet and scholar -Damian Walford Davies...	0:01:07	0:01:10
-..who enjoys looking back -through history.	0:01:10	0:01:14
-Today's journey along -the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path...	0:01:25	0:01:29
-..takes us from Manorbier and -its dramatic castle to Angle Bay.	0:01:29	0:01:34
-The name Manorbier -means manor of Pyr.	0:01:55	0:01:58
-Pyr established a hermit's cell -on Caldey Island...	0:01:59	0:02:03
-..in the sixth century.	0:02:03	0:02:06
-It later grew -into a monastic community.	0:02:06	0:02:09
-Unfortunately, Pyr drowned -in the sea off the island in 521.	0:02:09	0:02:14
-Manorbier is linked to someone -far more famous - Gerald of Wales.	0:02:14	0:02:19
-In one of his books, -he wrote that Dyfed...	0:02:20	0:02:23
-..is the most productive place -in Wales...	0:02:23	0:02:27
-..that Pembroke -is the prettiest part of Dyfed...	0:02:27	0:02:30
-..and that this is the most -pleasant place in Pembroke.	0:02:31	0:02:35
-It's no wonder he said that, -because he was born here.	0:02:36	0:02:40
-Gerald belonged -to an influential family.	0:02:55	0:02:58
-His father, William de Barri, -was a Norman knight...	0:02:59	0:03:02
-..who took his name -from Barry Island.	0:03:03	0:03:05
-His mother, Angharad, -was the daughter of Princess Nest.	0:03:06	0:03:10
-Because of these connections, -Gerald knew everyone.	0:03:10	0:03:13
-The kings of England, -the princes of Wales and the Pope.	0:03:13	0:03:17
-Growing up, Gerald's family -called him the little bishop.	0:03:37	0:03:41
-His Uncle David -was the Bishop of St David's.	0:03:42	0:03:45
-Gerald grew to be a remarkable man.	0:03:45	0:03:48
-He was self-righteous, -obsessional, energetic and complex.	0:03:48	0:03:53
-Although his brothers were happy -to be honourable Norman soldiers...	0:03:53	0:03:58
-..he preferred to embrace -his Welsh heritage.	0:03:58	0:04:02
-In 1188, -Gerald journeyed around Wales...	0:04:08	0:04:13
-..and wrote a book -about his travels.	0:04:13	0:04:16
-This is the first travel guide -to Wales.	0:04:16	0:04:19
-He describes everything he sees - -miracles, people and landscapes...	0:04:19	0:04:24
-..from picturesque Snowdonia -to his beloved Pembrokeshire.	0:04:24	0:04:29
-He was an international figure -in his day...	0:04:33	0:04:36
-..although the world -was smaller then.	0:04:36	0:04:38
-It was to a certain degree, -but he was an intrepid traveller.	0:04:39	0:04:43
-He received a church education -in Gloucester...	0:04:43	0:04:47
-..and later studied -at the University of Paris.	0:04:47	0:04:50
-He accompanied the king of England -on his travels...	0:04:50	0:04:54
-..he journeyed throughout Wales -and visited Rome three times.	0:04:54	0:04:58
-He saw a lot -of the Latin Christian world.	0:04:59	0:05:02
-He had designs on becoming -the Archbishop of St David's...	0:05:02	0:05:06
-..but essentially he was a cleric -who wanted to go far.	0:05:07	0:05:10
-He longed to be appointed -to a wealthy bishopric...	0:05:11	0:05:14
-..but these tended to be in England.	0:05:14	0:05:17
-He was offered four bishoprics...	0:05:17	0:05:21
-..two in Ireland, -as well as Bangor and St Asaph.	0:05:21	0:05:24
-He turned them all down.	0:05:25	0:05:27
-The second time he was nominated -as Bishop of St David's...	0:05:27	0:05:31
-..he was over 50 years old.	0:05:31	0:05:33
-He realized that the English -bishoprics were out of his reach.	0:05:33	0:05:37
-Instead, he focused on St David's -and made the most of it.	0:05:38	0:05:41
