Betsi Cadwaladr ‹ Cyfres 3

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-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-Bala is a town that's full -of history and famous figures.	0:00:05	0:00:09
-This was the birthplace -of Betsi Cadwaladr, 200 years ago.	0:00:13	0:00:17
-She was an unconventional lady -who was ahead of her time.	0:00:17	0:00:22
-She was in competition -with Florence Nightingale.	0:00:24	0:00:27
-Betsi was much more -hardworking and practical.	0:00:27	0:00:33
-However, -she worked in the background.	0:00:33	0:00:36
-It's a fantastic story.	0:00:36	0:00:38
-She could inspire -a generation of young girls.	0:00:38	0:00:43
-I've heard several rumours -about her...	0:00:43	0:00:46
-..but I do not wish to repeat them.	0:00:46	0:00:49
-I believe that they're -bordering on slanderous.	0:00:49	0:00:53
-Who was this adventurous girl?	0:00:59	0:01:01
-There are many stories about her.	0:01:02	0:01:04
-She clashed with Nightingale, -challenged the authorities...	0:01:04	0:01:08
-..travelled the world -and even worked as a prostitute.	0:01:09	0:01:12
-I want to discover the truth.	0:01:13	0:01:15
-I've always been enchanted -by Betsi Cadwaladr's story.	0:01:35	0:01:39
-It's the tale of a nurse who helped -Florence Nightingale in Crimea.	0:01:39	0:01:43
-There was more to Betsi than that.	0:01:43	0:01:46
-She travelled the world, -received many marriage proposals...	0:01:46	0:01:51
-..and fiercely challenged -the era's nursing methods.	0:01:51	0:01:55
-We associate Betsi with Crimea...	0:01:57	0:02:01
-..but my journey starts -in her hometown of Bala.	0:02:01	0:02:04
-Her name is now synonymous with -the health board in North Wales.	0:02:04	0:02:08
-However, people were slow -to embrace her achievements.	0:02:09	0:02:13
-Mari, you were nine years old -when you first heard about Betsi.	0:02:19	0:02:24
-I was at primary school -but we didn't hear much about her.	0:02:24	0:02:28
-Even when we learnt -about Nightingale...	0:02:28	0:02:31
-..we were never taught -about Betsi Cadwaladr.	0:02:32	0:02:35
-Why was that?	0:02:36	0:02:38
-We should consider Betsi's character -and the period in which she lived.	0:02:38	0:02:44
-Thomas Charles was at the height -of his popularity in Bala.	0:02:44	0:02:49
-A mother had to be God-fearing -whilst also protecting her family.	0:02:49	0:02:55
-A child was expected -to be obedient, quiet...	0:02:56	0:03:01
-..well-behaved -and a reflection of its parents.	0:03:01	0:03:05
-She enjoyed dancing.	0:03:08	0:03:10
-She couldn't stand still -and was always on the move.	0:03:11	0:03:16
-She was a handful for her father.	0:03:16	0:03:17
-She was a handful for her father. - -Yes, a real handful.	0:03:17	0:03:20
-Dafydd Cadwaladr was Betsi's father.	0:03:24	0:03:27
-He was a farmhand -before entering the ministry.	0:03:27	0:03:30
-He lived with his wife, Judith -on Pen Rhiw Farm.	0:03:30	0:03:34
-The home now belongs -to the Bala resident, Buddug Medi.	0:03:35	0:03:39
-Hello, Ffion.	0:03:40	0:03:42
-Hello, Buddug.	0:03:42	0:03:44
-Welcome to Pen Rhiw, -the home of Betsi Cadwaladr.	0:03:44	0:03:47
-What sort of upbringing -did Betsi receive at Pen Rhiw?	0:03:51	0:03:54
-It was a strict and respectable -Methodist upbringing.	0:03:55	0:04:00
-They would attend chapel before -heading to church for Communion.	0:04:00	0:04:06
-Dancing wasn't a part of life -at Pen Rhiw.	0:04:07	0:04:12
-Dafydd Cadwaladr opposed dancing...	0:04:12	0:04:15
