Pennod 2 ‹ DNA Cymru

Line	From	To
-Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:00
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-Yr Eifl in Llyn.	0:00:07	0:00:10
-2,000 years ago...	0:00:13	0:00:15
-..people lived here...	0:00:16	0:00:18
-..in a hill fort.	0:00:19	0:00:21
-The hill fort was the home of -the Welsh before the Romans arrived.	0:00:22	0:00:26
-The home of our ancestors -and our nation's forefathers.	0:00:27	0:00:31
-There were more than -1,000 hill forts in Wales.	0:00:32	0:00:35
-Wales today -wouldn't have existed without them.	0:00:35	0:00:39
-But without written records...	0:00:39	0:00:42
-..how much do we really know -about these people?	0:00:43	0:00:46
-How did they come to live here?	0:00:46	0:00:49
-Who were their ancestors?	0:00:49	0:00:51
-There's a new way -of trying to answer those questions.	0:00:54	0:00:58
-And its name is DNA.	0:00:58	0:01:02
-DNA Cymru.	0:01:02	0:01:04
-Cardiff, -Europe's youngest capital city.	0:01:13	0:01:16
-On the outskirts of the city is one -of the biggest housing estates...	0:01:17	0:01:21
-..to be built -after the Second World War.	0:01:22	0:01:25
-Trelai. Ely. My birthplace.	0:01:26	0:01:28
-On the other side of Cowbridge Road, -Caerau, my old stomping ground.	0:01:29	0:01:34
-This is where I went -to primary school.	0:01:34	0:01:37
-It was an -English-medium school back then...	0:01:37	0:01:40
-..but now it's a Welsh school.	0:01:41	0:01:43
-Yes, the place has changed somewhat -but it was always exciting.	0:01:43	0:01:48
-As a child, -it was the centre of the world.	0:01:48	0:01:51
-I had an undoubtedly -modern upbringing in a modern city.	0:01:51	0:01:57
-But in Wales, -the past is never far away.	0:01:57	0:02:01
-Above the houses -are the ruins of another community.	0:02:01	0:02:05
-A community not everyone -knows about, but in its heyday...	0:02:05	0:02:09
-..it was one of -the biggest communities in Wales.	0:02:10	0:02:13
-It would've dominated the landscape.	0:02:15	0:02:18
-The perfect vantage point from -which to keep an eye on the world.	0:02:18	0:02:22
-Standing here and surveying the view -is quite a thrill for an Ely boy.	0:02:23	0:02:29
-Nowadays, only its ruins remain...	0:02:30	0:02:32
-..but the memory of its history -is encapsulated in its name.	0:02:33	0:02:37
-Caerau (Forts).	0:02:37	0:02:39
-Forts from the Iron Age.	0:02:39	0:02:42
-This is -what has attracted archaeologists.	0:02:42	0:02:45
-The people of this hill fort -were sophisticated...	0:02:48	0:02:51
-..though -they didn't record their history.	0:02:51	0:02:54
-Who were they -and who were their ancestors?	0:02:57	0:03:00
-To retrieve the answers, -we must rely on proof...	0:03:02	0:03:05
-..that wasn't documented -at the time.	0:03:05	0:03:08
-Caerau and its name -is an example of that proof.	0:03:10	0:03:13
-Linguistic proof that has -survived in the Welsh language.	0:03:13	0:03:18
-The archaeologists' work -is another important example.	0:03:19	0:03:23
-But as we endeavour to learn more -about our country's natives...	0:03:25	0:03:29
-..a new tool is becoming -even more important every day.	0:03:29	0:03:33
-That tool is DNA.	0:03:33	0:03:36
-DNA was the basis -of our first programme.	0:03:38	0:03:41
-Who are the Welsh?	0:03:42	0:03:44
-It's a simple question -with a complicated answer.	0:03:44	0:03:47
-To discover the truth...	0:03:48	0:03:50
-..we had to venture -far beyond Wales.	0:03:50	0:03:53
-The truth is, -we all belong to the same family.	0:03:54	0:03:57
-An African family.	0:03:57	0:03:59
-We had to trace the family's -heroic journey to Europe.	0:04:02	0:04:06
-Throughout the centuries -and the millennia.	0:04:08	0:04:12
-Among the Iron Age people -of the Pyrenees...	0:04:12	0:04:15
-..were the -great-great-great-grandmothers...	0:04:15	0:04:18
-..of the modern Welsh female.	0:04:19	0:04:21
-The project is ambitious.	0:04:21	0:04:22
-The project is ambitious. - -From the north to the south.	0:04:22	0:04:24
-From the Ice Age to the iPhone age.	0:04:25	0:04:28
-Revealing the DNA results -of some of the nation's greats.	0:04:28	0:04:33
-Mr Gareth Edwards, -there's no mention of New Zealand.	0:04:33	0:04:37
-Thank goodness for that.	0:04:37	0:04:39
-And sparking an interest -in people's genealogy.	0:04:39	0:04:43
-I'm a Celt at heart.	0:04:43	0:04:45
-I'm a Celt at heart. - -A Celt, I'd say.	0:04:45	0:04:47
-But it was a project -which spawned something else too.	0:04:48	0:04:52
-A fierce argument -from various directions.	0:04:52	0:04:56
-Doubts about the programme -on the nation's DNA	0:04:56	0:04:59
-UTTER NONSENSE!	0:04:59	0:05:00
-To those familiar with -the technique of phylogeography...	0:05:01	0:05:04
-..it's a common argument.	0:05:04	0:05:06
-To people like me who have used -phylogeography for 25 years or so...	0:05:06	0:05:11
-..it's a bit like -dealing with Creationists.	0:05:11	0:05:15
-The foundations -of phylogeography are solid...	0:05:16	0:05:19
-..according to -DNA Cymru's principal scientist.	0:05:19	0:05:23
-It's part of his daily work -at Edinburgh University.	0:05:23	0:05:27
-This is a very routine method -that has been used widely...	0:05:27	0:05:31
-..to understand past population -movements of humans.	0:05:31	0:05:34
-Phylogeography -was the underpinning...	0:05:34	0:05:37
-..of the out-of-Africa -theory of human origins.	0:05:37	0:05:40
-It's a project between S4C, -the Trinity Mirror group...	0:05:42	0:05:46
-..publishers of the Western Mail -and the Daily Post...	0:05:47	0:05:50
-..and Scotland's DNA -that is conducting the tests.	0:05:51	0:05:54
-Spit is the basis of the tests.	0:05:56	0:05:58
-My sample's ready.	0:05:58	0:06:01
-In this laboratory, together -with everyone's else's samples...	0:06:01	0:06:06
-..the DNA will go through a process -to look for special patterns...	0:06:06	0:06:10
-..in our genetic code.	0:06:11	0:06:13
-It's the biggest study -of Welsh people's DNA.	0:06:13	0:06:15
-We can form a detailed picture -of Wales's current population.	0:06:16	0:06:20