-He argued that the bishopric -of St David's...	0:05:42	0:05:45
-..should be the archbishopric -of Wales, which was ambitious.	0:05:45	0:05:50
-It was an ambition -that he failed to fulfil.	0:05:51	0:05:55
-He was three-quarters Norman -and coveted a bishopric in England.	0:05:55	0:06:01
-Why then is he called -Gerald of Wales?	0:06:01	0:06:04
-His Latin name, Giraldus Cambrensis, -is ambiguous.	0:06:04	0:06:08
-His English name is perhaps -more fitting - Gerald of Wales.	0:06:08	0:06:12
-Essentially, that's what he was.	0:06:13	0:06:16
-He came from Wales -but wasn't a true Welshman.	0:06:16	0:06:19
-He couldn't even speak Welsh.	0:06:19	0:06:21
-It's difficult to sum up -Gerald's trials and tribulations.	0:06:29	0:06:34
-He was a diplomat and theologian...	0:06:35	0:06:37
-..a prolific author -and tireless traveller.	0:06:37	0:06:40
-But one thing is certain.	0:06:41	0:06:43
-He was one of the most -charismatic characters...	0:06:43	0:06:46
-..of the turbulent Middle Ages.	0:06:47	0:06:49
-This is Stackpole National Nature -Reserve, south of Pembroke.	0:07:10	0:07:15
-I'm here today to catch a glimpse -of a rare creature.	0:07:16	0:07:19
-It's one of Wales's rarest bats.	0:07:19	0:07:22
-There are 69 species -of horseshoe bat...	0:07:34	0:07:37
-..five in Europe and two in Britain.	0:07:37	0:07:40
-Both the greater horseshoe bat...	0:07:40	0:07:43
-..and the lesser horseshoe bat -can be found in Stackpole.	0:07:43	0:07:46
-The greater horseshoe bat -is the rarer of the two.	0:07:47	0:07:50
-In terms of size and shape, -they resemble a fist...	0:07:50	0:07:54
-..and weigh -between 15 and 34 grams.	0:07:54	0:07:57
-Why are they called horseshoe bats?	0:08:03	0:08:05
-The folds around the nose -are shaped like a horseshoe.	0:08:06	0:08:11
-It's associated -with their predatory function.	0:08:12	0:08:15
-They emit ultrasound -from their nostrils.	0:08:15	0:08:19
-That hits their prey -as they fly around.	0:08:19	0:08:23
-The sound bounces back to the bat...	0:08:24	0:08:26
-..so they can track the location -of the creatures they want to hunt.	0:08:26	0:08:31
-During spring and summer, -females converge...	0:08:37	0:08:41
-..to give birth to their young, -one per adult female.	0:08:41	0:08:45
-Horseshoe bats mostly gravitate -towards fairly grand buildings...	0:08:47	0:08:52
-..those built before the 1900s...	0:08:52	0:08:55
-..with plenty of loft space -and slate roofs, usually.	0:08:55	0:09:00
-The various species of bat -eat different foods...	0:09:10	0:09:13
-..and hunt in different ways.	0:09:13	0:09:15
-Some hunt by flying -over grasslands...	0:09:16	0:09:19
-..and swooping down on prey.	0:09:20	0:09:22
-Some hide in the branches -of trees and pounce on prey...	0:09:22	0:09:26
-..as birds do.	0:09:26	0:09:28
-They're able to travel -long distances...	0:09:31	0:09:33
-..as much as 14km in a night -from their nursery roosts...	0:09:34	0:09:38
-..to find foraging habitats.	0:09:38	0:09:40
-There is a wealth -of unimproved grassland here.	0:09:41	0:09:44
-It teems with insects at night.	0:09:45	0:09:48
-It's 8.55pm and they're leaving -their roost in their droves.	0:10:12	0:10:17
-I'd forgotten -how large these bats are.	0:10:17	0:10:21
-Their wingspan -is around 14 inches.	0:10:21	0:10:25
-That's much bigger -than the lesser horseshoe.	0:10:25	0:10:29
-I've tuned in this monitor...	0:10:31	0:10:33
-..to a frequency of 83kHz -so that it picks up the bat noises.	0:10:34	0:10:38