-..and believed it to be -the era's greatest sin.	0:04:15	0:04:18
-Their mother died -when Betsi was ten years old.	0:04:23	0:04:28
-She knew that Dafydd Cadwaladr -was a very strict man.	0:04:28	0:04:32
-Judith's final words -to her husband...	0:04:33	0:04:38
-..when she was dying...	0:04:38	0:04:40
-..was "not to bend -Elizabeth's spirit."	0:04:40	0:04:43
-How do the locals remember Betsi?	0:04:44	0:04:46
-How do the locals remember Betsi? - -They admire her.	0:04:46	0:04:49
-There are also rumours -that she was gay.	0:04:49	0:04:53
-Why is that?	0:04:53	0:04:55
-She never married.	0:04:55	0:04:58
-According to Betsi, -she received numerous proposals.	0:04:58	0:05:02
-To be honest, -she looked rather manly.	0:05:02	0:05:06
-Many questions -have been raised about Betsi.	0:05:07	0:05:10
-She developed a duality -in her personality at a young age.	0:05:10	0:05:14
-She was mischievous...	0:05:14	0:05:16
-..yet God-fearing.	0:05:17	0:05:19
-We know very little -about Betsi Cadwaladr.	0:05:21	0:05:24
-However, -she did leave behind a memoir...	0:05:24	0:05:27
-..Betsi Cadwaladr, -A Balaclava Nurse.	0:05:27	0:05:31
-But has this story -been romanticized?	0:05:31	0:05:33
-I'd like to know -what's fact and what's fiction.	0:05:34	0:05:38
-The book was published in 1857...	0:05:40	0:05:43
-..by Jane Williams, Ysgafell -three years before Betsi's death.	0:05:43	0:05:47
-According to Jane Williams...	0:05:48	0:05:50
-..Betsi didn't have any -written records of her experiences.	0:05:50	0:05:54
-Therefore, -she relied upon her memory.	0:05:54	0:05:57
-How reliable was Betsi's memory?	0:05:59	0:06:02
-At times, it appears that her memory -was rather reliable.	0:06:02	0:06:08
-However, with other things...	0:06:08	0:06:11
-..she experienced -some memory problems.	0:06:11	0:06:17
-Do you have examples of the facts -that Betsi fabricated?	0:06:17	0:06:23
-Betsi had three dates of birth.	0:06:23	0:06:26
-Three?	0:06:27	0:06:27
-Three? - -Yes, three.	0:06:27	0:06:29
-The correct year of birth...	0:06:29	0:06:31
-..can be found in the Llanycil -parish register.	0:06:32	0:06:35
-It was 1789.	0:06:35	0:06:37
-Her year of birth in Florence -Nightingale's Nurses' Register...	0:06:38	0:06:42
-..was 1800.	0:06:42	0:06:44
-Her age in her autobiography...	0:06:45	0:06:47
-..suggests that she was born -in between those two dates.	0:06:47	0:06:51
-It's quite a feat -to have three dates of birth!	0:06:52	0:06:57
-Betsi might have exaggerated...	0:06:58	0:07:00
-..but she undoubtedly -led a colourful life in Bala.	0:07:00	0:07:03
-She enjoyed reading and writing -but Betsi Pen Rhiw wasn't obedient.	0:07:04	0:07:10
-There's one story about her -attending a ball at the White Lion.	0:07:10	0:07:14
-She enjoyed herself and danced until -Thomas Charles had to drag her home.	0:07:14	0:07:19
-She was then lectured -by her sister, Gwenllian.	0:07:19	0:07:22
-When everyone and everything -got on her nerves...	0:07:28	0:07:31
-..she escaped to the caves -above the farm.	0:07:31	0:07:35
-This is where she could dream -of travelling the world.	0:07:35	0:07:40
-She also came here to find peace -after losing her mother.	0:07:40	0:07:45
-Betsi wanted to die -after the death of her mother...	0:07:45	0:07:49
-..but Thomas Charles stopped her.	0:07:49	0:07:51
-"I always thought I should have done -so, had not Mr Charles of Bala...	0:07:52	0:07:57
-"..by the exercise of some -mysterious power, prevented me."	0:07:57	0:08:01
