Pennod 3 DNA Cymru
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|---|---|---|---|
-Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-Wales. | 0:00:03 | 0:00:04 | |
-For thousands of years, -people have come here... | 0:00:05 | 0:00:08 | |
-..in search of a better life. | 0:00:08 | 0:00:11 | |
-From the Ice Age -to the digital age... | 0:00:13 | 0:00:16 | |
-..wave after wave of immigrants... | 0:00:16 | 0:00:19 | |
-..have settled here. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:21 | |
-Their genetic markers can -still be traced in our bodies today. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:26 | |
-DNA research unlocks the -genetic secrets of our ancestors. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:31 | |
-A new channel to the past -has been opened... | 0:00:31 | 0:00:35 | |
-..revealing sensational information -about our history. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:39 | |
-DNA Cymru has discovered that a high -percentage of today's population... | 0:00:41 | 0:00:46 | |
-..are the descendants -of brave warriors... | 0:00:46 | 0:00:49 | |
-..alluded to in our national anthem. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:51 | |
-The nation's -ancient chieftains and princes. | 0:00:52 | 0:00:55 | |
-But who exactly were they? | 0:00:55 | 0:00:57 | |
-The research -has also uncovered a strange story. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:02 | |
-The story of a brave warrior -who fought for his fathers' land... | 0:01:02 | 0:01:06 | |
-..on the playing fields. | 0:01:07 | 0:01:09 | |
-And a man who, thus far... | 0:01:10 | 0:01:12 | |
-..knows nothing at all -about his royal Welsh roots. | 0:01:12 | 0:01:16 | |
-For the first time ever, -genetics unlocks the secrets... | 0:01:18 | 0:01:22 | |
-..of powerful men -who shaped the nation. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:25 | |
-There's a new way -of relating our story. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:28 | |
-And its name is DNA. | 0:01:29 | 0:01:31 | |
-DNA Cymru. | 0:01:31 | 0:01:33 | |
-The year is 410 AD. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:45 | |
-The empire controlling Britain -for close to four centuries... | 0:01:45 | 0:01:51 | |
-..is about to fall. | 0:01:51 | 0:01:53 | |
-As the attacks intensify... | 0:02:00 | 0:02:02 | |
-..Rome severs ties with Britain. | 0:02:02 | 0:02:06 | |
-In Wales, amid all the anarchy... | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
-..new leaders come to the fore. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:17 | |
-Accomplished soldiers who create -new territories across the country. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:24 | |
-It's a turbulent period. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:28 | |
-They must fight against -the Irish, Saxons, Vikings... | 0:02:28 | 0:02:33 | |
-..as well as amongst themselves -to establish order. | 0:02:33 | 0:02:37 | |
-Some individuals succeed. | 0:02:40 | 0:02:42 | |
-They establish royal lineages... | 0:02:44 | 0:02:46 | |
-..which reign -in the new Welsh kingdoms... | 0:02:47 | 0:02:50 | |
-..namely Gwynedd, -Powys and Deheubarth. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:53 | |
-It was these kings -and their descendants... | 0:02:54 | 0:02:57 | |
-..who ruled Wales for centuries. | 0:02:57 | 0:02:59 | |
-It's their extended family, -the nobility... | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
-..who are the nation's leaders. | 0:03:05 | 0:03:07 | |
-From the Tudor Age -to the Victorian Age... | 0:03:08 | 0:03:11 | |
-..their descendants -inherited status and influence. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:15 | |
-Their estates -and opulent mansions... | 0:03:15 | 0:03:19 | |
-..were central -to each county's social life. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:23 | |
-However, in modern Wales... | 0:03:24 | 0:03:26 | |
-..that order and memories of the -ancient nobility have disappeared. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:31 | |
-The situation -is different in Scotland... | 0:03:35 | 0:03:38 | |
-..where the ancient order -still exists. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:41 | |
-Over the centuries, the clans -have played a central role... | 0:03:41 | 0:03:46 | |
-..in the way -this nation has developed... | 0:03:46 | 0:03:50 | |
-..and maintained its identity. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:52 | |
-The clans evolved -during the 11th century... | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
-..when Scotland itself -was becoming a unified country. | 0:03:56 | 0:04:00 | |
-Strong leaders came to power -to defend their communities. | 0:04:00 | 0:04:04 | |
-It was a good reason for people to -be faithful to the clans' chiefs. | 0:04:05 | 0:04:09 | |
-Nowadays, -the Scots love nothing more... | 0:04:10 | 0:04:13 | |
-..than clothing themselves -in the splendour of the past. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:16 | |
-The romance of the clans -is alive and well. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:20 | |
-This was true -of the Welsh at one time. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:23 | |
-From the age of the princes -to the Middle Ages... | 0:04:24 | 0:04:27 | |
-..people were conscious of history -and of noble lineages. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
-The Welsh clans, as it were. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:34 | |
-These days, however, -that way of life and culture... | 0:04:34 | 0:04:38 | |
-..has long gone... | 0:04:38 | 0:04:40 | |
-..but DNA Cymru's results suggest... | 0:04:40 | 0:04:43 | |
-..that their influence continues. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:46 | |
-Having tested more than 1,000 people -over the past year... | 0:04:47 | 0:04:51 | |
-..a strange pattern of results -has emerged. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:55 | |
-Some genetic markers -stand out as common traits. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
-They denote unique sub-branches -in the Y chromosome family tree. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:08 | |
-Branches that have become very -fertile in Wales, for some reason. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:14 | |
-Similar branches have been -discovered in Scotland's population. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:21 | |
-The markers associated -with the branches here... | 0:05:21 | 0:05:25 | |
-..are called clan markers. | 0:05:26 | 0:05:28 | |
-The men who carry them are -descendants to prominent leaders. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:32 | |
-I'm on my way -to meet Dr Jim Wilson... | 0:05:33 | 0:05:36 | |
-..who's studied the clans' genetics. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:40 | |
-We looked to see whether people... | 0:05:40 | 0:05:43 | |
-..with a clan surname were related. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:46 | |
-Many people across the world -have been engaged in this research. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:51 | |
-For various clans, -in particular MacGregor... | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