-You can hear -their wonderful gargling sound.	0:10:38	0:10:41
-Only horseshoe bats emit this sound.	0:10:42	0:10:44
-Other species -make a clicking or ticking sound.	0:10:44	0:10:48
-It's a very distinctive -and pleasant sound.	0:10:48	0:10:51
-As a keen bat watcher, I've often -watched them leave their roosts...	0:11:00	0:11:05
-..and hibernate underground.	0:11:05	0:11:08
-But watching them like this -in the wild is captivating.	0:11:08	0:11:12
-They're like black eyelashes -fluttering in the darkness.	0:11:13	0:11:17
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-The dichotomy of the next location -on the coastal path...	0:11:53	0:11:57
-..has attracted Damian's attention.	0:11:57	0:12:00
-Linney Head is both unusual -and perplexing.	0:12:00	0:12:04
-Access to the shoreline -is restricted by the MOD.	0:12:04	0:12:09
-We have to turn our backs -on our old friend, the sea...	0:12:09	0:12:13
-..and plough across the peninsula...	0:12:13	0:12:15
-..following roads -rather than the winding trail...	0:12:16	0:12:20
-..of the Pembrokeshire coastline.	0:12:20	0:12:23
-This is a land of tension, -a land of tanks.	0:12:23	0:12:27
-A land of chaos, a land of ruins.	0:12:27	0:12:30
-"The swallow will find its nest...	0:12:35	0:12:37
-"..but kinship leaves the fireside.	0:12:37	0:12:40
-"Calendar of the homestead, -finished, and the family fled.	0:12:40	0:12:45
-"People letting the land go wild	0:12:45	0:12:47
-"From their heart's country exiled.	0:12:47	0:12:50
-"A poor thing splendour will be -Along the banks of the Lini."	0:12:51	0:12:55
-Here's a history lesson, -and like all history lessons...	0:13:00	0:13:03
-..it's full of paradox -and contrast.	0:13:04	0:13:06
-In 1939, the Ministry of War -acquired 6,000 acres of land...	0:13:06	0:13:12
-..to create an artillery range -here on Linney Head.	0:13:12	0:13:17
-The existing community -was forced to relocate.	0:13:17	0:13:21
-It was easy enough to do -because they were estate tenants.	0:13:24	0:13:29
-The West German army's panzers -occupied the range in the 1960s.	0:13:30	0:13:34
-That arrangement -came to an end in 1996.	0:13:35	0:13:39
-But this land is still used -as a functioning firing range...	0:13:39	0:13:44
-..to train young British men -and women for combat.	0:13:44	0:13:48
-Access to the range -is restricted.	0:13:56	0:13:59
-The guns are rarely quiet -in Castlemartin.	0:14:00	0:14:03
-But there is now a bridle path...	0:14:03	0:14:07
-..that snakes its way -around the coastline.	0:14:08	0:14:10
-When the Ministry of War announced -it was acquiring Castlemartin...	0:14:17	0:14:21
-..Waldo wrote -Daw'r Wennol Yn Ol I'w Nyth.	0:14:22	0:14:25
-I'm about to read you a letter -from Waldo to Prosser Rhys...	0:14:25	0:14:29
-..the editor of Y Faner, in 1939.	0:14:30	0:14:32
-"When I read the poem -that I sent you to my friends...	0:14:32	0:14:37
-"..they said I hadn't explained -the issue clearly enough in it.	0:14:37	0:14:42
-"It's about the farms -between the marshland and the sea...	0:14:42	0:14:46
-"..where the tank range -will soon be located.	0:14:46	0:14:49
-"So I rewrote the poem -in order to personalize it.	0:14:49	0:14:53
-"The sober cows' procession -with their offering will not come.	0:14:57	0:15:01
-"Nor in Pen-yr-Hollt you'll see -the sheep come to the valley."	0:15:02	0:15:08
-What's your relationship -with Castlemartin, Cerwyn?	0:15:12	0:15:18
-It stems from -the harsh winter of 1947.	0:15:18	0:15:23
