Catrin O Ferain ‹ Cyfres 2

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-Many women in history -have drawn our attention.	0:00:05	0:00:10
-They're intelligent or rich, -beautiful or influential.	0:00:10	0:00:14
-More often than not, -they are shrouded in mystery.	0:00:15	0:00:18
-In the mid-sixteenth century...	0:00:19	0:00:21
-..the lady who attracted -Wales's most powerful men...	0:00:21	0:00:25
-..was Katheryn of Berain.	0:00:25	0:00:27
-By all accounts, -she was the mother of Wales.	0:00:28	0:00:32
-Four weddings, six children -and a descendant of Henry Tudor.	0:00:32	0:00:37
-It was implied that her grandfather, -Sir Roland de Velville...	0:00:38	0:00:43
-..was the illegitimate son -of Henry Tudor or Henry VII.	0:00:43	0:00:47
-Four centuries after her birth, -the Nazis wanted her portrait.	0:00:47	0:00:52
-We heard that the family had decided -to sell the original painting...	0:00:53	0:00:58
-..but at the end of the war, it had -become part of Goering's collection.	0:00:58	0:01:04
-Today, she is a national icon.	0:01:04	0:01:08
-Katheryn of Berain -was the Marilyn Monroe of her day.	0:01:08	0:01:12
-In Clwyd and much further afield, -400 years ago...	0:01:30	0:01:33
-..Katheryn was a celebrity.	0:01:33	0:01:36
-However, her reputation deteriorated -when stories surfaced...	0:01:36	0:01:41
-..claiming she killed her husbands -by pouring lead into their ears...	0:01:41	0:01:46
-..and that she accumulated -her wealth by marrying rich men.	0:01:47	0:01:50
-However, there's more to her -than meets the eye.	0:01:51	0:01:54
-It wasn't easy to play the marriage -game in Tudor times and win!	0:01:55	0:02:00
-Uncertainty surrounds -her date of birth.	0:02:02	0:02:05
-It's thought she was born in 1534 -in the Vale of Clwyd...	0:02:06	0:02:09
-..to Tudor ap Robert Fychan -of Berain and Jane Velville.	0:02:10	0:02:14
-They were a wealthy family in the -area and descendants of Henry VII.	0:02:15	0:02:20
-Helen Williams-Ellis -married into the family.	0:02:20	0:02:24
-She's writing a biography -about Katheryn.	0:02:24	0:02:27
-What choices did women have -at that time?	0:02:28	0:02:31
-It was expected for women -of that era to get married.	0:02:31	0:02:36
-The convents had closed.	0:02:36	0:02:38
-Spinsters were frowned upon -so marriage was the only option.	0:02:38	0:02:43
-For a wealthy heiress like Katheryn, -marriage was more important.	0:02:43	0:02:48
-It was vital that she had family -to inherit her money...	0:02:48	0:02:52
-..to keep the wealth -within the family.	0:02:53	0:02:56
-She inherited 1,000 acres on -Anglesey from her mother's family.	0:02:59	0:03:04
-The Berain estate was 3,000 acres.	0:03:04	0:03:09
-Therefore, -she was a very wealthy woman.	0:03:09	0:03:12
-Berain mansion...	0:03:16	0:03:18
-..where Katheryn was born, stands -on the outskirts of Llannefydd.	0:03:18	0:03:23
-It's currently home to Eirian -and Iona Jones and their families.	0:03:23	0:03:28
-Five generations have lived here and -they've embraced Katheryn's history.	0:03:28	0:03:34
-Would she have used this room?	0:03:34	0:03:37
-Yes, it's probable -as this is part of the old hall.	0:03:37	0:03:42
-She'd have feasted here.	0:03:42	0:03:45
-This is the original fireplace.	0:03:46	0:03:50
-During Katheryn's era, there was -a fire in the middle of the floor.	0:03:50	0:03:56
-This beam dates back to her era.	0:03:56	0:04:00
-It's quite remarkable -incorporating the linen fold design.	0:04:00	0:04:04