-But it's our belief...	0:06:21	0:06:23
-..that the tests can also go deeper -into our ancient history...	0:06:23	0:06:27
-..to reveal brand new stories.	0:06:27	0:06:30
-It's a way of looking into the past -when we look into Welsh DNA.	0:06:30	0:06:34
-We're peeling back these layers.	0:06:34	0:06:37
-We can try to understand -what went on in prehistory...	0:06:40	0:06:44
-..the people in the Bronze Age -and the so-called metal ages.	0:06:44	0:06:48
-What the contribution -of the farming peoples were...	0:06:48	0:06:52
-..the peoples -who were before farming.	0:06:52	0:06:54
-We can try to tease apart these -components in the British gene pool.	0:06:55	0:07:00
-But not everyone agrees.	0:07:04	0:07:06
-A team -of very influential scientists...	0:07:06	0:07:10
-..is trying -to dismiss our interpretation.	0:07:10	0:07:13
-They say it's no more scientific -than creating a story.	0:07:16	0:07:21
-But for Professor Martin Richards...	0:07:21	0:07:24
-..author of dozens -of academic science papers...	0:07:25	0:07:28
-.."story" -isn't a word that deters him.	0:07:28	0:07:31
-I regard that as an endorsement.	0:07:32	0:07:34
-All good science is storytelling...	0:07:34	0:07:36
-..and storytelling is the most -interesting form of discourse...	0:07:37	0:07:41
-..so long as, in a scientific case, -we tell true stories.	0:07:41	0:07:45
-Without a time machine we can't know -exactly what happened in the past.	0:07:45	0:07:49
-But that applies -to all historical sciences...	0:07:49	0:07:53
-..not just to genetics.	0:07:53	0:07:55
-We must use the present -to learn about the past.	0:07:55	0:07:58
-Some dispute the tests' worth -to the individual.	0:07:58	0:08:02
-Some claim we're putting -people's Welshness to the test...	0:08:02	0:08:07
-..and that the project is endorsing -extreme nationalism and racism.	0:08:08	0:08:13
-Debate is healthy...	0:08:13	0:08:15
-..but hopefully anyone -who's watched the programme...	0:08:15	0:08:19
-..can clearly see that it's -not our intention to be racist.	0:08:19	0:08:24
-Everyone is welcome to join us.	0:08:24	0:08:26
-The tests are available to everyone, -irrespective of your background...	0:08:26	0:08:31
-..or how recently -you've moved to Wales.	0:08:31	0:08:34
-Wow, that's just incredible.	0:08:34	0:08:38
-The test's worth to the individual -is a personal matter.	0:08:38	0:08:42
-That's too much -for my brain to take in.	0:08:42	0:08:44
-We'll return to that -later in the programme.	0:08:44	0:08:47
-DNA Cymru's focus is to learn more -about the nation's history...	0:08:48	0:08:52
-..and early results show...	0:08:53	0:08:55
-..that the country's genetic profile -is very typical.	0:08:55	0:08:59
-Since our broadcast back in March...	0:09:00	0:09:03
-..another project -has published striking results...	0:09:03	0:09:08
-..based on a study -of present-day Britons.	0:09:08	0:09:12
-Here at Oxford University, -a pioneering study is under way.	0:09:12	0:09:17
-Who are British people?	0:09:17	0:09:19
-It's an ongoing study -that has taken 12 years.	0:09:19	0:09:22
-By now, they've mapped the influx -to the British Isles...	0:09:23	0:09:27
-..from the end of the Ice Age.	0:09:27	0:09:29
-They've also shown that -the difference between Britons...	0:09:29	0:09:33
-..is very interesting.	0:09:33	0:09:35
-But for us in Wales, it's -shed new light on our history.	0:09:35	0:09:41
-So, first of all, Sir Walter...	0:09:41	0:09:43
-..tell us about the project -and how you got involved.	0:09:44	0:09:47
-It started -with a Welsh connection.	0:09:47	0:09:50
-I was asked to give a key lecture -for the British Academy...	0:09:50	0:09:54
-..where they have people who know -something about Celtic origins.	0:09:54	0:09:59
-I lectured -on the genetics of the Celts.	0:09:59	0:10:01
-What we're looking at is the people, -the ordinary person on the land...	0:10:02	0:10:07
-..and not the nobleman, -not the lords, not the warriors.	0:10:07	0:10:12
-What genetics does is give you -a picture of people as a whole.	0:10:12	0:10:16
-People of the British Isles, POBI.	0:10:17	0:10:20
-By analysing -the DNA of 2,000 people...	0:10:20	0:10:24
-..POBI has created a map of genetic -clusters that are closely related.	0:10:24	0:10:29
-You could say, -"What's the group of people...	0:10:29	0:10:32
-"..that are most similar -to each other genetically?"	0:10:33	0:10:36
-When we've got those, -what's the next most similar?	0:10:37	0:10:40
-That's what this clustering -that leads to this map is about.	0:10:40	0:10:44
-What about Wales and these clusters? -Have you found something remarkable?	0:10:44	0:10:50
-Wales is an interesting story.	0:10:50	0:10:52
-If you go down the list to -the next most different and so on...	0:10:52	0:10:56
-..Orkney stands out.	0:10:57	0:10:58
-What's striking is the next -biggest different was Wales.	0:10:59	0:11:02
-POBI and DNA Cymru are in agreement.	0:11:03	0:11:06
-The Welsh are the closest inheritors -to the people...	0:11:06	0:11:10
-..who came to the Britain between -the Ice Age and the hill-fort age.	0:11:10	0:11:15
-The two approaches -are complementary.	0:11:15	0:11:18
-POBI has looked across the genome -at the autosomes.	0:11:18	0:11:22
-We focused on the Y chromosome...	0:11:23	0:11:25
-..on our lineage -inherited down the father line.	0:11:25	0:11:28
-By putting the two together, -you get a good overall picture.	0:11:29	0:11:32
-But POBI suggested something else.	0:11:33	0:11:35
-Something -which is no surprise to many of us.	0:11:35	0:11:38
-The genetics of Northwalians -and Southwalians are different too.	0:11:38	0:11:43
-There are more -genetic differences between them...	0:11:43	0:11:47
-..than there are between people -in Kent and northern Scotland.	0:11:47	0:11:51
-POBI's findings about the -inhabitants before the Romans...	0:11:51	0:11:56
-..is quite surprising.	0:11:56	0:11:58
-In the Celtic cultures...	0:11:58	0:12:00
-..of Northern Ireland, Scotland, -Wales and Cornwall...	0:12:00	0:12:04