-..and the Royal House of Stuart... | 0:05:54 | 0:05:56 | |
-..a very large number of people -with these surnames... | 0:05:56 | 0:06:00 | |
-..were actually a genetic family. | 0:06:00 | 0:06:03 | |
-They all descended from one man. | 0:06:03 | 0:06:05 | |
-They formed a genetic cluster -of closely-related Y chromosomes... | 0:06:05 | 0:06:10 | |
-..that descended -from a patriarch from one ancestor. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:14 | |
-Genetic clusters have -also been discovered in Ireland too. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:18 | |
-Many males there -are descendants of early chieftains. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:22 | |
-The question for us is, has -the same thing happened in Wales? | 0:06:23 | 0:06:27 | |
-We were amazed. It was even more -extreme than Scotland and Ireland. | 0:06:27 | 0:06:32 | |
-We found quite a number of these... | 0:06:32 | 0:06:34 | |
-..perhaps up to 20 of these clusters -of Y chromosomes... | 0:06:35 | 0:06:39 | |
-..that are very closely related. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:41 | |
-The genetic data strongly suggests -that Wales's leaders... | 0:06:42 | 0:06:45 | |
-..had a large number of descendants. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
-By studying -the Y chromosome patterns... | 0:06:48 | 0:06:51 | |
-..research has led to -an unusual conclusion. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:55 | |
-We've analysed -10 clusters in detail... | 0:06:55 | 0:06:58 | |
-..including sequencing -the Y chromosome... | 0:06:58 | 0:07:02 | |
-..to try to get -an estimate of the age. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:05 | |
-We estimate that 10 men... | 0:07:05 | 0:07:07 | |
-..who were born -1,000-2,000 years ago... | 0:07:07 | 0:07:10 | |
-..probably 1,500 years ago... | 0:07:10 | 0:07:13 | |
-..are the direct male-line ancestors -of 18% of all Welshmen today. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:18 | |
-That's over 200,000 men in Wales... | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
-..and nearly 500,000 men -all around the world. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:25 | |
-It's a striking statistic. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:28 | |
-The fact that so many men -belong to the genetic clusters... | 0:07:29 | 0:07:33 | |
-..suggests that Wales's -early leaders shaped society... | 0:07:33 | 0:07:37 | |
-..in a way -that no-one had suspected before. | 0:07:37 | 0:07:39 | |
-They certainly outbred their peers. | 0:07:40 | 0:07:42 | |
-Probably they were noblemen... | 0:07:43 | 0:07:46 | |
-..chieftains and kings. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:48 | |
-If this prominence is inherited, -the ability to have more sons... | 0:07:48 | 0:07:52 | |
-..is inherited down the male line. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:55 | |
-It's a perfect situation for that -Y chromosome to become prominent. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:59 | |
-During the launch of DNA Cymru -last September... | 0:08:03 | 0:08:07 | |
-..Dafydd Iwan was first to hear of -his connection with a Welsh leader. | 0:08:08 | 0:08:12 | |
-This marker is called R1b-S300. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:15 | |
-This marker is called R1b-S300. - -Dafydd's sub-haplogroup... | 0:08:15 | 0:08:17 | |
-..is more common in Wales -than elsewhere. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:19 | |
-It's called Ancient Welsh. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:22 | |
-Look at that in the world. Wales -is the only location on that map. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:27 | |
-At the time, there was some -leg pulling about a possible link... | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
-..to King Arthur. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:34 | |
-You belong to Arthur. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:36 | |
-My brother Arthur? | 0:08:36 | 0:08:38 | |
-Throughout history, -people have boasted... | 0:08:43 | 0:08:46 | |
-..that they are -descendants of King Arthur. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:50 | |
-It's impossible to identify -the DNA of a legendary king... | 0:08:50 | 0:08:54 | |
-..but how plausible -is any suggestion... | 0:08:54 | 0:08:57 | |
-..that connects -the genes of people today... | 0:08:57 | 0:09:00 | |
-..with the bloodline -of historical princes? | 0:09:00 | 0:09:03 | |
-For an independent opinion... | 0:09:05 | 0:09:07 | |
-..we visited one of the world's -main centres of genetic research. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:12 | |
-The Sanger Institute near Cambridge. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
-By studying the DNA of men -across Europe and Asia... | 0:09:15 | 0:09:20 | |
-..Professor Chris Tyler-Smith -saw a pattern... | 0:09:20 | 0:09:24 | |
-..that no-one had noticed before. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:26 | |
-We discovered this cluster -entirely by chance. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:30 | |
-We were not looking for it. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:32 | |
-We were simply -carrying out a survey... | 0:09:32 | 0:09:35 | |
-..of the Y chromosomal genetic -landscape across Europe and Asia. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:40 | |
-We noticed that there was -one Y chromosome type... | 0:09:40 | 0:09:44 | |
-..or a set of closely-related -Y chromosome types... | 0:09:44 | 0:09:48 | |
-..that were very frequent. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:50 | |
-The cluster could be seen across a -vast area of the earth's surface... | 0:09:50 | 0:09:55 | |
-..from the Pacific Ocean in the east -to the Caspian Sea in Russia. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
-Information in the data suggested a -source in Mongolia 1,000 years ago. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:05 | |
-When a geneticist sees a rapid -expansion in numbers of this kind... | 0:10:07 | 0:10:12 | |
-..they always think -of two possible explanations. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:16 | |
-One is natural selection... | 0:10:16 | 0:10:18 | |
-..that that lineage has -a particular biological advantage. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:23 | |
-But in this case of the Y -chromosome, that is very unlikely. | 0:10:23 | 0:10:29 | |
-We don't think -that's a plausible explanation. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:32 | |
-The alternative is that -there's some social advantage. | 0:10:33 | 0:10:37 | |
-In simple terms, social advantage -means that one man... | 0:10:37 | 0:10:41 | |
-..has fathered many children -with different women. | 0:10:41 | 0:10:45 | |
-Since so many men these days... | 0:10:46 | 0:10:48 | |
-..carry the same genetic markers -centuries later... | 0:10:48 | 0:10:51 | |
-..social advantage must -have lasted over many generations. | 0:10:52 | 0:10:56 | |
-From the cluster in Mongolia, -the historical data... | 0:10:58 | 0:11:02 | |
-..referred to one prominent man. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:04 | |
-The most likely explanation... | 0:11:05 | 0:11:07 | |