-The beam looks like -a stack of folded blankets.	0:04:05	0:04:08
-Therefore, it's a fairly thick beam.	0:04:08	0:04:11
-What impression have you had -of Katheryn's character?	0:04:11	0:04:15
-Personally, I believe -that she was very intelligent...	0:04:15	0:04:19
-..and influential during that era.	0:04:20	0:04:23
-She was ahead of her time...	0:04:23	0:04:26
-..and was very clever -to have retained her own estate.	0:04:26	0:04:31
-Katheryn's first marriage...	0:04:36	0:04:37
-..was arranged when she -and her suitor were children.	0:04:38	0:04:41
-Girls were sent to their -prospective husband's family...	0:04:41	0:04:46
-..to learn the family's ways.	0:04:46	0:04:48
-Katheryn was sent to Lleweni -to join the Salusbury family.	0:04:49	0:04:53
-Lleweni was home to another -of the vale's famous families.	0:04:53	0:04:58
-A young Katheryn married the -family's eldest son, John Salusbury.	0:04:58	0:05:03
-They had two sons, John and Thomas.	0:05:03	0:05:06
-John Salusbury was a renowned poet.	0:05:10	0:05:12
-The family knew the literary greats -of the era.	0:05:12	0:05:16
-Christ Church University in Oxford -houses poetry from Lleweni.	0:05:16	0:05:21
-It's one of the most important books -in the Welsh language.	0:05:21	0:05:25
-It was commissioned by Katheryn -to record her own family history.	0:05:25	0:05:31
-It's an important record -of Katheryn's story.	0:05:32	0:05:38
-It reveals her family pride...	0:05:38	0:05:41
-..and her pride in her -own family's cultural heritage.	0:05:41	0:05:45
-The book praises Katheryn -as a supporter of poets.	0:05:45	0:05:49
-She was generous towards the poor -and also visited prisoners.	0:05:49	0:05:55
-We have poetry by Ben Jonson -who was a friend of John Salusbury.	0:05:55	0:06:01
-There's also a poem which some claim -was written by Shakespeare.	0:06:01	0:06:07
-Over the years, -some historians have claimed...	0:06:09	0:06:12
-..that Shakespeare's signature -hides under this untidy scribble.	0:06:12	0:06:18
-There's no proof as yet. -Experts are working on the document.	0:06:18	0:06:23
-However, there were connections -between Lleweni and Shakespeare.	0:06:23	0:06:28
-It's believed that Katheryn's son, -John Salusbury, knew Shakespeare.	0:06:28	0:06:34
-Shakespeare dedicated his poem, -The Phoenix And The Turtle...	0:06:34	0:06:40
-..to Sir John Salusbury -and his wife.	0:06:41	0:06:43
-However, there is no confirmation -that Shakespeare visited Lleweni.	0:06:43	0:06:49
-What about the claims -that Katheryn had royal blood?	0:06:49	0:06:53
-Was her grandfather, -Sir Roland de Velville...	0:06:53	0:06:56
-..the illegitimate son of Henry VII?	0:06:57	0:06:59
-This manuscript -houses elegies for Katheryn.	0:07:00	0:07:03
-Katheryn's last husband -was Edward Thelwall...	0:07:04	0:07:07
-..but she was always referred to -as Katheryn Tudor.	0:07:07	0:07:12
-It could not be said openly...	0:07:12	0:07:17
-..that she hailed -from royal lineage.	0:07:17	0:07:20
-However, there is no doubt -about the insinuation in the poetry.	0:07:20	0:07:25
-Katheryn was married -to John Salusbury for ten years.	0:07:30	0:07:34
-Following John's death in 1566, -Katheryn became a young widow.	0:07:34	0:07:39
-However, she was very wealthy having -inherited land in Clwyd, Anglesey...	0:07:39	0:07:45
-..and many houses, farms and mills.	0:07:45	0:07:48
-It was a huge fortune in the period, -so she wasn't a widow for very long.	0:07:48	0:07:54
