Pennod 4 ‹ DNA Cymru

Line	From	To
-Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:00
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-Foreign soldiers.	0:00:03	0:00:05
-For more than 1,000 years, -Wales was a target for them.	0:00:07	0:00:11
-The Saxons and the Romans.	0:00:13	0:00:16
-The Vikings and the Normans.	0:00:16	0:00:20
-They succeeded in -changing the course of our history.	0:00:20	0:00:23
-But what traces have they left -in terms of their genetics?	0:00:24	0:00:28
-There's a new way -of trying to answer that question.	0:00:31	0:00:34
-And its name is DNA.	0:00:38	0:00:40
-DNA Cymru.	0:00:40	0:00:42
-In 1066, William the Conqueror -sailed across the English Channel.	0:00:55	0:01:00
-And seized the English crown.	0:01:04	0:01:06
-The next target for the Normans? -Wales.	0:01:13	0:01:16
-Within a quarter of a century...	0:01:17	0:01:20
-..they erected -Chepstow Castle's large tower.	0:01:20	0:01:23
-The paths to the coastline -of South Wales were open to them.	0:01:26	0:01:30
-They swept through to the west.	0:01:33	0:01:36
-And they left -an indelible mark on Pembroke...	0:01:37	0:01:41
-..and every other castle -throughout the country.	0:01:41	0:01:44
-However, it's much harder -to retrieve their DNA.	0:01:46	0:01:50
-Though the Normans exercised -substantial political influence...	0:01:54	0:01:59
-..in south Pembrokeshire...	0:02:00	0:02:02
-..they left -very few of their genes behind.	0:02:02	0:02:05
-Why is that?	0:02:05	0:02:07
-They were elitist -and powerful people...	0:02:07	0:02:10
-..who didn't want to marry outside -their own aristocratic circles.	0:02:11	0:02:15
-Their genetic influence -is scarce...	0:02:15	0:02:18
-..although their cultural influence -can be seen everywhere here.	0:02:18	0:02:24
-The ambience -in south Pembrokeshire bewilders me.	0:02:26	0:02:29
-There's a linguistic divide.	0:02:30	0:02:32
-A line they call the Landsker...	0:02:32	0:02:36
-..which stops me marvelling -at the ancient ruins.	0:02:36	0:02:40
-It deflects my attention from the -landscape and spectacular coastline.	0:02:40	0:02:45
-This is Roch Castle - the most -westerly in a frontier of castles...	0:02:47	0:02:52
-..erected by the Normans between -St Brides Bay and Carmarthen Bay.	0:02:52	0:02:57
-If you drew a line -between these castles...	0:02:57	0:03:01
-..from this very point -to Laugharne...	0:03:01	0:03:04
-..that is the Landsker.	0:03:04	0:03:06
-Unlike Offa's Dyke...	0:03:11	0:03:13
-..no visible line or border -can be seen on land...	0:03:14	0:03:18
-..but the Landsker -is a definite division...	0:03:18	0:03:21
-..between -the Welsh-speaking north...	0:03:21	0:03:24
-..and English south.	0:03:24	0:03:26
-The Landsker Line's history can -be sought at the county's libraries.	0:03:26	0:03:32
-It's also been the focus -for scientists...	0:03:32	0:03:35
-..who've compiled the DNA study, -the People of the British Isles.	0:03:35	0:03:40
-It's interesting -we found two genetic groups...	0:03:40	0:03:43
-..matching pretty well -the Landsker Line.	0:03:43	0:03:46
-For 1,000 years, these communities -have spoken different languages...	0:03:46	0:03:50
-..which is probably an impediment to -inter-marriage between the groups.	0:03:51	0:03:56
-People within the English-speaking -group married each other...	0:03:56	0:04:00
-..and the Welsh-speaking group -did the same.	0:04:00	0:04:03
-The isolation of the two groups -will mean that over time...	0:04:03	0:04:07
-..they'll be different genetically.	0:04:07	0:04:10
-The history is plain to see.	0:04:11	0:04:13
-However, not everyone agrees with -the significance of the schism.	0:04:14	0:04:20
-The Welsh in the north...	0:04:20	0:04:22
-..and Little England Beyond Wales -in south Pembrokeshire.	0:04:22	0:04:26
-No, no, -south Pembrokeshire is Welsh too.	0:04:26	0:04:30
-There's nowhere in Wales...	0:04:32	0:04:34
-..that's further -from the border with England.	0:04:35	0:04:38
-The more time -a person spends here...	0:04:41	0:04:43
-..the more one becomes enchanted.	0:04:43	0:04:46
-The area's history is slightly -more complicated than I suspected...	0:04:51	0:04:56
-..though this ancient county -is familiar territory to me.	0:04:56	0:05:00
-Down there -is the village of Langham.	0:05:01	0:05:05