-..we see genetic groups in each -region but they're different groups.	0:12:04	0:12:10
-Although there are -similarities in culture...	0:12:10	0:12:14
-..genetically they're different.	0:12:15	0:12:17
-The Cornish are more similar -to the English than the Welsh.	0:12:17	0:12:21
-The People of the British Isles -and I differ in the interpretation.	0:12:21	0:12:26
-They were looking to check whether -the Welsh and the Scottish...	0:12:26	0:12:31
-..were more closely related -to one another...	0:12:31	0:12:34
-..than either was to the English, -which is a question.	0:12:34	0:12:38
-But if the English themselves had -a significant Celtic component...	0:12:38	0:12:43
-..which they do, then that question -becomes a bit more muddled.	0:12:43	0:12:48
-POBI believes -that it would've been possible...	0:12:48	0:12:52
-..to differentiate between the DNA -of those in a North Wales fort...	0:12:52	0:12:57
-..and the DNA of the inhabitants of -Caerau in a South Wales hill fort.	0:12:57	0:13:02
-But the genetics of both groups -are very different...	0:13:02	0:13:06
-..from the DNA of people -in Cornwall, Scotland and Ireland.	0:13:06	0:13:10
-The outcome of the research...	0:13:12	0:13:15
-..conducted by POBI...	0:13:15	0:13:17
-..suggests there's no -close connection between the Celts.	0:13:17	0:13:22
-However, DNA Cymru's research -supports the notion...	0:13:22	0:13:26
-..that we're still cousins.	0:13:26	0:13:28
-.	0:13:31	0:13:31
-Subtitles	0:13:36	0:13:36
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:13:36	0:13:38
-Wales, 2,000 years ago.	0:13:40	0:13:42
-The tribes of Ancient Britain -lived on the land.	0:13:46	0:13:50
-They farmed, hunted and fished.	0:13:50	0:13:54
-There are no written accounts -of their lives...	0:13:55	0:13:59
-..but their home was the hill fort.	0:13:59	0:14:01
-But who were these people?	0:14:03	0:14:05
-Descendants of the first people who -came to Britain after the Ice Age?	0:14:06	0:14:11
-Or were they great-grandchildren -of the first farmers...	0:14:15	0:14:18
-..who came thousands of years later -to start our farming tradition?	0:14:19	0:14:24
-Or were they the children of those -who came later still...	0:14:24	0:14:29
-..who brought the secrets -of smelting metal with them?	0:14:29	0:14:33
-A new culture, -and one which we refer to as Celtic.	0:14:33	0:14:36
-Our research suggests -that the hill fort's population...	0:14:38	0:14:42
-..was a mix of the three groups.	0:14:42	0:14:44
-The early pioneers, the farmers...	0:14:44	0:14:48
-..and the metal workers.	0:14:48	0:14:51
-Aided by three people -who've taken DNA Cymru's test...	0:14:51	0:14:55
-..namely Ken Owens, -Caryl Parry Jones and Roy Noble...	0:14:55	0:14:58
-..we'll focus on the history - -the history of our nation's roots.	0:14:59	0:15:04
-As you age, these questions arise -and they become more important...	0:15:04	0:15:09
-..and more frequent.	0:15:09	0:15:11
-Who are you? Where do you come from? -Where are you going?	0:15:11	0:15:15
-More than anything, -what's your background?	0:15:15	0:15:18
-There's far more interest nowadays.	0:15:18	0:15:20
-There's far more interest nowadays. - -Throughout the world...	0:15:20	0:15:23
-..more than two million people have -taken tests similar to DNA Cymru's.	0:15:23	0:15:29
-Tests on the DNA -we inherit from our parents.	0:15:29	0:15:33
-As the mother and father -pass on the DNA...	0:15:35	0:15:37
-..98% of it gets mixed up...	0:15:37	0:15:40
-..and re-combined all over again.	0:15:40	0:15:42
-It's hard to tell -who it's come from...	0:15:42	0:15:45
-..looking back over the generations.	0:15:45	0:15:48
-So the main focus -is that small percentage of DNA...	0:15:48	0:15:52
-..which is transferred -without getting mixed up...	0:15:52	0:15:56
-..from father to son, and -to his sons - the Y chromosome DNA.	0:15:56	0:16:01
-Another fragment, -the mitochondrial DNA...	0:16:03	0:16:06
-..which passes unchanged -from mother to children...	0:16:06	0:16:10
-..and from her daughters -to their children.	0:16:10	0:16:12
-Scientists -can identify genetic markers.	0:16:15	0:16:18
-Small changes that have occurred -through the generations.	0:16:18	0:16:22
-A technique -called phylogeography is used...	0:16:23	0:16:27
-..to map its course against -mankind's journey around the world.	0:16:27	0:16:32
-Genetic markers split mankind -into different groups.	0:16:34	0:16:38
-The scientific term for this -is haplogroup.	0:16:39	0:16:42
-But tracing the bloodline -on each side of the family...	0:16:43	0:16:47
-..poses a problem for us.	0:16:47	0:16:50
-By focusing on the mother -of your mother's mother...	0:16:50	0:16:54
-..and father -of your father's father...	0:16:54	0:16:56
-..we ignore many other ancestors.	0:16:57	0:16:59
-As we look back -through the generations...	0:16:59	0:17:02
-..there are -hundreds of thousands of them.	0:17:02	0:17:05
-What are the tests' purpose -and what forms the foundation...	0:17:05	0:17:10
-..for the historical conclusions -of phylogeography?	0:17:11	0:17:15
-The great majority of scientists -believe that phylogeography...	0:17:15	0:17:19
-..is an ordinary method -amongst many...	0:17:20	0:17:22
-..to try to understand our past.	0:17:23	0:17:25
-It's used in plant and animal -genetics, in human genetics...	0:17:25	0:17:30
-..even in virus genetics -to try to understand...	0:17:30	0:17:34
-..where a flu virus has come from.	0:17:34	0:17:36
-No-one can argue...	0:17:37	0:17:38
-..that the distribution of different -genetic lineages across geography...	0:17:38	0:17:43
-..does not contain information -about genetic ancestry.	0:17:43	0:17:47
-Phylogeography -was the underpinning...	0:17:47	0:17:50
-..of the out-of-Africa theory -of modern human origins.	0:17:51	0:17:55
-Long before archaeological evidence -confirmed this...	0:17:56	0:18:00
-..phylogeography -identified a form of family tree...	0:18:00	0:18:04
-..which traced -the mitochondrial DNA...	0:18:04	0:18:07