-Many myths surround -Katheryn's marriages.	0:08:00	0:08:04
-Some believed -she killed her husbands...	0:08:04	0:08:07
-..by pouring lead into their ears -to secure their wealth.	0:08:07	0:08:12
-They claimed -she had seven or eight husbands.	0:08:12	0:08:16
-She'd bury them in an orchard...	0:08:16	0:08:18
-..after killing them by pouring -hot lead into their ears.	0:08:19	0:08:24
-It was an age-old folk motif.	0:08:24	0:08:26
-One famous tale says...	0:08:27	0:08:29
-..that Katheryn left the funeral of -her first husband, John Salusbury...	0:08:29	0:08:33
-..arm in arm with Morris Wynn, -and he proposed to her.	0:08:33	0:08:38
-Katheryn declined...	0:08:38	0:08:40
-..as she had already agreed to marry -Richard Clough on the way there!	0:08:40	0:08:46
-There are stories -of her burning love letters...	0:08:46	0:08:50
-..and people would see and hear -her lovers' ghosts.	0:08:50	0:08:54
-They've also claimed that Katheryn -was the mother of Shakespeare!	0:08:55	0:09:01
-Richard Clough, the son of a Denbigh -glove maker, was her second husband.	0:09:03	0:09:08
-His family lacked the noble status -of the Salusburys...	0:09:09	0:09:13
-..but he had a sizeable fortune.	0:09:13	0:09:15
-He was part of the nouveau riche -and one of Britain's richest men...	0:09:15	0:09:20
-..giving Katheryn -even more power and wealth.	0:09:20	0:09:25
-Richard Clough worked -as a moneylender in the Netherlands.	0:09:25	0:09:30
-He was incredibly rich, similar to -a stockbroker or hedge-fund manager.	0:09:30	0:09:36
-She was aware that she'd have -to move to Antwerp with him.	0:09:36	0:09:41
-It's also thought -that she visited Spain...	0:09:42	0:09:45
-..and travelled through France, -Brabant and Flanders.	0:09:45	0:09:50
-When Katheryn wasn't in Antwerp, -she lived at Bachegraig, Denbigh.	0:09:55	0:10:00
-As a prominent Renaissance figure, -Clough wanted to flaunt his wealth.	0:10:00	0:10:06
-There was no better way -than to build a grand house.	0:10:06	0:10:10
-Bachegraig was the first brick house -to be built in Wales.	0:10:10	0:10:15
-The original house was influenced -by Dutch architecture.	0:10:15	0:10:19
-In Antwerp, Clough was an agent -to the banker, Sir Thomas Gresham...	0:10:20	0:10:25
-..the founder of the Royal Exchange.	0:10:25	0:10:28
-Due to the political -and religious unrest...	0:10:28	0:10:32
-..they moved -to the safety of Hamburg.	0:10:32	0:10:35
-In 1568, they commissioned -a portrait of Katheryn...	0:10:36	0:10:40
-..by Adriaen van Cronenburgh.	0:10:40	0:10:43
-This is the iconic portrait -of Katheryn at the National Museum.	0:10:45	0:10:50
-As I delved further into her life...	0:10:50	0:10:52
-..I learnt that this -is one of many portraits of her.	0:10:53	0:10:56
-Some are fake whilst others are -copies of the original Cronenburgh.	0:10:57	0:11:01
-I became interested -in Katheryn of Berain...	0:11:05	0:11:08
-..when I married -Jonathan Clough Williams-Ellis.	0:11:08	0:11:12
-The Clough element of his name -derives from Richard Clough...	0:11:13	0:11:17
-..who was her second husband.	0:11:17	0:11:20
-This copy was made...	0:11:20	0:11:22
-..before the original portrait at -the museum in Cardiff was cleaned.	0:11:22	0:11:27
-Therefore, features of the painting -aren't easily distinguished.	0:11:27	0:11:32
-It's rather dark and dirty, -but I'm very fond of it.	0:11:32	0:11:36
-The copy was made -for a Flintshire stately home.	0:11:36	0:11:40