-..was that it was linked -to the exploits of Genghis Khan. | 0:11:08 | 0:11:11 | |
-Chris Tyler-Smith's research... | 0:11:12 | 0:11:14 | |
-..suggests that -as many as 20 million men... | 0:11:14 | 0:11:17 | |
-..are descendants -of Asia's renowned warrior. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:20 | |
-There are fewer clusters in Wales... | 0:11:20 | 0:11:23 | |
-..but DNA Cymru's results... | 0:11:23 | 0:11:25 | |
-..have revealed an unusual pattern. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
-There are -a couple of remarkable things. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:31 | |
-One is the number of clusters -that show up... | 0:11:31 | 0:11:35 | |
-..and the second -is how much of the population... | 0:11:35 | 0:11:38 | |
-..is included in these clusters... | 0:11:39 | 0:11:41 | |
-..which seems to be -higher in the Welsh data... | 0:11:41 | 0:11:46 | |
-..than in other data sets -that I've seen. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:49 | |
-This new information -surprises Professor Tyler-Smith. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:54 | |
-It does surprise me because -we had no prior evidence of it... | 0:11:55 | 0:11:59 | |
-..but as a geneticist, -I'm prepared to be surprised... | 0:12:00 | 0:12:03 | |
-..when I look at genetic data. | 0:12:03 | 0:12:05 | |
-The genetic data has surprised -people back in Wales too. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:09 | |
-Very interesting. | 0:12:10 | 0:12:11 | |
-Who we are now is important but it's -important we know our history too. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:17 | |
-According to our DNA... | 0:12:17 | 0:12:19 | |
-..prominent men -1,000-2,000 years ago... | 0:12:19 | 0:12:23 | |
-..fathered many grandsons -and great-grandsons. | 0:12:23 | 0:12:26 | |
-Those sons went on -to father numerous children too. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:30 | |
-By carefully analysing the data -that DNA Cymru has collated... | 0:12:31 | 0:12:35 | |
-..from hundreds -of individual tests on men today... | 0:12:35 | 0:12:39 | |
-..genetic clusters are obvious. | 0:12:39 | 0:12:42 | |
-There are technical titles -to denote the clusters... | 0:12:42 | 0:12:46 | |
-..but as yet, no-one has discovered -the name of a chieftain or prince... | 0:12:46 | 0:12:51 | |
-..responsible -for any of the lineages. | 0:12:51 | 0:12:53 | |
-There may be clues -in the data gathered... | 0:12:54 | 0:12:56 | |
-..from researching family trees. | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
-In Llanybydder, Jim Williams -belongs to the cluster R1b-S300... | 0:12:59 | 0:13:05 | |
-..the same cluster as Dafydd Iwan. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:08 | |
-I've spent most my life -in the parish of Llanybydder... | 0:13:09 | 0:13:12 | |
-..apart from -a short spell in Cardiff. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:15 | |
-I've been happy living here. | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
-My father's family -hails from Rhydcymerau... | 0:13:18 | 0:13:21 | |
-..and the parish of Llansawel. | 0:13:21 | 0:13:24 | |
-We go back years and years. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:27 | |
-Jim's lucky that he's related -to a famous literary writer... | 0:13:27 | 0:13:32 | |
-..who's mentioned the family's -history in one of his books. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:35 | |
-Author DJ Williams' father and my -grandfather's father were brothers. | 0:13:36 | 0:13:40 | |
-In his book, Hen Dy Ffarm, he claims -the family goes back centuries. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:46 | |
-"My grandfather, Jac Penrhiw... | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
-"..was the last of the Llywele -family to leave the old place... | 0:13:49 | 0:13:53 | |
-"..that was once steeped in history. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:56 | |
-"In line with family tradition, -he was the 16th generation... | 0:13:56 | 0:14:00 | |
-"..to be born and raised -in Llywele." | 0:14:00 | 0:14:03 | |
-The family had lived in Llywele -as far back as the 15th century. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:08 | |
-Llywele was one of -the Rhydodyn Estate's main farms. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:13 | |
-The family who lived there -were Williams too. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:16 | |
-They were -close-knit families over the years. | 0:14:16 | 0:14:19 | |
-The members -of the Williams family, Rhydodyn... | 0:14:19 | 0:14:23 | |
-..claimed they were -descendants of Hywel Dda. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:26 | |
-If there was a family connection -between Llywele and Rhydodyn... | 0:14:26 | 0:14:30 | |
-..the genetic marker R1b-S300... | 0:14:30 | 0:14:33 | |
-..may belong to the bloodline of -one of Wales's most renowned kings. | 0:14:33 | 0:14:37 | |
-This is a tenuous possibility... | 0:14:37 | 0:14:40 | |
-..but boasting about -royal ancestry... | 0:14:40 | 0:14:43 | |
-..could come in handy -at the local pub. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:46 | |
-I wouldn't have to ask for a pint, -there'd be one waiting for me! | 0:14:46 | 0:14:51 | |
-. | 0:14:56 | 0:14:56 | |
-Subtitles | 0:14:57 | 0:14:57 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:14:57 | 0:14:59 | |
-DNA Cymru has found that -approximately 20% of Welshmen... | 0:15:00 | 0:15:05 | |
-..are the descendants -of prominent leaders in our history. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:09 | |
-Nearly 200,000 of today's men... | 0:15:11 | 0:15:14 | |
-..belong to 10 -of the ancient nobility. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:17 | |
-Across the world there are -thousands more Welsh exiles... | 0:15:18 | 0:15:21 | |
-..who carry -the same genetic markers. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:25 | |
-The markers -manifest in the Y chromosome... | 0:15:28 | 0:15:31 | |
-..a part of our DNA that is -transferred, relatively unchanged... | 0:15:31 | 0:15:35 | |
-..from father to son and on -to grandsons and great-grandsons. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:39 | |
-The markers we see -in every cluster of DNA today... | 0:15:41 | 0:15:45 | |
-..stem from one man -in our relatively recent history. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:49 | |
-A powerful man who was the great- -great-grandfather of every cluster. | 0:15:50 | 0:15:55 | |
-Quite possibly a prince or king -who lived in Wales... | 0:15:56 | 0:15:59 | |
-..no more than 2,000 years ago. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:02 | |
-We're fortunate that some -of the earliest Welsh genealogies... | 0:16:05 | 0:16:09 | |
-..stretch as far back in time. | 0:16:10 | 0:16:12 | |
-We may discover information... | 0:16:12 | 0:16:14 | |
-..about the founders -of prominent families... | 0:16:14 | 0:16:17 | |
-..who might be responsible -for the genetic clusters. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:21 | |
-It's obvious from what I've seen... | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
-..that researching family trees -can become an obsession. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:31 | |