-I've always known it as Llangwm.	0:05:05	0:05:08
-But when I spoke -to a resident of the village...	0:05:08	0:05:11
-..he said, -"No, my dear, we call it Langham."	0:05:12	0:05:16
-I thought, -'Here we go, another example...	0:05:16	0:05:19
-'..of an Anglicization -replacing the Welsh name.'	0:05:19	0:05:23
-But do you know what? He's right.	0:05:23	0:05:26
-The original name -for the village was Langheim...	0:05:29	0:05:33
-..a Norse name which notes -the arrival of the Vikings...	0:05:33	0:05:37
-..who came here -to shelter during winter.	0:05:37	0:05:40
-There are -still boats on the estuary...	0:05:40	0:05:43
-..but nowadays, it's -the women of the village rowing.	0:05:43	0:05:47
-Welsh Champions. They're worthy -successors to the Vikings.	0:05:47	0:05:52
-But it was the Normans -who established the current village.	0:05:54	0:05:58
-Reacquainting themselves with their -history, villagers arrange events...	0:06:02	0:06:07
-..to raise money for the restoration -of the Norman church.	0:06:08	0:06:12
-But the Normans themselves -aren't their main focus..	0:06:12	0:06:17
-The Llangwm project focuses on a -different aspect of the Norman era.	0:06:18	0:06:23
-The people who came from Flanders.	0:06:23	0:06:26
-They settled here...	0:06:26	0:06:28
-..because they had special ties -with William the Conqueror.	0:06:28	0:06:32
-William's wife came from Flanders...	0:06:33	0:06:35
-..and it was through her...	0:06:35	0:06:37
-..that he gained powerful allies -to conquer Britain.	0:06:38	0:06:41
-To show his gratitude -to these aristocrats...	0:06:41	0:06:44
-..William -gave them land and favours.	0:06:45	0:06:47
-The project asked for our help.	0:06:50	0:06:52
-Does the DNA of the Flemish people -still exist here today?	0:06:53	0:06:57
-Villagers like Graham Stephens -have traced their ancestry...	0:06:59	0:07:03
-..from written records.	0:07:03	0:07:05
-We can trace the male-line ancestry -back into the 1700s.	0:07:05	0:07:10
-George Stephens, and there on, -we have a direct male line...	0:07:10	0:07:14
-..all the way down -to myself and to my son.	0:07:14	0:07:17
-It's really since retirement -that I've had the opportunity...	0:07:18	0:07:22
-..to trace the family history.	0:07:23	0:07:25
-It'd be fantastic -to be able to trace your line...	0:07:25	0:07:29
-..back to the 12th century.	0:07:29	0:07:31
-We don't have those records.	0:07:32	0:07:34
-But the church -is a record in itself.	0:07:34	0:07:37
-A record of the special connection -this corner of Wales has...	0:07:38	0:07:42
-..with the old Flemish world.	0:07:43	0:07:45
-Another matter entirely...	0:07:45	0:07:47
-..is finding DNA in Pembrokeshire -that's derived from Flanders.	0:07:48	0:07:53
-You can feel the history -in these walls.	0:07:55	0:07:58
-The Flemish -are part of that history.	0:07:58	0:08:01
-The Flemish -were an important part of Llangwm.	0:08:01	0:08:06
-They came here in the 12th century, -it might've been the 11th century.	0:08:06	0:08:11
-They've contributed greatly...	0:08:11	0:08:14
-..to the area's -culture and history...	0:08:14	0:08:18
-..and that's very important.	0:08:18	0:08:20
-Prominent Flemish people -are buried in the church.	0:08:21	0:08:24
-In time, the hope is -to conduct DNA tests on their bones.	0:08:24	0:08:29
-Some of the village's men -strongly believe...	0:08:29	0:08:33
-..they are the direct descendants -of the Flemish invaders.	0:08:33	0:08:37
-One or two of them believe...	0:08:38	0:08:40
-..that they may possibly belong -to the noble De La Roche family.	0:08:40	0:08:45
-They've taken DNA tests...	0:08:45	0:08:48
-..in the hope of -being able to prove the connection.	0:08:48	0:08:52
-But what exactly -can their DNA reveal?	0:08:52	0:08:55
-DNA Cymru's scientists -will look for genetic markers.	0:09:00	0:09:04
-These are small changes.	0:09:07	0:09:09
-Changes in the chain of chemicals -in the double helix...	0:09:09	0:09:13
-..the famous molecule which carries -the code which governs our life...	0:09:13	0:09:19
-..from generation to generation.	0:09:19	0:09:21
-Identifying the markers -is one thing.	0:09:22	0:09:25
-The results must then be analyzed...	0:09:25	0:09:28
-..to connect -the individual with his ancestors...	0:09:28	0:09:31
-..and their movements -through the ancient world.	0:09:31	0:09:35