-The owner sold the original -and kept the copy in its place.	0:11:40	0:11:44
-The original -went on an adventure...	0:11:45	0:11:48
-..before reaching its home -at the museum.	0:11:49	0:11:52
-We've heard that the family decided -to sell the original painting.	0:11:52	0:11:58
-It was sold at an auction in Spink -in London...	0:11:58	0:12:01
-..but I don't know -where it went from there.	0:12:01	0:12:05
-Somehow, it was part of the Goering -collection at the end of the war.	0:12:05	0:12:10
-The National Museum has helped us -to prove for the first time...	0:12:13	0:12:18
-..that Katheryn's portrait was -in Germany between 1940 and 1945.	0:12:18	0:12:24
-During World War II, Hitler's -close friend, Hermann Goering...	0:12:25	0:12:30
-..used Nazi force -to strip Europe of its fine art.	0:12:30	0:12:35
-Katheryn's portrait -was part of his collection.	0:12:35	0:12:38
-Clough died in Hamburg two years -after the portrait's completion.	0:12:44	0:12:50
-Katheryn had to return to Wales.	0:12:50	0:12:53
-Clough wanted his heart -and right hand to be buried...	0:12:53	0:12:57
-..at Whitchurch in Denbigh.	0:12:57	0:12:59
-Katheryn was pregnant -with her fourth child...	0:12:59	0:13:04
-..and she had to be particularly -strong in her bereavement.	0:13:04	0:13:08
-Once again, Katheryn was alone.	0:13:10	0:13:13
-However, her first marriage to -John Salusbury had given her status.	0:13:13	0:13:18
-Richard Clough -had also left her his fortune.	0:13:18	0:13:22
-As a young widow, Katheryn -had more wealth and power...	0:13:22	0:13:26
-..than any other woman in Wales.	0:13:26	0:13:29
-.	0:13:35	0:13:36
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-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:13:38	0:13:40
-It's hard to imagine how Katheryn -felt after losing two husbands.	0:13:45	0:13:50
-She was only 30 -and left to raise four children.	0:13:50	0:13:54
-Her wealth meant that she would not -live in poverty and die young.	0:13:54	0:14:00
-Three years -after Richard Clough's death...	0:14:00	0:14:04
-..she'd married for the third time -and had come to live in Llanrwst.	0:14:04	0:14:09
-Morris Wynn of Gwydir Castle -was her third husband...	0:14:12	0:14:16
-..and Katheryn -was also his third wife.	0:14:16	0:14:19
-The Wynn family was one -of North Wales's richest families.	0:14:20	0:14:24
-By marrying Morris, Katheryn became -the stepmother of Sir John Wynn.	0:14:24	0:14:30
-He lived in a large mansion -to the west in the Vale of Conwy...	0:14:31	0:14:36
-..and had a keen interest -in culture.	0:14:36	0:14:40
-Katheryn saw that -he could offer her stability...	0:14:40	0:14:45
-..after her adventures -with Richard Clough.	0:14:45	0:14:49
-The carefully crafted -wedding agreement...	0:14:49	0:14:53
-..took everything -into consideration.	0:14:53	0:14:57
-Katheryn's drafting of the wedding -agreements indicates her astuteness.	0:15:02	0:15:08
-She had no intention -of losing her land or possessions.	0:15:08	0:15:12
-She could add -to her family's wealth and power...	0:15:12	0:15:16
-..if her children married -the children of Clough and Wynn.	0:15:16	0:15:21
-She was complex and cunning.	0:15:21	0:15:23
-She married Morris Wynn and -her son married Morris's daughter.	0:15:24	0:15:28
-There aren't any get-out clauses -in these agreements.	0:15:29	0:15:33
-They are business contracts -that bind the families together.	0:15:34	0:15:40