-But I can't believe -that anyone is more obsessed... | 0:16:31 | 0:16:34 | |
-..than the author of these books. | 0:16:34 | 0:16:37 | |
-Peter Bartram -was an Englishman from London. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:42 | |
-After studying mathematics, -he developed an interest... | 0:16:42 | 0:16:47 | |
-..in ancient Welsh manuscripts. | 0:16:47 | 0:16:50 | |
-When he read about the noble -families of the Middle Ages... | 0:16:50 | 0:16:56 | |
-..he decided he was going to -document their genealogy. | 0:16:56 | 0:17:00 | |
-He began the work in 1929... | 0:17:00 | 0:17:04 | |
-..and finished in 1983. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:07 | |
-This is the fruit of his labour -over the best part of 50 years. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:11 | |
-If you're searching -for baby names... | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
-..look no further than this! | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
-Take this, for example. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:24 | |
-Ieuan Gethin ap Huw ap Ieuan Dwpa. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:27 | |
-The twppest of them all! | 0:17:30 | 0:17:32 | |
-And then Jencyn Hir... | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
-..ap Gruffudd... | 0:17:37 | 0:17:39 | |
-..is that Bois? | 0:17:39 | 0:17:41 | |
-I'm sure it's pronounced the -French way, from Norman influence... | 0:17:41 | 0:17:46 | |
-..ap Richard. | 0:17:46 | 0:17:48 | |
-That's very posh! | 0:17:48 | 0:17:50 | |
-But it's the royal genealogies -that are most interesting. | 0:17:51 | 0:17:55 | |
-It's striking to see how different -families married each other... | 0:17:56 | 0:18:01 | |
-..and how power and status is -transferred through the generations. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:06 | |
-This is interesting - -the genealogy of Rhodri Fawr. | 0:18:06 | 0:18:10 | |
-He fathered at least 10 children, -who are listed here. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:15 | |
-Two centuries later... | 0:18:15 | 0:18:17 | |
-..we come to Gruffudd ap Cynan, -King of Gwynedd. | 0:18:17 | 0:18:21 | |
-By following the bloodline, -it's possible to see... | 0:18:21 | 0:18:25 | |
-..how the prominent men -in our history are related. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:28 | |
-He was father to Owain Gwynedd... | 0:18:29 | 0:18:31 | |
-..and from tracing his lineage, -we come to Llywelyn Fawr... | 0:18:31 | 0:18:37 | |
-..and then, of course, -Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf. | 0:18:37 | 0:18:40 | |
-It's like reading the Who's Who -of Wales during the Middle Ages! | 0:18:41 | 0:18:45 | |
-To give you an idea -of Rhodri Fawr's vast lineage... | 0:18:45 | 0:18:49 | |
-..Bartram takes up -more than 130 pages... | 0:18:49 | 0:18:52 | |
-..to list the family's generations -and his descendants... | 0:18:52 | 0:18:57 | |
-..six centuries later. | 0:18:57 | 0:18:58 | |
-If he had that many descendants -in the 15th century... | 0:18:59 | 0:19:04 | |
-..can you imagine how many -of his descendants are alive now? | 0:19:04 | 0:19:09 | |
-There were other large families too. | 0:19:11 | 0:19:13 | |
-The families of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn -and Iestyn ap Gwrgan. | 0:19:14 | 0:19:17 | |
-Were these men responsible... | 0:19:18 | 0:19:20 | |
-..for the genetic clusters -we see in Wales nowadays? | 0:19:21 | 0:19:25 | |
-DNA tests have already named -the ancient chieftains... | 0:19:38 | 0:19:41 | |
-..of Scotland and Ireland... | 0:19:42 | 0:19:44 | |
-..who are responsible for -the genetic clusters of some clans. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:48 | |
-Our focus now shifts to Wales... | 0:19:48 | 0:19:50 | |
-..to try to identify -the DNA of prominent families... | 0:19:51 | 0:19:54 | |
-..who've won a place in our history. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:57 | |
-We've done a project -on the Royal House of Stuart... | 0:19:57 | 0:20:01 | |
-..so we became interested -in the Royal House of Tudor. | 0:20:01 | 0:20:05 | |
-In 1485, Henry Tudor -returned from overseas... | 0:20:06 | 0:20:08 | |
-..to challenge -the army of Richard III. | 0:20:09 | 0:20:12 | |
-He defeated Richard -at the Battle of Bosworth... | 0:20:13 | 0:20:17 | |
-..and claimed the crown to found -Britain's most famous royal lineage. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:21 | |
-But before -rising to prominence in England... | 0:20:21 | 0:20:24 | |
-..the Tudors had been -important in Wales for centuries. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:28 | |
-To find a genetic link... | 0:20:28 | 0:20:31 | |
-..between the people of Wales today -and the Tudor lineage... | 0:20:31 | 0:20:35 | |
-..men with the surname Tudor -were invited to take a DNA test. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:40 | |
-It was interesting to see -that the great majority of them... | 0:20:40 | 0:20:45 | |
-..fell into three groups. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:47 | |
-There were three genetic -families within the Tudor name. | 0:20:47 | 0:20:51 | |
-The results highlight a particular -problem prevalent in Wales. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:56 | |
-Surnames don't always link people -with old lineages... | 0:20:56 | 0:21:00 | |
-..as they do -in England and Scotland. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:04 | |
-Surnames like Jones, Evans -and Williams are much younger... | 0:21:04 | 0:21:08 | |
-..than other surnames -in the British Isles. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
-They're not able -to mark a lineage... | 0:21:12 | 0:21:15 | |
-..over 700 or 800 years like -a surname in Scotland, like Stuart. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:21 | |
-The surname problem -makes it difficult... | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
-..to retrieve the Tudors' genealogy. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:27 | |
-But two other forms of research -may lead to answers. | 0:21:28 | 0:21:31 | |
-What it would be to find the remains -of these historical figures... | 0:21:32 | 0:21:37 | |
-..and do a direct test to see -what their Y chromosome type was. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:42 | |
-The second approach -is where you study... | 0:21:43 | 0:21:47 | |
-..modern volunteers -and try and link them... | 0:21:47 | 0:21:51 | |
-..through their known genealogy -back to a particular figure. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:56 | |
-By analysing the remains -of a prominent figure in history... | 0:21:56 | 0:22:00 | |
-..or by studying the DNA -of his descendants... | 0:22:00 | 0:22:03 | |
-..it's possible to confirm lineages -spanning many centuries. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:08 | |
-Recently, these two techniques -were implemented... | 0:22:11 | 0:22:15 | |
-..to identify the remains of Henry -Tudor's arch enemy at Bosworth. | 0:22:15 | 0:22:20 | |
-In 2012... | 0:22:21 | 0:22:22 | |
-..a skeleton was unearthed -from a car park in Leicester. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:27 | |
-It's believed these -were the remains of Richard III. | 0:22:35 | 0:22:39 | |