-..of all women on the planet -back to one mother in Africa...	0:18:07	0:18:11
-..200,000 years ago.	0:18:11	0:18:13
-This isn't the only example.	0:18:14	0:18:16
-The mitochondrial tree...	0:18:17	0:18:18
-..shows the point at which -lineages start branching.	0:18:19	0:18:22
-For example, amongst Native -Americans 15,000 years ago...	0:18:22	0:18:26
-..which fits well -with the archaeological evidence.	0:18:26	0:18:29
-Those lineages -that mostly come out of East Asia.	0:18:30	0:18:33
-Or you can see lineages that start -branching out in to the Pacific...	0:18:33	0:18:37
-..about 3,000 years ago, -which are lineages...	0:18:37	0:18:40
-..that come out of southeast Asia -and the New Guinea region.	0:18:41	0:18:44
-Many examples, not just -the out-of-Africa example...	0:18:44	0:18:48
-..which is supported by evidence.	0:18:48	0:18:50
-For reasons -she doesn't yet understand...	0:18:54	0:18:56
-..I've come to the Severn estuary...	0:18:57	0:18:59
-..for a stroll -with Caryl Parry Jones...	0:18:59	0:19:02
-..to reveal the results -of her ancient DNA.	0:19:02	0:19:05
-We're all aware -of two generations ago...	0:19:05	0:19:08
-..but we know mostly nothing -about our ancestors before that.	0:19:09	0:19:13
-The prospect of tracing prehistory -is hard to imagine, to be honest.	0:19:13	0:19:19
-Well, Caryl, here are the results -of your mitochondrial DNA.	0:19:19	0:19:24
-Your mother's lineage.	0:19:24	0:19:26
-"The U haplogroup was common amongst -the first people in Europe...	0:19:26	0:19:32
-"..after the Ice Age."	0:19:32	0:19:34
-After the Ice Age.	0:19:34	0:19:35
-After the Ice Age. - -Well, well.	0:19:35	0:19:38
-10,000 years ago, people returned -to Wales to hunt as the ice melted.	0:19:39	0:19:45
-But how scientific is linking the -DNA of an individual like Caryl...	0:19:46	0:19:51
-..to the history of ancient hunters?	0:19:51	0:19:54
-Only 1% of Caryl's DNA -is found in the mitochondria.	0:19:56	0:20:00
-But it's passed on to her -through her mother's line...	0:20:00	0:20:04
-..with few changes throughout the -millennia from the Mesolithic Era.	0:20:04	0:20:08
-I've heard critics describe...	0:20:08	0:20:10
-..identifying your Y chromosome -lineage as homeopathy.	0:20:11	0:20:14
-It's simply false.	0:20:15	0:20:17
-It may be only telling you a very -tiny fraction of your ancestry...	0:20:17	0:20:21
-..but it's something -people can fix on to.	0:20:22	0:20:25
-It's nice having -that tiny bit of information...	0:20:25	0:20:29
-..which I never thought -in a million years belonged to me.	0:20:29	0:20:34
-Any link with -any part of a person's history...	0:20:34	0:20:38
-..is worth its weight in gold.	0:20:38	0:20:40
-Life is short...	0:20:40	0:20:43
-..so any information -about where we've come from...	0:20:43	0:20:47
-..is something very precious.	0:20:47	0:20:50
-To bring -the era's history to life...	0:20:50	0:20:53
-..we've arranged for Caryl to visit -a site at the Severn estuary...	0:20:53	0:20:57
-..with Dr Ffion Reynolds -from Cardiff University.	0:20:58	0:21:02
-Goldcliff -is a prime area of significance...	0:21:02	0:21:07
-..from the Mesolithic Era.	0:21:07	0:21:09
-Evidence is in short supply...	0:21:10	0:21:12
-..but one of the things -that's survived from this era...	0:21:12	0:21:16
-..is a collection of footprints.	0:21:16	0:21:19
-This is a child's footprint.	0:21:20	0:21:22
-That's the big toe, -the other toes...	0:21:23	0:21:26
-..and that's the heel.	0:21:27	0:21:28
-A small child's footprint.	0:21:28	0:21:31
-It brings -the Mesolithic Era to life.	0:21:32	0:21:35
-Many footprints -are facing that way...	0:21:35	0:21:40
-..and others are heading -in this direction too...	0:21:40	0:21:43
-..to an area -where they fished with fish traps.	0:21:44	0:21:48
-They collected the fish -from the traps...	0:21:48	0:21:51
-..and headed back this way -to the camp...	0:21:51	0:21:54
-..around 7,500 years ago.	0:21:54	0:21:56
-..around 7,500 years ago. - -Whoa!	0:21:56	0:21:57
-Wow, that's just incredible.	0:21:58	0:22:01
-That's too much -for my brain to take in!	0:22:02	0:22:05
-Just imagine a small child, -barefoot...	0:22:05	0:22:08
-..running back and forth with -Mam and Dad and all his friends.	0:22:08	0:22:12
-Caryl's connection with Mesolithic -women goes way, way back in time.	0:22:13	0:22:17
-But the era's men -have also left their mark...	0:22:18	0:22:21
-..on Wales today.	0:22:22	0:22:24
-One of the oldest lineages -is rather rare.	0:22:24	0:22:27
-It's a lineage called S185. -It's just the marker name.	0:22:27	0:22:31
-It's really rare. -Only 0.2% of Welshmen carry this.	0:22:31	0:22:35
-It's at least 6,000 years old.	0:22:35	0:22:37
-This is before farming -from the Mesolithic Era...	0:22:37	0:22:40
-..a very distant time in the past.	0:22:40	0:22:43
-We still see a few people -who carry these types.	0:22:43	0:22:47
-Caryl's results from her mother's -lineage are far more common.	0:22:47	0:22:51
-We're seeing slightly different -male and female histories...	0:22:51	0:22:55
-..from looking at the Y chromosome -and the mitochondrial DNA.	0:22:55	0:22:59
-They're -interesting genomes to study.	0:22:59	0:23:02
-It speaks to a history of males...	0:23:02	0:23:05
-..that is different -from a history of females.	0:23:05	0:23:08
-Why did people move around?	0:23:10	0:23:13
-What were they searching for? What -was the purpose of their migration?	0:23:13	0:23:17
-People from the Mesolithic Era -were hunter-gatherers.	0:23:17	0:23:21
-The biggest difference...	0:23:22	0:23:23
-..between them and those who -came next, the Neolithic farmers...	0:23:24	0:23:28
-..is that they moved around -and moved seasonally to find food.	0:23:28	0:23:33
-There was an island behind here...	0:23:33	0:23:37
-..and a forest at the top...	0:23:37	0:23:39
-..where people could -hide in the bushes and hunt deer.	0:23:40	0:23:44
-Trees and deer were -relatively new things, were they?	0:23:45	0:23:48
-Yes, because the ice had gone...	0:23:48	0:23:50