-We get the impression that Katheryn -instrumented the contracts.	0:15:40	0:15:46
-However, the contracts -were signed by the men.	0:15:46	0:15:50
-These arrangements or contracts...	0:15:50	0:15:54
-..were very similar -to the prenup agreements of today.	0:15:54	0:15:58
-The aim was to -protect inheritance...	0:15:59	0:16:02
-..and ensure that a wife secured -enough money to sustain herself.	0:16:02	0:16:07
-In those days, -when a woman got married...	0:16:07	0:16:10
-..all her possessions -were transferred to the husband.	0:16:10	0:16:14
-On the occasions when a woman -had a substantial inheritance...	0:16:15	0:16:20
-..the family would be eager -to draw up a contract.	0:16:21	0:16:25
-Katheryn and Morris Wynn had two -children called Jane and Edward.	0:16:27	0:16:32
-This gave Katheryn -a total of six children.	0:16:33	0:16:36
-How did the aristocracy -treat their children...	0:16:36	0:16:40
-..and what sort of mother was she?	0:16:40	0:16:43
-She didn't have any custodial rights -over her children...	0:16:43	0:16:47
-..as she was a woman.	0:16:47	0:16:49
-It didn't matter that -she was an heiress and their mother.	0:16:49	0:16:54
-When she married Richard Clough -and moved to Antwerp...	0:16:54	0:16:59
-..she lost touch with her sons -from her first marriage.	0:16:59	0:17:03
-The poets don't mention -Katheryn's motherly nature...	0:17:12	0:17:17
-..her love for her children -or their upbringing.	0:17:17	0:17:22
-There is no evidence -of a mother figure...	0:17:22	0:17:25
-..but the poets praise Katheryn -for producing heirs and heiresses.	0:17:25	0:17:30
-There were dark clouds ahead -for Katheryn.	0:17:33	0:17:36
-Her firstborn son, Thomas Salusbury, -was a friend of Anthony Babington.	0:17:36	0:17:41
-He was involved in the 1586 plot -to assassinate Elizabeth I...	0:17:42	0:17:46
-..and replace her with the Catholic, -Mary Queen of Scots.	0:17:46	0:17:50
-When Babington and Thomas Salusbury -were captured...	0:17:51	0:17:55
-..there was no other option -but to hang them.	0:17:55	0:18:00
-Thomas was deleted from history -without trace.	0:18:01	0:18:04
-The family must have felt -extraordinary shame.	0:18:05	0:18:10
-The loss of a son must have been -very painful for her.	0:18:11	0:18:15
-The majority of aristocrats -in North Wales...	0:18:15	0:18:19
-..remained silent -when Thomas Salusbury was executed.	0:18:19	0:18:24
-Here was an aristocrat -who was being executed.	0:18:24	0:18:30
-If they were rather lax...	0:18:30	0:18:34
-..in their attitudes -towards Catholicism...	0:18:34	0:18:38
-..and had an open mind -about these beliefs...	0:18:38	0:18:41
-..this made them reconsider -their thoughts.	0:18:42	0:18:45
-What do we know -about Katheryn's own faith?	0:18:56	0:19:00
-The portrait suggests -that she was a religious woman.	0:19:01	0:19:05
-Her clothes are dark and sombre...	0:19:05	0:19:09
-..and she's holding a prayer book.	0:19:09	0:19:12
-The skull or the memento mori...	0:19:12	0:19:17
-..reminds us -of the fragility of life.	0:19:17	0:19:20
-These are all signs...	0:19:21	0:19:23
-..to suggest that it's a portrait -of a Christian figure.	0:19:23	0:19:27
-The choice of van Cronenburgh -to paint the portrait...	0:19:28	0:19:32
-..speaks volumes about her faith.	0:19:32	0:19:35
-We know for a fact -that he was an ardent Catholic.	0:19:36	0:19:41
-He started his career in Friesland.	0:19:41	0:19:46
-He had to leave Friesland -due to his religious beliefs.	0:19:46	0:19:50