-The skeleton's spine was crooked and -the skull showed signs of trauma. | 0:22:39 | 0:22:44 | |
-The possibility -that they'd recovered... | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
-..one of England's most famous kings -warranted much attention. | 0:22:54 | 0:22:59 | |
-To be certain that these were -the remains of Richard III... | 0:22:59 | 0:23:03 | |
-..they had to use -the latest archaeological methods... | 0:23:03 | 0:23:06 | |
-..including DNA research -to identify the body. | 0:23:06 | 0:23:09 | |
-It's like a missing person's case. | 0:23:10 | 0:23:12 | |
-We know Richard III -was killed at Bosworth in 1485. | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
-He was aged 32 when he died. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:18 | |
-He was described as having -one shoulder higher than the other. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:23 | |
-Forensic evidence -proved the man was in his 30s... | 0:23:23 | 0:23:26 | |
-..the same age as Richard. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:28 | |
-Radiocarbon tests -and isotopic data... | 0:23:28 | 0:23:31 | |
-..fit the circumstances -of his death. | 0:23:31 | 0:23:34 | |
-But to be completely certain, -they had to extract DNA... | 0:23:34 | 0:23:38 | |
-..to see -what the genetic patterns revealed. | 0:23:38 | 0:23:42 | |
-The DNA doesn't tell me who he is, -I need to compare it... | 0:23:43 | 0:23:46 | |
-..with a known relative -of Richard III. | 0:23:47 | 0:23:50 | |
-Most of our DNA -is a complex combination... | 0:23:50 | 0:23:54 | |
-..though we inherit two parts that -have remained relatively unchanged. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:58 | |
-The DNA of the Y chromosome -and the mitochondrial DNA. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:02 | |
-It was the mitochondrial DNA -that was key in this instance. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:06 | |
-It's in the egg - someone -passes it down to children... | 0:24:06 | 0:24:10 | |
-..but only daughters can pass it on. | 0:24:10 | 0:24:12 | |
-If we had female-line relatives -of Richard III... | 0:24:12 | 0:24:16 | |
-..I'd check their mitochondrial DNA -to see if it matched the skeleton's. | 0:24:16 | 0:24:21 | |
-Researchers succeeded in finding two -descendants on the mother's line. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:26 | |
-Their mitochondrial DNA -carried the same markers... | 0:24:26 | 0:24:30 | |
-..as the mitochondrial DNA -of the bones. | 0:24:30 | 0:24:33 | |
-It therefore confirms -who was buried beneath the car park. | 0:24:34 | 0:24:38 | |
-If you bring all those strands -of evidence together as a case... | 0:24:39 | 0:24:43 | |
-..at its most conservative, -it's 99.999%... | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
-..that these are -the remains of Richard III. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:49 | |
-The evidence is overwhelming. | 0:24:49 | 0:24:51 | |
-Genealogical research, -along with genetic research... | 0:24:52 | 0:24:56 | |
-..could prove family ties -over many generations. | 0:24:56 | 0:25:00 | |
-But there are -no ancient bones in Wales... | 0:25:00 | 0:25:03 | |
-..to compare with -the DNA of the present population. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:07 | |
-Therefore, -can genealogical research alone... | 0:25:07 | 0:25:12 | |
-..reveal the names of chieftains -from DNA Cymru's clusters? | 0:25:12 | 0:25:16 | |
-. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:18 | |
-Subtitles | 0:25:19 | 0:25:19 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:25:19 | 0:25:21 | |
-Richard III -lies dead at Bosworth Field. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:27 | |
-The last king of Britain -to lose his life on the battlefield. | 0:25:27 | 0:25:31 | |
-His body -is carried unceremoniously... | 0:25:36 | 0:25:38 | |
-..to an unmarked grave -in Leicester. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:41 | |
-He lies there for six centuries... | 0:25:42 | 0:25:45 | |
-..until the city's archaeologists -begin digging. | 0:25:45 | 0:25:48 | |
-They were comparing -the body's genetic markers... | 0:25:49 | 0:25:52 | |
-..with those of the king's -present-day relatives. | 0:25:52 | 0:25:55 | |
-DNA research -combined with genealogical DNA... | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
-..proved -these were Richard's remains. | 0:25:59 | 0:26:02 | |
-At its most conservative, -it's 99.999%. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
-The evidence is really overwhelming. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:09 | |
-DNA Cymru's searching for genetic -markers in the lineage of the man... | 0:26:09 | 0:26:14 | |
-..who defeated Richard. | 0:26:14 | 0:26:16 | |
-Henry Tudor was of Welsh extraction. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:19 | |
-We're checking to see -if it was the Tudors' lineage... | 0:26:19 | 0:26:22 | |
-..that's responsible for the genetic -clusters in today's population. | 0:26:22 | 0:26:27 | |
-It's rare -that anyone is given permission... | 0:26:28 | 0:26:31 | |
-..to conduct a DNA test on -Henry's body at Westminster Abbey. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:35 | |
-Our tests on the DNA of men with -the surname Tudor are inconclusive. | 0:26:35 | 0:26:40 | |
-Genealogical evidence -is the only way forward. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:44 | |
-Genealogical research... | 0:26:45 | 0:26:47 | |
-..can lead us to Henry Tudor's -relatives who are alive today... | 0:26:48 | 0:26:51 | |
-..and who carry -the same genetic markers. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:54 | |
-Ancient Welsh law dictated that -you knew to whom you were related. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:59 | |
-The nobility were eager -to document their genealogies. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:02 | |
-The most influential among them -commissioned heralds at arms... | 0:27:03 | 0:27:09 | |
-..to design striking scrolls -to exhibit their lineages. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:14 | |
-It's surprising -how much effort was involved... | 0:27:14 | 0:27:18 | |
-..to create a good impression. | 0:27:18 | 0:27:21 | |
-Some scrolls -included the entire family tree. | 0:27:22 | 0:27:24 | |
-At Mostyn Hall is a scroll which -traces the history of mankind... | 0:27:25 | 0:27:29 | |
-..all the way back to Adam and Eve. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:32 | |
-The lineages -descend from Jewish forefathers. | 0:27:32 | 0:27:35 | |
-Noah, Abraham and David, -all the way down to Jesus. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:39 | |
-Britain's legendary history -is also documented. | 0:27:42 | 0:27:46 | |
-Everyone -wanted to belong to King Arthur. | 0:27:46 | 0:27:49 | |
-Then the lineages reach -what we would consider nowadays... | 0:27:49 | 0:27:52 | |
-..as real history. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:55 | |
-After unravelling 40 feet -of history, we reach Edward IV. | 0:27:55 | 0:28:00 | |
-The Mostyn family's scroll -also shows... | 0:28:02 | 0:28:05 | |
-..another aspect -of the period's genealogy. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:09 | |