-..the temperature was rising...	0:23:51	0:23:53
-..there was lots of vegetation -and lots of new foods.	0:23:53	0:23:57
-I can imagine -all these people on this island...	0:23:57	0:24:01
-..but was there more to life -than eating, hunting...	0:24:01	0:24:05
-..and averting danger?	0:24:05	0:24:07
-I think people in the Mesolithic Era -were very clever.	0:24:07	0:24:11
-They were quite sophisticated.	0:24:11	0:24:15
-They could make tools from flint...	0:24:15	0:24:18
-..which is hard to do nowadays.	0:24:19	0:24:21
-Their technology -was complex and sophisticated.	0:24:21	0:24:25
-Some people were performers.	0:24:26	0:24:28
-Maybe your ancestors -were performers.	0:24:29	0:24:32
-A Mesolithic noson lawen! Some -would argue it hasn't move on!	0:24:32	0:24:37
-.	0:24:40	0:24:41
-*	0:24:44	0:24:44
-The hill fort, the ancient home -of the tribes living in Wales...	0:24:44	0:24:49
-..before the arrival of the Romans.	0:24:49	0:24:51
-We're tracing the ancestral history -of the people who lived there.	0:24:52	0:24:56
-10,000 years previously, -after the Ice Age...	0:24:59	0:25:03
-..people returned to Wales -and survived...	0:25:03	0:25:06
-..by moving around to hunt for their -food and search for wild plants.	0:25:07	0:25:12
-Later, some 6,000 years ago...	0:25:16	0:25:19
-..things changed.	0:25:19	0:25:21
-This was the age -of ancient monuments...	0:25:26	0:25:29
-..such as that -in Pentre Ifan, Pembrokeshire.	0:25:31	0:25:35
-In Bryn Celli Ddu on Anglesey, -there's more proof...	0:25:36	0:25:39
-..about the big changes -that happened in Wales.	0:25:40	0:25:43
-Somehow, people had found the time -and resources to settle here...	0:25:43	0:25:48
-..to build on a grand scale...	0:25:49	0:25:51
-..and reflect -on the world around them.	0:25:52	0:25:55
-There was one principal reason...	0:25:55	0:25:58
-..for their prosperity.	0:25:58	0:26:00
-Farming.	0:26:01	0:26:02
-Growing crops -and rearing tame animals.	0:26:03	0:26:06
-Looking around Anglesey nowadays...	0:26:09	0:26:11
-..one can understand why farming, -using the land to generate wealth...	0:26:12	0:26:17
-..and sustain society made sense.	0:26:18	0:26:20
-This landscape -wouldn't have existed.	0:26:20	0:26:23
-There wouldn't have been -towns and villages...	0:26:23	0:26:26
-..if people had to constantly move -around to search for sustenance.	0:26:26	0:26:30
-It's claimed that agriculture began -in the Middle East...	0:26:31	0:26:35
-..where the land was very fertile.	0:26:35	0:26:38
-But how did farming reach Wales?	0:26:38	0:26:41
-Did people -share ideas between communities...	0:26:41	0:26:45
-..until neighbouring areas -realized the benefits?	0:26:45	0:26:49
-Or did the people themselves move?	0:26:49	0:26:53
-That is to say, was there a new wave -of migration to the British Isles?	0:26:53	0:26:58
-Here in Bryn Celli Ddu, the National -Museum has organised activities...	0:26:59	0:27:04
-..to celebrate the Solstice...	0:27:05	0:27:07
-..when the light of dawn -illuminates an unusual stone...	0:27:08	0:27:12
-..at the back of the chamber.	0:27:13	0:27:16
-People can see the type of clothes -and tools used by the new farmers...	0:27:16	0:27:21
-..who erected the monument.	0:27:21	0:27:23
-Archaeologists are here too.	0:27:25	0:27:27
-They've unearthed -a stone axe from France...	0:27:27	0:27:30
-..among other objects -which proves the earliest farmers...	0:27:30	0:27:34
-..must have traded overseas.	0:27:35	0:27:38
-From the pattern -on the stone itself...	0:27:38	0:27:41
-..we can say that -the architects of Bryn Celli Ddu...	0:27:41	0:27:44
-..shared ideas with people as far -away as the Orkneys and Portugal.	0:27:45	0:27:49
-Every shred of evidence...	0:27:50	0:27:52
-..about -our ancient history is precious.	0:27:53	0:27:56
-It sparks the imagination...	0:27:56	0:27:58
-..and it also leads -archaeologists and scientists...	0:27:58	0:28:02
-..to re-evaluate -the lives of our ancestors.	0:28:02	0:28:05
-The most exciting information -is currently being sought...	0:28:06	0:28:10
-..from DNA research.	0:28:10	0:28:12
-Here at Trinity College, Dublin...	0:28:13	0:28:15
-..they're extracting DNA -from ancient bones.	0:28:15	0:28:20
-We're sequencing 30 samples across -the whole prehistory of Ireland.	0:28:20	0:28:25
-It's almost like dropping -a plumb line through history.	0:28:25	0:28:30
-Tests on the ancient Irish...	0:28:31	0:28:33
-..is likely to shed light on the -big questions of Welsh history too.	0:28:33	0:28:38
-Enabled by marvellous new machines -that can sequence human genomes...	0:28:38	0:28:43
-..in days as opposed to decades...	0:28:43	0:28:45
-..we're at a time when questions -will be addressed quickly.	0:28:46	0:28:50
-Ancient DNA has been a game changer.	0:28:50	0:28:53
-We're now at the next level -in our understanding of the past.	0:28:53	0:28:58
-We can make the most -of ancient DNA by comparing it...	0:28:58	0:29:01
-..to modern DNA as well.	0:29:02	0:29:04
-Gathering all the information -allows you to learn the most.	0:29:04	0:29:08
-There's one problem about looking -at the present to study the past.	0:29:08	0:29:12
-That is, essentially, -the past is a different country.	0:29:12	0:29:16
-That the models we bring up from the -present to understand the past...	0:29:16	0:29:22
-..may miss big things.	0:29:22	0:29:25
-The big thing for me -was the genome of Otzi, the Iceman.	0:29:28	0:29:33
-When Otzi's body was discovered -in the Alps in 1991...	0:29:34	0:29:38
-..it provided a golden opportunity -for scientists to study his DNA.	0:29:39	0:29:44
-When they compared his genetics...	0:29:44	0:29:47
-..to modern individuals -across the whole of Europe...	0:29:47	0:29:50
-..he didn't look Alpine.	0:29:51	0:29:53
-Otzi's DNA profile was different -from that of the first hunters...	0:29:53	0:29:57
-..who settled in the Alps -after the Ice Age.	0:29:58	0:30:01
-The DNA found in the bones...	0:30:01	0:30:03
-..of the first farmers -of Central Europe was the same.	0:30:03	0:30:07