-He refused to give up Catholicism.	0:19:50	0:19:52
-She wouldn't have chosen -a Catholic artist...	0:19:53	0:19:57
-..unless she shared his beliefs.	0:19:57	0:20:01
-I suspect that Katheryn -was a staunch Catholic.	0:20:01	0:20:05
-When her eldest son was executed for -his part in the Babington Plot...	0:20:05	0:20:10
-..he stood on the gallows -and said...	0:20:10	0:20:13
-.."So have I lived a Catholic, -shall I die a Catholic".	0:20:13	0:20:18
-Women were expected to educate -their children in the faith.	0:20:18	0:20:24
-If she concealed her Catholicism...	0:20:29	0:20:33
-..it's possible her choice -of husbands was politically driven.	0:20:33	0:20:37
-Morris Wynn's death left her -a widow for the third time.	0:20:38	0:20:42
-She returned to the Vale of Clwyd.	0:20:42	0:20:44
-Within three years, she'd married -another influential man.	0:20:45	0:20:49
-Edward Thelwall -was younger than Katheryn.	0:20:49	0:20:53
-He was the son of an MP and -lived at Plas y Ward near Ruthin.	0:20:53	0:20:59
-It was a very Welsh household.	0:20:59	0:21:01
-They supported many poets, -such as Simwnt Fychan.	0:21:02	0:21:06
-That's the typical culture -which was evident in Plas y Ward.	0:21:07	0:21:11
-A noble family -and part of the establishment...	0:21:11	0:21:14
-..they administered law and order -and were professional people.	0:21:15	0:21:19
-To the end, Katheryn -carefully planned her life.	0:21:21	0:21:25
-She was a business woman, -a siren and a virtuous mother.	0:21:26	0:21:30
-Is there any another woman who made -such an impression in Tudor Wales?	0:21:30	0:21:36
-She died at Plas y Ward in August -1591, aged just over 50 years.	0:21:37	0:21:43
-Thomas Pennant states that she -was buried at Llannefydd Church...	0:21:44	0:21:48
-..with a gold locket and a lock -of hair belonging to Richard Clough.	0:21:49	0:21:55
-No memorial exists -in the Vale of Clwyd to Katheryn.	0:21:57	0:22:03
-There's nothing to commemorate -this extraordinary woman.	0:22:03	0:22:07
-Why isn't there a memorial to her?	0:22:07	0:22:09
-Her mother-in-law, -Dame Sian Salusbury...	0:22:09	0:22:12
-..spent a fortune -creating a grand alabaster tomb...	0:22:12	0:22:16
-..for her own memorial -at Whitchurch, Denbigh.	0:22:16	0:22:20
-It grieves me that -there isn't a memorial to Katheryn.	0:22:21	0:22:25
-She was defined by her marriages...	0:22:26	0:22:29
-..as opposed -to her actions or deeds.	0:22:29	0:22:34
-However, she managed -to retain her inheritance.	0:22:35	0:22:40
-I wonder if that -was her greatest achievement.	0:22:40	0:22:44
-She was cunning and used this trait -in order to survive.	0:22:44	0:22:49
-I don't believe -that she was a wicked person.	0:22:49	0:22:53
-It's one of the myths surrounding -her that I'd like to dispel.	0:22:53	0:22:58
-She was a woman of her time -and a contemporary woman.	0:22:59	0:23:03
-Over the years, -Katheryn's character...	0:23:07	0:23:10
-..has been consumed by a host -of wild and dramatic stories.	0:23:11	0:23:15
-For me, I'll remember that she -survived during a dangerous era...	0:23:15	0:23:21
-..by using the only weapon -known to her - marriage.	0:23:21	0:23:26
-She was an iconic figure.	0:23:26	0:23:28
-It's no wonder that her story -still fascinates us.	0:23:28	0:23:32
-S4C Subtitles by Tinopolis	0:23:54	0:23:56
-.	0:23:56	0:23:57

Catrin O Ferain Mamwlad

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