-There were huge losses in Preseli, -as there were in other parts...	0:15:23	0:15:27
-..due to the severe weather.	0:15:27	0:15:29
-A Ministry of Agriculture official -by the name of WH Jones...	0:15:30	0:15:35
-..thought that the land -at Castlemartin...	0:15:35	0:15:40
-..wasn't used by the army in winter.	0:15:40	0:15:43
-He revived the transhumance system -of moving the sheep during winter.	0:15:43	0:15:49
-My father was one of the first -to bring sheep here...	0:15:49	0:15:53
-..in December 1950, -a week before I was born.	0:15:53	0:15:57
-There's a strange atmosphere here -because of the contrasts.	0:15:58	0:16:03
-Are you aware of it?	0:16:03	0:16:04
-Are you aware of it? - -Yes.	0:16:04	0:16:05
-It's wasteful because the land -isn't farmed to its full potential.	0:16:06	0:16:11
-But we're trying -to make the most of the situation.	0:16:12	0:16:15
-In ten, twenty, fifty years, -this might be farmland once again.	0:16:16	0:16:21
-This land is a land -of remarkable contrast.	0:16:37	0:16:42
-On the one hand...	0:16:42	0:16:44
-..I see young men -training for the next war.	0:16:44	0:16:48
-Some are preparing for another -tour of duty in Afghanistan.	0:16:48	0:16:53
-But as I look around me, I see -a wonderful habitat for wildlife.	0:16:53	0:16:59
-A diversity of insects and birds.	0:16:59	0:17:02
-This land hasn't been farmed -since the 1930s.	0:17:02	0:17:06
-There are no chemicals in the soil.	0:17:07	0:17:09
-So I'm prompted to ask -the following question...	0:17:10	0:17:13
-..in the words of Waldo...	0:17:13	0:17:16
-.."Winter will pass, but will -the swallow return to its nest?"	0:17:16	0:17:20
-The coastline is a difficult -environment for wildlife.	0:17:44	0:17:48
-Imagine how it must feel -being beaten by waves...	0:17:48	0:17:52
-..and sucked out -of your familiar habitat...	0:17:52	0:17:55
-..and then left exposed to fight -the elements and predators?	0:17:55	0:18:00
-Because it is so difficult...	0:18:00	0:18:03
-..wildlife has had to adapt -in numerous different ways.	0:18:03	0:18:07
-They've had to adjust -to extremes in temperature...	0:18:07	0:18:11
-..and learn to store water.	0:18:11	0:18:13
-They've also had to learn -when to reproduce...	0:18:14	0:18:17
-..in order to synchronize -with the tide.	0:18:17	0:18:20
-But not all species can adapt -to the change in conditions.	0:18:23	0:18:28
-Often, species are distributed -into different bands on the beach.	0:18:31	0:18:36
-This is especially noticeable -in seaweed on secluded beaches.	0:18:37	0:18:41
-The highest level in all bands...	0:18:42	0:18:44
-..gauges the species' ability -to survive out of the sea.	0:18:44	0:18:49
-Seaweed is among the most familiar -of seaside plants.	0:18:51	0:18:54
-There are 600 different kinds -throughout Britain.	0:18:54	0:18:58
-There are common species here...	0:18:58	0:19:02
-..the brown bladderwrack -and the green sea lettuce.	0:19:02	0:19:08
-Interestingly, -seaweed produces mucus.	0:19:08	0:19:12
-That's swallowed by bacteria...	0:19:12	0:19:15
-..and other small creatures...	0:19:16	0:19:19
-..and then enters the food chain.	0:19:19	0:19:22
-Seaweed helps produce...	0:19:22	0:19:24
-..the wide range of nutrients -found in our Welsh seas.	0:19:24	0:19:28
-On craggy beaches such as this...	0:19:31	0:19:33
-..rock pools provide -a thriving habitat.	0:19:33	0:19:36
-They're a diversity -of smaller habitats...	0:19:36	0:19:40
-..that thrive underneath the cliffs.	0:19:40	0:19:43