-Those first farmers...	0:30:07	0:30:09
-..like Otzi, -tend to look something like...	0:30:09	0:30:14
-..southern Mediterranean.	0:30:14	0:30:16
-The hunter-gatherers before them -look completely different.	0:30:16	0:30:20
-When farming came in, something -changed. It came with people.	0:30:21	0:30:25
-These great changes...	0:30:26	0:30:27
-..that seem to be happening -on the European mainland...	0:30:28	0:30:32
-..these great waves of migration...	0:30:32	0:30:35
-..do those waves -wash all the way up...	0:30:35	0:30:38
-..to the shores of -the westernmost islands of Europe?	0:30:38	0:30:42
-And that question is of interest -to someone in today's world.	0:30:43	0:30:48
-Roy Noble, who's going to hear -his DNA results, broadcast on air...	0:30:48	0:30:53
-..during his radio show -on Radio Wales.	0:30:53	0:30:56
-Scientists believe -that your sub-haplogroup, G2a...	0:30:56	0:31:00
-..was found in the first people...	0:31:00	0:31:02
-..to bring farming to Europe -from the near east.	0:31:03	0:31:06
-See? We were always spreading good!	0:31:06	0:31:09
-Linking to this G2a -sub-haplogroup...	0:31:11	0:31:13
-..in 1991...	0:31:14	0:31:16
-..they found a body, -later named Otzi, the Iceman...	0:31:16	0:31:21
-Otzi? A relative, I know it!	0:31:21	0:31:24
-Otzi the Iceman, right.	0:31:25	0:31:27
-You share that sub-haplogroup.	0:31:27	0:31:30
-Following the programme, -I discussed Otzi further with Roy.	0:31:30	0:31:35
-You've received the results.	0:31:35	0:31:37
-Is it a surprise?	0:31:38	0:31:40
-Yes, it is, -because we're all over the place.	0:31:40	0:31:43
-The G haplogroup is rare in Wales. -Does that mean we're special?	0:31:43	0:31:48
-It's more common in Central Europe -and the Caucasus Mountains.	0:31:49	0:31:53
-We were the earliest farmers.	0:31:53	0:31:56
-We brought farming here.	0:31:56	0:31:58
-The first farmers, you see.	0:31:58	0:32:00
-Roy's results -put him amongst those...	0:32:03	0:32:06
-..who branched out -across ancient Europe.	0:32:06	0:32:09
-He's returned to familiar territory, -to the Black Mountains...	0:32:09	0:32:14
-..to reflect on his origins.	0:32:15	0:32:18
-As a child, -you don't think about ancestry...	0:32:19	0:32:23
-..and tracing -your genealogy down the ages...	0:32:23	0:32:26
-..but as you get older you realize -what you're walking over...	0:32:26	0:32:30
-..who had been there before you -and what their lives were like.	0:32:30	0:32:35
-You're used to -going back centuries...	0:32:35	0:32:38
-..but now you're going back -thousands of years.	0:32:38	0:32:41
-It's hard to take in. You're going -back to places like Anatolia.	0:32:42	0:32:46
-You're talking about Russia, -Georgia, Iraq, Turkey.	0:32:46	0:32:49
-The first farmers -came through the Alps to do that.	0:32:50	0:32:53
-They found Otzi the Iceman -in a cave in the Alps.	0:32:53	0:32:56
-They tell me -he was one of the family!	0:32:57	0:32:59
-That makes me feel pretty special.	0:33:02	0:33:04
-I'm somewhat of a pedigree!	0:33:05	0:33:07
-I've been searching -for a pedigree all my life.	0:33:08	0:33:10
-Roy's pedigree -is relatively rare in Wales today.	0:33:11	0:33:14
-Many more men belong to -a haplogroup that came to Wales...	0:33:14	0:33:18
-..after the first farmers.	0:33:18	0:33:21
-What was their habitat?	0:33:21	0:33:23
-.	0:33:27	0:33:27
-Subtitles	0:33:29	0:33:29
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:33:29	0:33:31
-If we talk about roots, Ken, -how would you define roots?	0:33:31	0:33:35
-Welsh hooker Ken Owens -is next to help us...	0:33:35	0:33:39
-..trace our ancient history -by taking DNA Cymru's test...	0:33:39	0:33:44
-..and sharing -his family's background.	0:33:44	0:33:46
-It's quite easy on my father's side.	0:33:47	0:33:49
-Most of the family's -from the Carmarthen area...	0:33:49	0:33:53
-..and Carmarthenshire.	0:33:53	0:33:55
-I have your results here, so let's -find out exactly where you're from.	0:33:55	0:33:59
-I'm looking forward.	0:33:59	0:34:01
-But before Ken can understand -the significance of the result...	0:34:01	0:34:05
-..we must meet a new group of people -who brought a revolution to Wales.	0:34:06	0:34:11
-The revolutionary smelting process.	0:34:11	0:34:14
-The barren steppe of eastern Europe -was the starting point...	0:34:15	0:34:19
-..for people's migration, according -to the latest DNA research.	0:34:19	0:34:24
-Having established themselves -in Central Europe...	0:34:24	0:34:28
-..it's claimed that -the Beaker People came to Britain...	0:34:28	0:34:32
-..straight from Austria -and Switzerland.	0:34:32	0:34:35
-But these days, focus shifts to the -sea as the world's ancient highway.	0:34:35	0:34:40
-Trade was possible -along the Atlantic coast...	0:34:41	0:34:45
-..from Iberia to Scotland.	0:34:45	0:34:47
-Is that -how the Beaker People came to Wales?	0:34:47	0:34:51
-Evidence suggests that smelting -skills were introduced to Wales...	0:34:51	0:34:56
-..from the sea, as is evident -in the hills above Cardigan Bay.	0:34:56	0:35:00
-This is the barren Ystwyth Valley, -inhabited only by sheep.	0:35:01	0:35:07
-But there's -something else under foot.	0:35:07	0:35:09
-Malachite, a copper mineral.	0:35:10	0:35:13
-It was the metal -in this colourful stone...	0:35:14	0:35:17
-..that attracted those people -from Europe to this location...	0:35:17	0:35:21
-..4,000 years ago.	0:35:21	0:35:23
-The tools they used -to dig for this mineral...	0:35:24	0:35:27
-..can still be found -above our heads here.	0:35:27	0:35:31
-The tools -have come from the seaside.	0:35:34	0:35:37
-Pebbles were transported here -to serve as axes to dig.	0:35:37	0:35:42
-It might well have been sailors who -brought the new age to Ceredigion.	0:35:42	0:35:47
-The importance of the sea, even -though we're high above sea level...	0:35:49	0:35:53
-..is obvious.	0:35:54	0:35:56
-It's hard to imagine how these ideas -would've been introduced...	0:35:56	0:36:00
-..without people migrating.	0:36:00	0:36:02
-According to Professor Koch...	0:36:04	0:36:07