-The importance of symbols -to flaunt the family's status. | 0:28:09 | 0:28:13 | |
-Important lineages... | 0:28:15 | 0:28:17 | |
-..had their own coat of arms. | 0:28:17 | 0:28:20 | |
-This custom -of establishing status... | 0:28:20 | 0:28:23 | |
-..is another clue as we attempt -to trace ancient genealogies. | 0:28:24 | 0:28:28 | |
-And it continues to modern day. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:31 | |
-The families prided themselves -on their associations... | 0:28:31 | 0:28:34 | |
-..with ancient leaders of the past. | 0:28:34 | 0:28:37 | |
-The signs can be seen nowadays -on the streets of London. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:42 | |
-Cadogan Square, -Elystan Place, Elystan Street. | 0:28:42 | 0:28:47 | |
-These names show the connection -between the noble Cadogans... | 0:28:47 | 0:28:51 | |
-..and the Welsh king, -Elystan Glodrydd. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:54 | |
-The Elystan coat of arms -featured a lion. | 0:28:55 | 0:28:58 | |
-That lion is now on the badge... | 0:28:58 | 0:29:01 | |
-..of one of the world's -most famous football clubs. | 0:29:01 | 0:29:04 | |
-The Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea -had a coat of arms... | 0:29:04 | 0:29:08 | |
-..based on -the Cadogan coat of arms... | 0:29:08 | 0:29:11 | |
-..with the staff -of the Abbot of Westminster. | 0:29:11 | 0:29:14 | |
-The Cadogans had a big influence -on the early years of Chelsea FC... | 0:29:14 | 0:29:18 | |
-..as local landowners -and well-connected people. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:22 | |
-They brought influence, -our first shirt colour. | 0:29:22 | 0:29:26 | |
-The longest-lasting legacy... | 0:29:26 | 0:29:29 | |
-..was the badge -that everyone wears on their shirts. | 0:29:29 | 0:29:32 | |
-The symbol of one of Wales's princes -can now be seen... | 0:29:33 | 0:29:36 | |
-..in one of the wealthiest -football leagues in the world. | 0:29:36 | 0:29:40 | |
-Chelsea FC... | 0:29:40 | 0:29:42 | |
-..is one of the most recognisable -brands around the world. | 0:29:42 | 0:29:48 | |
-If you think back that this -has its roots in medieval Wales... | 0:29:48 | 0:29:52 | |
-..it's the most amazing thing. | 0:29:52 | 0:29:54 | |
-So, when John Terry, -the former England captain... | 0:29:54 | 0:29:59 | |
-..scores for Chelsea -and kisses the badge... | 0:29:59 | 0:30:02 | |
-..he's kissing the symbol -of a Welsh king. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:07 | |
-People in the Middle Ages -took these things seriously. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:15 | |
-Strata Florida, Ceredigion. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:22 | |
-This was an academic centre -as well as a religious one. | 0:30:22 | 0:30:26 | |
-In abbeys like this... | 0:30:26 | 0:30:28 | |
-..the princes' genealogies -were recorded for the first time. | 0:30:28 | 0:30:32 | |
-Henry Tudor -took advantage of the tradition. | 0:30:32 | 0:30:36 | |
-The tradition of places -like Vale Crucis in North Wales. | 0:30:36 | 0:30:40 | |
-The abbey was founded -in the 13th century. | 0:30:41 | 0:30:43 | |
-Welsh scholars worked here... | 0:30:44 | 0:30:48 | |
-..copying ancient texts... | 0:30:48 | 0:30:50 | |
-..and studying many topics. | 0:30:50 | 0:30:53 | |
-In Henry Tudor's day, -one such scholar was Gittin Owen. | 0:30:53 | 0:30:57 | |
-Gittin was a poet, -a lexicographer and a genealogist. | 0:30:59 | 0:31:03 | |
-He took his work seriously. | 0:31:03 | 0:31:05 | |
-He was certainly a man of authority. | 0:31:06 | 0:31:08 | |
-He was very careful... | 0:31:08 | 0:31:10 | |
-..when correcting his work. | 0:31:11 | 0:31:13 | |
-He removed errors... | 0:31:13 | 0:31:16 | |
-..therefore, in my opinion... | 0:31:16 | 0:31:18 | |
-..we can rely -on Gittin Owen's work... | 0:31:19 | 0:31:22 | |
-..and his accounts of the past. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:25 | |
-Gittin contributed to the work of -recording Henry Tudor's genealogy. | 0:31:25 | 0:31:30 | |
-It's likely the information gleaned -about the Tudors is accurate. | 0:31:31 | 0:31:35 | |
-The story leads us to Anglesey. | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
-Henry's grandfather, Owen Tudor, -was raised here... | 0:31:40 | 0:31:44 | |
-..at Plas Penmynydd. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:46 | |
-Further back, the genealogy reaches -a 12th-century prominent leader... | 0:31:48 | 0:31:53 | |
-..called Ednyfed Fychan. | 0:31:53 | 0:31:55 | |
-This man's Y chromosome... | 0:31:55 | 0:31:57 | |
-..along with each of his descendants -on the male line... | 0:31:57 | 0:32:01 | |
-..should carry the same markers -as Henry Tudor's Y chromosome. | 0:32:01 | 0:32:06 | |
-We're trying to understand -which Y chromosome... | 0:32:06 | 0:32:09 | |
-..the Royal House of Tudor carried - -Henry VII and Henry VIII... | 0:32:09 | 0:32:13 | |
-..but they have -no known male-line descendants. | 0:32:14 | 0:32:17 | |
-We have to go back up the tree. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:20 | |
-Back we go along the bloodline... | 0:32:20 | 0:32:23 | |
-..to search for other men -related to Ednyfed Fychan. | 0:32:23 | 0:32:27 | |
-We've been able -to trace back down again... | 0:32:27 | 0:32:30 | |
-..on two independent lineages -all the way to the present day... | 0:32:30 | 0:32:35 | |
-..and recruit two -of Ednyfed Fychan's descendants. | 0:32:35 | 0:32:38 | |
-Unfortunately, -the DNA of both men didn't match. | 0:32:38 | 0:32:42 | |
-Why? | 0:32:43 | 0:32:44 | |
-It's possible illegitimate children -appeared somewhere in the genealogy. | 0:32:45 | 0:32:50 | |
-Illegitimate children in Wales -were commonplace... | 0:32:53 | 0:32:57 | |
-..according to -one account from 200 years ago. | 0:32:57 | 0:33:00 | |
-When a girl -had an illegitimate child... | 0:33:01 | 0:33:03 | |
-..that child would -often be raised by the grandparents. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:08 | |
-It's little wonder, then... | 0:33:08 | 0:33:10 | |
-..that the genealogy didn't -always reflect the genetic truth. | 0:33:10 | 0:33:15 | |
-By conducting tests on the DNA -of those from the same lineage... | 0:33:15 | 0:33:19 | |
-..it should be possible to identify -one genetic marker that stands out. | 0:33:19 | 0:33:24 | |
-We need more data. | 0:33:24 | 0:33:26 | |
-We need to recruit and find many, -many more known descendants... | 0:33:26 | 0:33:33 | |
-..of these ancient pedigrees. | 0:33:33 | 0:33:35 | |
-A large number per patriarch... | 0:33:35 | 0:33:39 | |
-..per ancestor... | 0:33:40 | 0:33:42 | |
-..so that we can look to see -for enrichment... | 0:33:42 | 0:33:45 | |
-..of Y-chromosome types -in that family. | 0:33:45 | 0:33:48 | |
-The people who are true descendants -will all share a type... | 0:33:49 | 0:33:53 | |
-..and the few who are not -will be noise in the analysis. | 0:33:53 | 0:33:57 | |
-Among the noise of the Machynlleth -carnival is a descendant... | 0:34:00 | 0:34:04 | |
-..of one of the founders -of the genetic clusters. | 0:34:04 | 0:34:07 | |
-Jim Cockburn-Powell. | 0:34:07 | 0:34:11 | |
-He matches a group -called R1b-PF5191... | 0:34:11 | 0:34:15 | |
-..which is one of -our Welsh descent clusters. | 0:34:15 | 0:34:18 | |
-It's rare in England, -it's not seen outside Wales... | 0:34:19 | 0:34:22 | |