-Betsi's mischievous nature -was apparent from an early age.	0:08:02	0:08:06
-However, her childhood -was overshadowed by sadness.	0:08:07	0:08:10
-For this fickle girl, the hills -of Merioneth weren't enough.	0:08:10	0:08:15
-She wanted to see the world.	0:08:15	0:08:17
-She escaped from Bala -at the age of 13...	0:08:22	0:08:26
-..and sailed to Liverpool.	0:08:26	0:08:28
-At the turn of the 19th century, -Liverpool was a thriving city.	0:08:29	0:08:34
-Thousands of people from Wales -flocked to this city...	0:08:34	0:08:38
-..which was bustling -with excitement and danger.	0:08:38	0:08:42
-There's a story about her witnessing -someone breaking into a house.	0:08:43	0:08:48
-Betsi shouted at the thief to stop.	0:08:49	0:08:52
-She threw herself on the thief, -battled him to the ground...	0:08:52	0:08:58
-..and pinned him there -until more people came to help.	0:08:58	0:09:04
-Betsi was a very strong character -in Liverpool.	0:09:04	0:09:08
-In order to sustain herself, -it's thought that Betsi...	0:09:11	0:09:15
-..worked as a prostitute -in the docks area.	0:09:16	0:09:18
-However, I can't find any proof...	0:09:19	0:09:21
-..other than the fact that -she ran away to work as a nurse.	0:09:21	0:09:25
-The era's respectable girls -should never have done such things.	0:09:25	0:09:29
-However, -Betsi wasn't a conventional girl.	0:09:30	0:09:33
-Soon after arriving in Liverpool...	0:09:34	0:09:37
-..she was employed as a maid -in one of the city's stately homes.	0:09:37	0:09:42
-The English -couldn't pronounce Cadwaladr.	0:09:42	0:09:45
-Therefore, she changed her name -to Elizabeth Davis.	0:09:45	0:09:49
-Betsi Pen Rhiw's life -was about to change.	0:09:49	0:09:52
-She got to know -some influential people.	0:09:52	0:09:55
-She mixed with prominent figures -such as George Canning.	0:09:56	0:10:00
-Betsi met him when he stood -as the MP for Liverpool.	0:10:00	0:10:04
-She also met the likes -of William Rathbone.	0:10:04	0:10:08
-Betsi mixed with Liverpool's -chapel-goers and political figures.	0:10:08	0:10:13
-In 1814, Betsi joined her employer, -Sir George and his wife on a cruise.	0:10:17	0:10:23
-They travelled all over Europe.	0:10:23	0:10:25
-She attended Louis XVIII's -celebrations after the Revolution...	0:10:26	0:10:30
-..and met Napoleon in Vienna.	0:10:30	0:10:32
-A visit -to the battlefield of Waterloo...	0:10:34	0:10:37
-..left a lasting impression.	0:10:37	0:10:40
-It was the saddest and most pitiful -sight that you could ever imagine.	0:10:40	0:10:46
-She would have seen hands, -heads, blood and guts.	0:10:46	0:10:52
-She experienced the battlefield -in technicolour.	0:10:52	0:10:56
-I think this truly moved her.	0:10:57	0:11:00
-She was also shocked that the army -didn't provide nurses.	0:11:00	0:11:04
-Back in Liverpool, -Betsi received a wedding proposal.	0:11:09	0:11:12
-Tom Harries was a ship's captain -and her father's friend.	0:11:13	0:11:17
-They were to marry in May but Betsi -didn't tell her friends and family.	0:11:17	0:11:23
-I wonder if she sensed -what lay ahead.	0:11:23	0:11:26
-This story -left a great impression on me.	0:11:26	0:11:29
-It's the romance of Elizabeth Davis -with Captain Harries.	0:11:30	0:11:35
-He was the captain of a ship -called The Perseverance.	0:11:35	0:11:40
-He was a boy from Solva.	0:11:40	0:11:42
-She begrudgingly surrendered -her independence to get engaged.	0:11:43	0:11:47
-During Tom Harries' voyage -back to Liverpool to get married...	0:11:49	0:11:53