-..the Beaker People transformed -the structure of ancient society.	0:36:08	0:36:13
-Another group of people -must've come, as well as new ideas.	0:36:13	0:36:17
-It's hard to say many people -without more evidence...	0:36:18	0:36:23
-..in the form of bones and DNA, -of course...	0:36:23	0:36:27
-..but it's impossible to believe -that all these changes happened...	0:36:27	0:36:32
-..without people -moving from place to place.	0:36:32	0:36:36
-The technique that inspired -the metal age was very inventive.	0:36:37	0:36:41
-Archaeologists can recreate -the process with simple tools.	0:36:41	0:36:47
-At the bottom is a fire which -is about 1100 degrees Centigrade.	0:36:47	0:36:51
-In the fire -is some crushed up copper ore.	0:36:55	0:36:58
-This is the mineral that was mined -at top of the hill in front of us...	0:36:58	0:37:04
-..about 4,000 years ago.	0:37:05	0:37:07
-So that's the copper?	0:37:08	0:37:10
-It's hot as well. -Do you want to feel it?	0:37:11	0:37:13
-It's OK, you can hold it. -Freshly made copper.	0:37:14	0:37:17
-It's so heavy.	0:37:17	0:37:18
-It's hard to believe, isn't it?	0:37:19	0:37:21
-A piece of copper, -and this is gleaming.	0:37:22	0:37:26
-These modern ruins show that -men have resumed mining recently.	0:37:27	0:37:32
-But Wales has inherited more than an -industry from the original pioneers.	0:37:32	0:37:38
-The Beaker People -were cultured leaders.	0:37:39	0:37:42
-Very influential people -were moving in.	0:37:43	0:37:46
-The industry spread across Wales -and Britain as a whole...	0:37:46	0:37:50
-..and the majority -of western Europe.	0:37:50	0:37:53
-Copper didn't happen everywhere.	0:37:54	0:37:56
-If people were moving in -with a copper industry...	0:37:57	0:38:00
-..they had to create a network...	0:38:00	0:38:04
-..to connect places -that were far apart...	0:38:05	0:38:07
-..which raises the question -of how they communicated.	0:38:08	0:38:12
-Did they use -a common language among them?	0:38:12	0:38:15
-The Beaker People came from -the far steppe of eastern Europe.	0:38:16	0:38:21
-Their language laid the foundations -of every modern language...	0:38:21	0:38:25
-..including Welsh.	0:38:26	0:38:28
-Somewhere among them...	0:38:28	0:38:30
-..was a baby boy -born with a new genetic marker.	0:38:30	0:38:34
-A marker that is nowadays found -within the Celtic nations.	0:38:34	0:38:38
-It has a very young age, -possibly post-Neolithic...	0:38:38	0:38:42
-..so it'd fit in -with the copper age...	0:38:42	0:38:44
-..and with the age -of the Beaker People.	0:38:44	0:38:47
-What we need is more ancient DNA -from Britain, and indeed, Wales...	0:38:47	0:38:51
-..from Beaker skeletons to add -more certainty to this hypothesis.	0:38:52	0:38:57
-One skeleton from the Beaker age was -found in the Wrexham area in 1958.	0:39:01	0:39:07
-Ever since then, the Brymbo Man's -been a topic of discussion...	0:39:07	0:39:11
-..for those -who want to understand...	0:39:11	0:39:14
-..how ancient people -came to settle here.	0:39:14	0:39:17
-Before scientists used DNA -to study people's migration...	0:39:17	0:39:23
-..and the differences between them -in prehistory...	0:39:23	0:39:27
-..archaeologists studied skulls -to extract the same information.	0:39:27	0:39:33
-They came to the conclusion -that graves in the Neolithic Age...	0:39:33	0:39:39
-..included long skulls.	0:39:39	0:39:41
-Graves in the Bronze Age included -round skulls like the Brymbo Man's.	0:39:41	0:39:47
-It was evidence enough...	0:39:50	0:39:52
-..to prove that different people -had settled in Wales.	0:39:52	0:39:56
-DNA tests could reveal -more of Brymbo Man's secrets...	0:39:57	0:40:02
-..but archaeologist Rhys Mwyn -has plenty to say already...	0:40:02	0:40:06
-..about the skeleton that was -carefully buried in the Bronze Age.	0:40:06	0:40:11
-He was five foot eight in height.	0:40:11	0:40:13
-Yes, he was similar to us.	0:40:14	0:40:15
-It's a mistake to think -they were all dwarves.	0:40:16	0:40:19
-He has a great set of teeth.	0:40:19	0:40:21
-They ate meat -and I'm sure they gnawed at things.	0:40:21	0:40:25
-They didn't bury people individually -like this before this era...	0:40:25	0:40:31
-..with personal items -such as a beaker.	0:40:31	0:40:34
-It proves that new people -had come to Wales, doesn't it?	0:40:34	0:40:38
-We need to tread carefully -when we talk about eras and so on.	0:40:38	0:40:42
-We're quick to date everything.	0:40:42	0:40:44
-They used metal -in the Bronze Age, which is true...	0:40:44	0:40:48
-..but the stone knife -is still in use.	0:40:48	0:40:51
-These eras blend in to one another.	0:40:51	0:40:54
-There are no doors -to go in and out of.	0:40:54	0:40:58
-Here's a recreation -of one of the Beaker People.	0:40:58	0:41:03
-Who were these people?	0:41:03	0:41:06
-Were they recent incomers...	0:41:07	0:41:09
-..or had they been here -for centuries?	0:41:09	0:41:12
-It's a good question -because the tradition changes.	0:41:12	0:41:15
-There are exchanges, -commerce and migration.	0:41:15	0:41:20
-What's not so easy to define...	0:41:21	0:41:24
-..is the number -of people who move...	0:41:24	0:41:26
-..in order to bring about change.	0:41:27	0:41:29
-You're not talking about -an entire population...	0:41:29	0:41:33
-..of different races.	0:41:33	0:41:35
-You're talking about adopting ideas -and sharing ideas too.	0:41:35	0:41:39
-I tend to think of it -as exchanging ideas...	0:41:40	0:41:44
-..and a small amount of migration.	0:41:45	0:41:47
-But from our tests conducted on the -DNA we inherit from our fathers...	0:41:49	0:41:54
-..the Y chromosome DNA...	0:41:54	0:41:56
-..suggest that new genetic markers -appear in the Bronze Age.	0:41:56	0:42:00
-It's possible that the Bronze Age -was a time of great inequality.	0:42:01	0:42:06
-That's when -inequality arrived in Europe.	0:42:06	0:42:08
-It may be that we have -these patriarchal societies...	0:42:09	0:42:12
-..arriving in the Bronze Age -in which small numbers of men...	0:42:13	0:42:17