-..but it's highly enriched in Wales. | 0:34:22 | 0:34:24 | |
-We're seeing a tantalising link. | 0:34:24 | 0:34:27 | |
-Though Jim Cockburn-Powell's family -lived in England for centuries... | 0:34:27 | 0:34:32 | |
-..there's an interesting link to -the ancient nobility of North Wales. | 0:34:33 | 0:34:38 | |
-My lineage has been traced back -to the 16th century. | 0:34:38 | 0:34:43 | |
-They were farmers who -farmed the hills above Macclesfield. | 0:34:44 | 0:34:48 | |
-Roland Powell, my great-great- -great-great-great-grandfather... | 0:34:51 | 0:34:55 | |
-..was born in 1599. | 0:34:56 | 0:34:59 | |
-There's a possible link -between Roland Powell... | 0:34:59 | 0:35:03 | |
-..and a man -called David Powell from Flint. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:06 | |
-His genealogy goes back -to the giants of the past. | 0:35:06 | 0:35:09 | |
-David Powell -can trace his family tree... | 0:35:09 | 0:35:12 | |
-..to Cunedda Wledig... | 0:35:13 | 0:35:14 | |
-..who was a British chieftain of the -Votadini in southeast Scotland... | 0:35:15 | 0:35:20 | |
-..which was known as the Old North. | 0:35:21 | 0:35:24 | |
-People like Rhodri Fawr, -the Prince of Gwynedd... | 0:35:27 | 0:35:31 | |
-..was related to Cunedda Wledig. | 0:35:32 | 0:35:34 | |
-It's possible that we've linked -one of today's genetic clusters... | 0:35:34 | 0:35:39 | |
-..to the cluster's great-grandfather -in the era of the princes. | 0:35:39 | 0:35:44 | |
-It's too huge to contemplate. | 0:35:44 | 0:35:48 | |
-. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:50 | |
-Subtitles | 0:35:51 | 0:35:51 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:35:51 | 0:35:53 | |
-DNA Cymru's on the trail -of prominent medieval leaders... | 0:35:55 | 0:35:59 | |
-..who were the forefathers of almost -20% of Wales' male population today. | 0:35:59 | 0:36:04 | |
-The single -strongest connection we've found... | 0:36:08 | 0:36:12 | |
-..is for a man -who has a well-documented lineage. | 0:36:13 | 0:36:16 | |
-He carries the GZ6748 lineage... | 0:36:16 | 0:36:20 | |
-..which is another -Welsh descent cluster. | 0:36:20 | 0:36:24 | |
-It's highly enriched in Wales, -and particularly in southern Wales. | 0:36:24 | 0:36:29 | |
-Newton House, Llandeilo was -the home of the Barons of Dinefwr. | 0:36:33 | 0:36:38 | |
-One family member, -Alexander Talbot Rice... | 0:36:38 | 0:36:41 | |
-..has collected records -that show they've descended... | 0:36:41 | 0:36:44 | |
-..from many influential figures. | 0:36:45 | 0:36:47 | |
-I've studied records made by -grandfather, Harry Talbot Rice... | 0:36:48 | 0:36:52 | |
-..who compiled this family history -from a scroll that we have. | 0:36:53 | 0:36:56 | |
-We can see there are descents -from David I of Scotland... | 0:36:57 | 0:37:02 | |
-..Llywelyn the Great, -King Edward III. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:07 | |
-But it's the direct lineage -of his fathers... | 0:37:07 | 0:37:10 | |
-..that's of interest to us. | 0:37:10 | 0:37:12 | |
-My great-grandfather, -great-great-great-grandfather. | 0:37:13 | 0:37:17 | |
-It goes back to -the Right Honourable George Rice... | 0:37:17 | 0:37:20 | |
-..who married Lady Cecil Dinefwr, -Baroness Dinefwr. | 0:37:21 | 0:37:24 | |
-If we follow this back... | 0:37:25 | 0:37:28 | |
-..you can see here -from Henry Rice Fitz Urien... | 0:37:28 | 0:37:33 | |
-..it goes all the way back -to Urien Rheged. | 0:37:33 | 0:37:36 | |
-Alexander Talbot Rice's lineage -stretches back... | 0:37:37 | 0:37:41 | |
-..to the earliest legends -of the British Isles. | 0:37:41 | 0:37:45 | |
-But there's plenty of substance in -the family's medieval generations. | 0:37:45 | 0:37:50 | |
-Is one of these -historical figures... | 0:37:51 | 0:37:53 | |
-..the founder of the GZ6748 cluster? | 0:37:53 | 0:37:56 | |
-To be sure of this, there are -a number of possibilities. | 0:37:57 | 0:38:00 | |
-We can track down further men -who branch off the key lineage... | 0:38:00 | 0:38:05 | |
-..to see if they also share this... | 0:38:05 | 0:38:08 | |
-..and prove their common ancestor -carried this marker... | 0:38:08 | 0:38:12 | |
-..or we could take the men -in our study who carry the marker... | 0:38:12 | 0:38:16 | |
-..and try to trace their lineages -further back in time... | 0:38:16 | 0:38:20 | |
-..to see -if they connect in the past. | 0:38:20 | 0:38:23 | |
-It'll be very exciting to take -this work to the next stage... | 0:38:23 | 0:38:27 | |
-..and try to be sure that -we've found one of these patriarchs. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:31 | |
-One in every five Welshmen today... | 0:38:40 | 0:38:43 | |
-..are the descendants -of 10 prominent leaders... | 0:38:43 | 0:38:46 | |
-..who lived 1,000-2,000 years ago. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:49 | |
-The work of trying -to discover who they were continues. | 0:38:49 | 0:38:54 | |
-More DNA testing is -certain to reveal more information. | 0:38:54 | 0:38:59 | |
-DNA Cymru has already disclosed -an unexpected connection... | 0:39:01 | 0:39:05 | |
-..with the brave warriors -who shaped Wales. | 0:39:05 | 0:39:08 | |
-The power and influence of those men -has lasted through the ages... | 0:39:09 | 0:39:14 | |
-..and left a mark on the nation. | 0:39:14 | 0:39:16 | |
-From the populations -I've looked at... | 0:39:17 | 0:39:19 | |
-..Wales is out there on an extreme -in terms of... | 0:39:20 | 0:39:24 | |
-..the enormous proportion of men, -something approaching 1 in 5 men... | 0:39:25 | 0:39:30 | |
-..who descend from this very small -number of elite individuals. | 0:39:30 | 0:39:35 | |
-The study -has sparked a new interest... | 0:39:36 | 0:39:38 | |
-..and introduced another way -of researching our history. | 0:39:39 | 0:39:43 | |
-I would hope to see -a real merging... | 0:39:43 | 0:39:46 | |
-..of history and genetics -perhaps in the future. | 0:39:47 | 0:39:50 | |
-They won't be separate subjects... | 0:39:50 | 0:39:53 | |
-..but they will be -historical genetics. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:56 | |
-One branch of history -and one branch of genetics. | 0:39:56 | 0:40:00 | |
-Historical research -coupled with genetics... | 0:40:00 | 0:40:04 | |
-..will offer -a more complete picture of the past. | 0:40:04 | 0:40:07 | |
-It is perhaps in that picture... | 0:40:07 | 0:40:10 | |
-..that another aspect of our most -prominent figures will surprise us. | 0:40:10 | 0:40:15 | |
-One of DNA Cymru's results has -already surprised the researchers. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:27 | |
-I've met this person -numerous times... | 0:40:29 | 0:40:32 | |
-..during his rugby career. | 0:40:32 | 0:40:34 | |
-He was born in England -but gave 100% and more... | 0:40:35 | 0:40:38 | |
-..when he wore the red jersey. | 0:40:39 | 0:40:41 | |
-We've seen many interesting results -during the DNA Cymru project... | 0:40:53 | 0:40:57 | |
-..but this result is sensational. | 0:40:58 | 0:41:02 | |
-Colin Charvis. | 0:41:11 | 0:41:13 | |
-Nice to see you. | 0:41:13 | 0:41:15 | |
-His mother is of Irish descent -and his father comes from Jamaica... | 0:41:15 | 0:41:20 | |
-..but the former Wales captain is -keen to learn more about his roots. | 0:41:20 | 0:41:24 | |