-..his ship got into trouble.	0:11:53	0:11:56
-Betsi learnt of the tragedy -in a newspaper report.	0:11:56	0:12:00
-It revealed how The Perseverance -was shipwrecked...	0:12:01	0:12:04
-..on the Black Rock near Liverpool.	0:12:04	0:12:07
-All hands were lost except one boy.	0:12:07	0:12:10
-Betsi lost her fiance on the rocks -near the mouth of the River Mersey.	0:12:10	0:12:15
-Despite many other proposals, -she never married.	0:12:15	0:12:19
-.	0:12:25	0:12:25
-Subtitles	0:12:27	0:12:27
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:12:27	0:12:29
-My search for the truth -about Betsi Cadwaladr...	0:12:30	0:12:33
-..continues at The National Archives -in London.	0:12:34	0:12:37
-It's believed to house a document -written by Betsi's fair hand.	0:12:37	0:12:43
-This box contains -hundreds of letters...	0:12:44	0:12:47
-..written by nurses -applying to go to Crimea.	0:12:47	0:12:51
-One letter -is of particular interest to us.	0:12:51	0:12:54
-And here it is.	0:12:54	0:12:55
-This is Betsi Cadwaladr's -application.	0:12:56	0:12:58
-It's full of spelling mistakes -and grammatical errors...	0:12:59	0:13:03
-..but I'm more surprised -by the description of herself.	0:13:03	0:13:08
-She claims to be -a 44-year-old widow...	0:13:08	0:13:13
-..of robust constitution.	0:13:13	0:13:15
-The last part was certainly true.	0:13:15	0:13:18
-In truth, -she was a 64-year-old spinster.	0:13:18	0:13:22
-What was going through her mind -at the time?	0:13:22	0:13:25
-I don't believe -that Betsi wrote this letter.	0:13:25	0:13:29
-I think that the Elizabeth Davis -who wrote the letter...	0:13:30	0:13:35
-..was a completely different woman.	0:13:35	0:13:37
-I have done research -about the time of the letter...	0:13:38	0:13:41
-..the time of the post -in those days...	0:13:42	0:13:44
-..and Betsi's location.	0:13:44	0:13:46
-In my opinion, Betsi couldn't -possibly have written this letter.	0:13:47	0:13:51
-It's a mistake.	0:13:51	0:13:53
-It's a mistake. - -Yes, in my opinion.	0:13:53	0:13:55
-It's a plausible theory...	0:13:59	0:14:01
-..but others believe -that it is Betsi's letter.	0:14:01	0:14:04
-My view is -that she was determined to go.	0:14:05	0:14:08
-The advertisement -stated an age limit...	0:14:08	0:14:12
-..and she was well above -the age limit...	0:14:13	0:14:16
-..so she told a lie in that letter.	0:14:16	0:14:18
-And when she was interviewed...	0:14:19	0:14:21
-..they were so impressed -with her knowledge...	0:14:21	0:14:25
-..that they decided to accept her -and take her out.	0:14:25	0:14:28
-Whether Betsi -was the author or not...	0:14:29	0:14:32
-..it adds to the ambiguity -of her story.	0:14:32	0:14:36
-A lack of names and places, -and those three dates of birth.	0:14:36	0:14:40
-However, we know that she applied -to go to Crimea...	0:14:40	0:14:44
-..after a period of nursing -at Guy's Hospital.	0:14:44	0:14:47
-Women who wanted to become nurses -were not respected in that era.	0:14:47	0:14:53
-It was considered inferior work...	0:14:53	0:14:56
-..and on a par -with the work of a maid.	0:14:57	0:15:00
-In the hospitals, medical staff -were responsible for the patients.	0:15:00	0:15:06
-What about nursing in the war?	0:15:06	0:15:08
-The nurses would have witnessed -some awful scenes.	0:15:08	0:15:13
-Field hospitals didn't have -the suitable necessities...	0:15:14	0:15:18
-..such as blankets and beds.	0:15:18	0:15:21
-There were reports -of rats and fleas.	0:15:21	0:15:25