-One of the most beautiful creatures -is the anemone.	0:19:44	0:19:47
-It's able to filter seawater -and clean it...	0:19:48	0:19:52
-..so that the sun's rays -can penetrate deeper.	0:19:52	0:19:55
-Another familiar seaside creature -is the limpet.	0:20:03	0:20:08
-It doesn't move very far.	0:20:08	0:20:10
-It sticks rigidly to the rock.	0:20:11	0:20:13
-Interestingly, they sense -the presence of predators.	0:20:14	0:20:18
-They are eaten by starfish.	0:20:18	0:20:20
-When the tide is in, -the shells are exposed.	0:20:20	0:20:23
-They sense -the starfish's arm approaching...	0:20:24	0:20:27
-..as it tries to get at the limpet's -muscular foot under the shell.	0:20:28	0:20:34
-It rises up like a mushroom -and slams the shell onto the rock...	0:20:34	0:20:38
-..pinching the starfish's arm.	0:20:38	0:20:41
-Pollution -also affects our coastline.	0:20:44	0:20:47
-One of the worst cases -along this stretch of shoreline...	0:20:47	0:20:52
-..was the Sea Empress oil spill -15 years ago.	0:20:52	0:20:55
-On 15 February 1996...	0:20:55	0:20:58
-..the Sea Empress ran aground -not far from here.	0:20:58	0:21:02
-Over the course of five days -in blustery, stormy weather...	0:21:02	0:21:07
-..a total of 73,000 tonnes of oil -spilled into the sea...	0:21:07	0:21:11
-..and spread extensively, -reaching as far as Carmarthen Bay.	0:21:11	0:21:16
-The tragedy happened -in late afternoon...	0:21:19	0:21:22
-..on that fateful day in February.	0:21:22	0:21:25
-In 24 hours, -this beach was completely black.	0:21:25	0:21:29
-It instantly affected the birds -that live here.	0:21:29	0:21:34
-There is a diversity of species -in this area.	0:21:34	0:21:38
-There was an effort to catch them -and remove the oil from them.	0:21:38	0:21:43
-Another of the effects...	0:21:43	0:21:46
-..was the spraying of chemicals -to disperse the oil.	0:21:46	0:21:51
-They were very effective, -but they were toxic.	0:21:51	0:21:55
-They too ended up -being washed up on the shore.	0:21:59	0:22:03
-Fifteen years on, there doesn't seem -to be any long-term damage...	0:22:04	0:22:09
-..to wildlife in this bay.	0:22:09	0:22:12
-Numerous chemicals were used...	0:22:12	0:22:15
-..but should something else -have been used instead?	0:22:16	0:22:19
-Spraying chemicals onto the spill -was beneficial...	0:22:19	0:22:23
-..because the birds were swooping -into the oil on the sea's surface.	0:22:23	0:22:29
-In that respect, -they had a positive effect.	0:22:29	0:22:32
-But it was a very different story -on the beach.	0:22:32	0:22:36
-Instead of preventing -the use of chemicals...	0:22:36	0:22:39
-..research should be carried out -to find safer chemicals...	0:22:39	0:22:44
-..that won't leave a lasting effect.	0:22:45	0:22:49
-So more work needs to be done.	0:22:49	0:22:50
-So more work needs to be done. - -Yes, definitely.	0:22:50	0:22:52
-# In the faint glow of the stars	0:22:54	0:22:58
-# She stands	0:22:58	0:23:01
-# On the threshold	0:23:03	0:23:05
-# Of the door #	0:23:07	0:23:10
-Next week, Damian traces -Milford Haven's history...	0:23:13	0:23:17
-..Elinor looks at an experiment -to expand habitats in Marloes...	0:23:19	0:23:23
-..and I walk along -Newgale's shingle ridge.	0:23:24	0:23:27
-# The birds' squawk	0:23:31	0:23:34
-# Call me forward	0:23:35	0:23:38
-# Foolish vanity	0:23:39	0:23:43
-# Pull me back #	0:23:43	0:23:46
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:23:51	0:23:53
-.	0:23:54	0:23:54

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