-He knows very little about -his family's ancient history... | 0:41:24 | 0:41:29 | |
-..especially his Jamaican family. | 0:41:29 | 0:41:31 | |
-All I know from talking to my nan, -she gave me a brief history. | 0:41:32 | 0:41:37 | |
-Back then in Jamaica, people -would travel where there was work... | 0:41:37 | 0:41:42 | |
-..so my actual grandfather -travelled to my nan's village... | 0:41:42 | 0:41:48 | |
-..worked, had a family together, -and when work had gone, he left. | 0:41:48 | 0:41:52 | |
-There's a definite stop -at my grandma. | 0:41:53 | 0:41:56 | |
-Sylvianna Gardiner -was Colin's grandmother. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
-Charles Charvis was his grandfather. | 0:41:59 | 0:42:02 | |
-There's no proof they were married. | 0:42:02 | 0:42:04 | |
-DNA Cymru -has commissioned new research... | 0:42:04 | 0:42:07 | |
-..which takes the records back to -Colin's great-great-grandfather... | 0:42:07 | 0:42:12 | |
-..Frederick Charvis, who was born... | 0:42:12 | 0:42:15 | |
-..soon after -the abolition of slavery in Jamaica. | 0:42:15 | 0:42:19 | |
-I'm amazed -at how far back we've gone. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:22 | |
-To see a Charvis in the 19th -century, my great-great-grandfather. | 0:42:23 | 0:42:28 | |
-That's pretty amazing. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:30 | |
-What about your ancient history? | 0:42:30 | 0:42:33 | |
-Would you have any indication -of where you originated? | 0:42:33 | 0:42:37 | |
-No idea whatsoever. | 0:42:37 | 0:42:39 | |
-But I did once travel -to Cape Verde... | 0:42:39 | 0:42:43 | |
-..and I stood on the step... | 0:42:43 | 0:42:45 | |
-..where a relative of mine -as a slave would've stood there... | 0:42:46 | 0:42:50 | |
-..to leave Africa on a boat -destined to the West Indies. | 0:42:50 | 0:42:53 | |
-Which part of Africa that relative -would be from, I've no idea. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:58 | |
-DNA Cymru's tests -show that 40% of Colin's DNA... | 0:43:00 | 0:43:06 | |
-..comes from Africa. | 0:43:06 | 0:43:08 | |
-He suspects his father's lineage -comes from that continent. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:13 | |
-But he's about to discover... | 0:43:14 | 0:43:16 | |
-..that he has unexpected origins. | 0:43:17 | 0:43:20 | |
-I've got this amazing document here. | 0:43:22 | 0:43:25 | |
-It's been a pleasure -watching you play for Wales... | 0:43:25 | 0:43:29 | |
-..and it's a pleasure now, -I've known you for many years... | 0:43:29 | 0:43:33 | |
-..to hand this to you -because, unbelievably... | 0:43:33 | 0:43:36 | |
-..the DNA of -your direct father line indicates... | 0:43:36 | 0:43:39 | |
-..you... are... Welsh. | 0:43:40 | 0:43:42 | |
-Well... | 0:43:44 | 0:43:46 | |
-Crikey! | 0:43:48 | 0:43:50 | |
-Well, you know, I think... | 0:43:52 | 0:43:55 | |
-..I've returned home. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:57 | |
-Can you believe that? | 0:43:57 | 0:43:59 | |
-Colin belongs to -the R1b haplogroup... | 0:43:59 | 0:44:03 | |
-..the biggest haplogroup -in western Europe. | 0:44:03 | 0:44:06 | |
-A228 refers to -a special sub-branch... | 0:44:06 | 0:44:11 | |
-..that forms one of -the genetic clusters in Wales. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:14 | |
-At the beginning of -his international rugby career... | 0:44:15 | 0:44:19 | |
-..the Grannygate scandal raised -questions about his lineage. | 0:44:19 | 0:44:23 | |
-Was he eligible to play for Wales? | 0:44:23 | 0:44:25 | |
-It's ironic now that -his DNA proves he's descended... | 0:44:26 | 0:44:29 | |
-..from an important figure -in Welsh history. | 0:44:30 | 0:44:33 | |
-It certainly solves -the Grannygate issue... | 0:44:34 | 0:44:37 | |
-..of when I -first got capped in 1996. | 0:44:37 | 0:44:40 | |
-I've settled in Wales, -I love living in Wales. | 0:44:42 | 0:44:46 | |
-Having been fortunate -to play for our national team... | 0:44:46 | 0:44:50 | |
-..over those 11 years... | 0:44:50 | 0:44:52 | |
-..I feel -I'm part of the furniture here. | 0:44:52 | 0:44:55 | |
-Though Colin's result -is unexpected... | 0:44:55 | 0:44:58 | |
-..DNA evidence suggests that as many -as 30% of Afro-American males... | 0:44:58 | 0:45:04 | |
-..are descendants of European men. | 0:45:04 | 0:45:07 | |
-Some of those men were from Wales. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:10 | |
-200 years ago, -a businessman from Cardiff... | 0:45:11 | 0:45:14 | |
-..fathered a child -with a black woman on St Kitts. | 0:45:15 | 0:45:18 | |
-In time, -the boy came to live in Wales. | 0:45:18 | 0:45:21 | |
-Nathaniel Wells inherited his -father's estate in Monmouthshire. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:27 | |
-He was accepted in privileged -circles of society at the time. | 0:45:27 | 0:45:31 | |
-I'm very proud of being -adopted in to my Welsh family... | 0:45:31 | 0:45:36 | |
-..and being part of Wales. | 0:45:36 | 0:45:38 | |
-You only -have to see me on my bicycle. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:41 | |
-I enjoy cycling. There's a -Welsh flag flying from my seat post. | 0:45:41 | 0:45:46 | |
-It does feel fantastic -that there's a percentage of me... | 0:45:46 | 0:45:51 | |
-..was right, I am Welsh. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:54 | |
-It's remarkable to think -that Colin Charvis... | 0:45:56 | 0:45:59 | |
-..has stood with the Wales team, -singing Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau... | 0:45:59 | 0:46:04 | |
-..when Wales -was the ancient land of his fathers. | 0:46:04 | 0:46:07 | |
-It was a shock -for Colin's family and friends. | 0:46:09 | 0:46:13 | |
-A lot of people know how much this -has meant to me over the years... | 0:46:14 | 0:46:18 | |
-..playing for Wales. | 0:46:19 | 0:46:21 | |
-That albeit distant affirmation -of what I was doing... | 0:46:22 | 0:46:25 | |
-..everyone was chuffed for me. | 0:46:26 | 0:46:28 | |
-My family and I are interested... | 0:46:29 | 0:46:31 | |
-..in getting a better idea -of where we're from. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:34 | |
-When you come from -a family of immigrants... | 0:46:34 | 0:46:37 | |
-..when you know that 200 years ago -there's been some slavery... | 0:46:37 | 0:46:42 | |
-..you're not very clued up -on where you're from. | 0:46:42 | 0:46:45 | |
-There's nothing to research there. -It was very interesting for us. | 0:46:46 | 0:46:50 | |
-That interest will be maintained... | 0:46:50 | 0:46:53 | |
-..as we attempt to find -the founder... | 0:46:53 | 0:46:56 | |
-..of the A228 genetic lineage. | 0:46:56 | 0:46:58 | |
-It's like when you've got a metal -detector searching for treasure. | 0:46:59 | 0:47:03 | |
-Once you've found a little bit, -you're going to keep going. | 0:47:04 | 0:47:07 | |
-It would be nice to narrow things -down and find that pot of gold... | 0:47:08 | 0:47:12 | |
-..and know more about myself. | 0:47:12 | 0:47:14 | |
-According to DNA Cymru's research... | 0:47:14 | 0:47:17 | |
-..one Welshman in every five -is a descendant... | 0:47:17 | 0:47:20 | |
-..of one of the old chieftains. | 0:47:21 | 0:47:23 | |
-There are those who are desperate -to know who they were. | 0:47:23 | 0:47:26 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf. | 0:47:53 | 0:47:55 | |
-. | 0:47:55 | 0:47:55 |