-Sewage systems -hadn't been developed...	0:15:25	0:15:29
-..which meant patients -were surrounded by sewage.	0:15:29	0:15:33
-Despite the terrible conditions, -she was determined to go to Crimea.	0:15:36	0:15:42
-She received -a letter of acceptance...	0:15:42	0:15:46
-..but there was one obstacle -in her way.	0:15:46	0:15:48
-Her name was Florence Nightingale.	0:15:49	0:15:51
-Florence Nightingale was already -leading a team of nurses in Crimea.	0:15:56	0:16:01
-She had drawn attention -to the terrible conditions.	0:16:01	0:16:05
-Betsi immediately disliked -Florence Nightingale's name.	0:16:05	0:16:09
-"I did not like the name, -Nightingale."	0:16:09	0:16:12
-They took an absolute -instant dislike to each other.	0:16:12	0:16:16
-They were both formidable women...	0:16:16	0:16:19
-..and neither -was going to give ground.	0:16:19	0:16:22
-When Betsi realized that Nightingale -wasn't going to let her...	0:16:22	0:16:27
-..be anywhere near -the injured soldiers in Scutari...	0:16:28	0:16:32
-..which is what she'd come to do...	0:16:32	0:16:35
-..she said, "I'm going to Balaclava -to look after the soldiers there."	0:16:35	0:16:40
-I hear you've been upsetting -my nurses.	0:16:41	0:16:43
-No, I have nothing to do -with anybody but myself.	0:16:44	0:16:48
-But I want to go home -if I can't go to the Crimea.	0:16:49	0:16:52
-Why?	0:16:53	0:16:54
-Because I don't like this place...	0:16:54	0:16:56
-..nor anybody in it.	0:16:57	0:16:58
-Nor do I like the system.	0:16:59	0:17:01
-If you go to the Crimea, -you go against my will.	0:17:01	0:17:06
-Betsi was a more hands-on nurse.	0:17:07	0:17:10
-She wanted to start working as soon -as she disembarked from the ship.	0:17:10	0:17:16
-Despite Nightingale's objection...	0:17:17	0:17:20
-..Betsi was allowed to travel -to the Balaclava battlefield.	0:17:20	0:17:24
-There wasn't room -for both of them in the same place.	0:17:25	0:17:28
-If Florence Nightingale -was the star of Scutari...	0:17:28	0:17:32
-..Elizabeth Cadwaladr Davis -was the star of Balaclava.	0:17:32	0:17:36
-The Crimean War was a conflict -between the Russian Empire...	0:17:42	0:17:46
-..and an alliance between France, -Britain, Sardinia and Turkey.	0:17:46	0:17:51
-It started in 1853.	0:17:51	0:17:53
-For the first time ever...	0:17:53	0:17:55
-..details of the battles -were reported in the newspapers.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-Pages from the Illustrated London -News show the reports from Crimea.	0:18:00	0:18:05
-There's a description of the -patients and how they were treated.	0:18:05	0:18:11
-There's an image -that shows wooden huts...	0:18:11	0:18:15
-..and one single bed -to share between the patients.	0:18:15	0:18:18
-It's difficult to comprehend...	0:18:18	0:18:22
-..how ordinary folk could read about -the severity or war.	0:18:22	0:18:27
-These reports of the Crimean War -left a lasting impression on Wales.	0:18:27	0:18:33
-That's why we're still familiar...	0:18:33	0:18:36
-..with the names -of Crimea, Sevastopol and Balaclava.	0:18:36	0:18:40
-We're told that there were eight -miles of corridors and wards...	0:18:49	0:18:54
-..that the soldiers -were being looked after in.	0:18:54	0:18:58
-That's the scale of the people -who were injured.	0:18:58	0:19:02
-Betsi faced an enormous challenge -in Balaclava.	0:19:02	0:19:05
-She was put in charge -of some wards...	0:19:05	0:19:08
-..and took immediate steps to -improve conditions for the patients.	0:19:08	0:19:13