-..left descendants -to future generations.	0:42:17	0:42:20
-It appears the Beaker men replaced -the men who lived in Wales...	0:42:20	0:42:25
-..before the metal ages.	0:42:25	0:42:27
-One simple way -to replace lineages...	0:42:27	0:42:30
-..is to kill people -who are already there.	0:42:30	0:42:33
-We're talking about men -in particular...	0:42:33	0:42:36
-..because we're talking about -the Y chromosome.	0:42:36	0:42:39
-I don't know -if there was violence involved.	0:42:39	0:42:42
-They certainly outbred them.	0:42:42	0:42:44
-They had more children, -generation by generation...	0:42:45	0:42:48
-..till such time as now, 71% of -Wales descend from these lineages.	0:42:48	0:42:54
-It's likely that Ken Owens...	0:42:54	0:42:57
-..is a descendent -of one of these new Britons.	0:42:57	0:43:01
-Your father's lineage...	0:43:01	0:43:03
-..is R1b-S145 Pretani.	0:43:04	0:43:07
-That doesn't mean a great deal!	0:43:07	0:43:09
-The haplogroup -is more common in Wales...	0:43:10	0:43:13
-..and is rare -outside the British Isles.	0:43:13	0:43:17
-This haplogroup came to Wales...	0:43:17	0:43:20
-..with Beaker People migration.	0:43:20	0:43:22
-Your mother's lineage is H1.	0:43:24	0:43:27
-It became more common across Europe -with the migration of Beaker People.	0:43:27	0:43:31
-Your sub-haplogroup, H1c1...	0:43:31	0:43:33
-..is more common in Wales -compared to the rest of Britain.	0:43:34	0:43:37
-That's interesting.	0:43:38	0:43:40
-As a proud Welshman, it's nice to -hear my ancestors are from Wales...	0:43:40	0:43:44
-..and that they originated here.	0:43:45	0:43:47
-I hope it's prompted you -to research further.	0:43:47	0:43:50
-I'm interested in history, -so I'll definitely dig deeper.	0:43:51	0:43:55
-The story of the Beaker People...	0:43:55	0:43:58
-..is the final chapter in the -history of migration to Wales...	0:43:58	0:44:02
-..between the Ice Age -and the Roman Era.	0:44:02	0:44:05
-Which brings us back here, to the -hill fort, the start of our journey.	0:44:05	0:44:11
-2,000 years later...	0:44:11	0:44:13
-..we can't say for certain...	0:44:13	0:44:15
-..what the lineage of -those people who lived here was...	0:44:16	0:44:19
-..but DNA Cymru's tests -conducted on 1,000 people today...	0:44:20	0:44:24
-..gives an idea of a similar pattern -among our nation's ancestors.	0:44:24	0:44:29
-There are men today who have -inherited the Y chromosome DNA...	0:44:29	0:44:35
-..from the hunters who came to -northern Europe after the Ice Age.	0:44:35	0:44:40
-But they are in the minority - -less than 1%.	0:44:41	0:44:45
-Then there's Roy Noble, -a descendant of the first farmers.	0:44:46	0:44:51
-There are more of them, but -they only make up 3% of the total.	0:44:52	0:44:58
-Most Welsh people today -are in Ken Owens' camp.	0:44:59	0:45:03
-Their Y chromosome DNA -is derived from the Beaker People.	0:45:03	0:45:08
-The figure is more than 70%.	0:45:08	0:45:12
-If we think about the female history -and the mitochondrial side...	0:45:12	0:45:17
-..we see a different picture.	0:45:17	0:45:19
-Very old lineages, -many more of them.	0:45:20	0:45:23
-More input from longer ago.	0:45:24	0:45:26
-Many more Welsh women...	0:45:27	0:45:29
-..have mitochondrial DNA...	0:45:29	0:45:31
-..belonging to a haplogroup that -was here before the Beaker People.	0:45:32	0:45:37
-In this programme, Caryl Parry Jones -has learnt a little...	0:45:40	0:45:44
-..about the early history -of Welsh women.	0:45:44	0:45:47
-She's now meeting close friend, -journalist Carolyn Hitt.	0:45:47	0:45:53
-Carolyn was initially very critical -of DNA Cymru's project...	0:45:53	0:45:57
-..but taking the test -has changed her mind.	0:45:57	0:46:00
-This takes you back through your -mother's mother's mother's mother.	0:46:00	0:46:05
-That was emotional for me -after losing my mum.	0:46:05	0:46:08
-I'm not going to be a mother now, -yet there's something inside...	0:46:09	0:46:13
-..however infinitesimal...	0:46:13	0:46:15
-..that links me through all these -women thousands of miles away...	0:46:15	0:46:18
-..going back millennia...	0:46:19	0:46:21
-We're talking -thousands of years ago.	0:46:21	0:46:25
-And to know -that that long ago is in me.	0:46:25	0:46:28
-That's what is it with history, -it's a textbooky thing...	0:46:28	0:46:32
-..and then it becomes personal.	0:46:32	0:46:34
-My results show I go back -to what is now modern Pakistan...	0:46:34	0:46:38
-..to a female-dominated tribe.	0:46:39	0:46:41
-It shows that we're all part -of a big human family.	0:46:41	0:46:45
-I'd like to think this diversity -that we've been celebrating...	0:46:45	0:46:49
-..is still going to be part of this -gorgeous, diverse nation we are.	0:46:50	0:46:54
-Diversity.	0:46:55	0:46:57
-Cheers.	0:46:57	0:46:58
-The variations in our DNA...	0:47:01	0:47:03
-..are the signs of the diversity -in our ancient history.	0:47:03	0:47:07
-However, -these are minor differences.	0:47:07	0:47:10
-Beyond the comings and goings -of our DNA...	0:47:12	0:47:15
-..and our personal histories -is a more important truth.	0:47:15	0:47:19
-After all, -we belong to the same family.	0:47:20	0:47:24
-Everyone who's now in Britain...	0:47:25	0:47:28
-..their ancestry -came in a wave of migration.	0:47:29	0:47:31
-The differences between people -aren't down to immigration.	0:47:32	0:47:36
-We're all immigrants.	0:47:36	0:47:38
-The differences are when -their ancestry came to the UK.	0:47:38	0:47:41
-It's a lesson, in a way, because -we all come from the same place.	0:47:42	0:47:47
-When you read in the newspapers...	0:47:47	0:47:50
-..about the fighting -here and there...	0:47:50	0:47:53
-..what difference does it make -who we are?	0:47:53	0:47:56
-We're all part -of the same gene pool.	0:47:56	0:47:59
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:48:26	0:48:28
-.	0:48:28	0:48:28

Pennod 2 DNA Cymru

Similar Content

Factual

DNA Cymru

Pennod 1

Pennod 3

Transcript

Download Subtitles

SRT

ASS