-She was highly respected.	0:19:13	0:19:15
-The leader of the British Army, -Baron Raglan even supported her.	0:19:15	0:19:19
-Betsi was a pioneer -of modern nursing.	0:19:20	0:19:23
-She brought the work of a nurse -to the fore.	0:19:23	0:19:28
-Her focus was on the patient...	0:19:28	0:19:32
-..and she improved the quality -of the fundamental aspects of care.	0:19:32	0:19:37
-Patients received nutritious food -and plenty to drink.	0:19:37	0:19:41
-Surroundings were kept clean -and comfortable to reduce infection.	0:19:41	0:19:45
-That's why she's considered -a pioneer of modern nursing.	0:19:46	0:19:50
-But there was a price to pay -for her work in Crimea...	0:19:51	0:19:54
-..and her health suffered.	0:19:54	0:19:56
-She returned to London -ill and poor.	0:19:56	0:20:00
-Jane Williams of Ysgafell's -offer to write her memoir...	0:20:01	0:20:06
-..offered her an income.	0:20:06	0:20:08
-She had a good story to tell...	0:20:08	0:20:10
-..but Jane Williams -needed to be a thorough editor.	0:20:10	0:20:14
-Betsi had been very judgemental -of Florence Nightingale.	0:20:14	0:20:20
-Therefore, Jane Williams -wrote letters...	0:20:20	0:20:23
-..to those who had met -and worked with Betsi in Crimea.	0:20:24	0:20:27
-She asked them -to confirm Betsi's claims.	0:20:27	0:20:30
-Jane Williams knew that the friends -of Florence Nightingale...	0:20:31	0:20:37
-..would read the book -to check every detail.	0:20:37	0:20:41
-Some 700 copies of the memoir -were published.	0:20:44	0:20:48
-It appears that most of the copies -were sold.	0:20:49	0:20:53
-However, there wasn't -another edition until the 1980s.	0:20:53	0:20:59
-Betsi never worked again -and died aged 72.	0:21:02	0:21:07
-She was buried quietly without -a headstone in Stoke Newington.	0:21:07	0:21:12
-Nobody knew of her final -resting place until fairly recently.	0:21:13	0:21:18
-The clue that Betsi lay in London...	0:21:22	0:21:26
-..was on her father's headstone -at Llanycil Church, Bala...	0:21:26	0:21:31
-..and Donna Mead solved the mystery.	0:21:31	0:21:33
-I knew she died a pauper and I also -knew that at around this time...	0:21:34	0:21:39
-..several very large cemeteries -were built in Victorian London.	0:21:40	0:21:45
-I went around the big graveyards -and eventually, I found Abney Park.	0:21:45	0:21:50
-I spoke to them and they said, -"Yes, she's buried here."	0:21:51	0:21:54
-Betsi is finally getting -the recognition she deserves...	0:21:59	0:22:03
-..after being ignored for so long.	0:22:03	0:22:05
-She's finally been immortalized.	0:22:06	0:22:10
-She could choose -who she wanted to marry...	0:22:14	0:22:17
-..and who she spent her time with.	0:22:18	0:22:20
-She made her own money -which gave her freedom.	0:22:21	0:22:24
-We should remember Betsi -as an extraordinary woman.	0:22:26	0:22:31
-She was adventurous, -independent and confident.	0:22:31	0:22:36
-She was a unique Welsh woman.	0:22:36	0:22:38
-Betsi's journey -came to an end here...	0:22:45	0:22:48
-..and so will my research -into her life.	0:22:48	0:22:51
-This girl from Bala saw the world.	0:22:51	0:22:54
-She was determined, -independent and exceptional.	0:22:54	0:22:59
-Betsi Cadwaladr, -the Balaclava nurse.	0:22:59	0:23:02
-In memory of Sian Pari Huws -1960 - 2015	0:23:37	0:23:43
-S4C Subtitles by Tinopolis	0:23:43	0:23:45
-.	0:23:45	0:23:46

Betsi Cadwaladr Mamwlad

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