-We're only talking about one lineage -on each side of the family...	0:09:38	0:09:42
-..among the thousands -of other ancestors.	0:09:43	0:09:46
-Will there be enough evidence -to trace the ancestry...	0:09:48	0:09:51
-..of Llangwm's current residents -back to Flanders 800 years ago?	0:09:52	0:09:56
-While the villagers -await their results...	0:09:59	0:10:02
-..this is a chance for us -to consider the others...	0:10:02	0:10:06
-..who attacked Wales -before the Normans.	0:10:06	0:10:09
-The Irish came from the west.	0:10:11	0:10:13
-The Picts came from the north.	0:10:16	0:10:18
-And the Saxons from the east.	0:10:19	0:10:21
-And from overseas...	0:10:24	0:10:26
-..the most ferocious invaders -of them all.	0:10:26	0:10:29
-But how much Viking blood...	0:10:36	0:10:38
-..still runs through our veins?	0:10:38	0:10:42
-And how much -of the other attackers' DNA...	0:10:42	0:10:46
-..is in -the population of Wales today?	0:10:46	0:10:49
-We begin with the first time -a professional army...	0:10:49	0:10:53
-..came from overseas -to the British Isles.	0:10:53	0:10:56
-What was the Romans' contribution -to our DNA pool?	0:10:59	0:11:04
-.	0:11:07	0:11:07
-Subtitles	0:11:10	0:11:10
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:11:10	0:11:12
-The year 43AD	0:11:16	0:11:20
-The Roman Army -sweeps across continental Europe.	0:11:21	0:11:25
-The British Isles -are its next target.	0:11:28	0:11:30
-An enormous fleet of 800 ships...	0:11:31	0:11:33
-..off the coast -of northern France...	0:11:33	0:11:36
-..prepares to launch an attack -across the Channel.	0:11:36	0:11:40
-40,000 soldiers, -thousands of tonnes...	0:11:40	0:11:44
-..of equipment and animals.	0:11:44	0:11:46
-Enough to occupy the land and -enslave the population of Britain.	0:11:49	0:11:53
-They brought something else -with them too, of course.	0:11:56	0:12:00
-Their DNA.	0:12:01	0:12:02
-Many tribes withstood them -for as long as they could.	0:12:07	0:12:10
-But their efforts were in vain.	0:12:13	0:12:16
-The Britons would soon be -paying homage to Rome...	0:12:20	0:12:23
-..and living under -the legions' rule.	0:12:24	0:12:27
-Many of the natives were enslaved.	0:12:30	0:12:34
-To others more fortunate, -life was good...	0:12:35	0:12:38
-..thanks to the conquerors.	0:12:39	0:12:41
-Pax Romana.	0:12:41	0:12:43
-Roman Peace.	0:12:43	0:12:45
-And that's how it was -for close to four centuries.	0:12:47	0:12:52
-These days, the era's history -is popular in Wales...	0:12:54	0:12:58
-..especially with children.	0:12:58	0:13:00
-It's also fun -dressing up as a Roman soldier.	0:13:01	0:13:05
-Make sure -you put it on the right way.	0:13:07	0:13:09
-But the Romans had a profound -and lasting influence on Wales.	0:13:10	0:13:13
-Roman history is familiar to us.	0:13:16	0:13:19
-But have the Romans -left a mark on our DNA?	0:13:19	0:13:23
-In principle, -it should be possible...	0:13:23	0:13:26
-..to find -the legions' genetic markers...	0:13:26	0:13:29
-..if there are soldiers' descendants -among the population of Wales today.	0:13:29	0:13:35
-The Y chromosome of every Welshman -carries a genetic code...	0:13:35	0:13:39
-..made up of billions of letters.	0:13:39	0:13:42
-As the father passes -the chromosome's DNA to his son...	0:13:42	0:13:46
-..the four chemicals in the code -appear in the same order...	0:13:47	0:13:50
-..generation after generation.	0:13:50	0:13:53
-This code can lead all the way back -to the era of the Roman legions...	0:13:55	0:14:00
-..in places like Caerleon, Gwent, -home to thousands of Roman soldiers.	0:14:00	0:14:05
-Soldiers who practised fighting -skills in Risca's amphitheatre...	0:14:08	0:14:13
-..brought their fathers' -genetic markers with them.	0:14:13	0:14:17
-But where did -these markers come from?	0:14:17	0:14:20
-By the time -they built this amphitheatre...	0:14:20	0:14:24
-..and amenities for the soldiers -nearby, the Roman Empire was vast.	0:14:24	0:14:30
-Military power -was responsible for that.	0:14:30	0:14:33
-But don't disregard the civilized -society it offered its citizens.	0:14:34	0:14:40
-This is the place to come if you -want to feel close to the Romans.	0:14:41	0:14:46
-The soldiers who came to use -these incredible baths...	0:14:46	0:14:50
-..would've come from -every corner of the empire.	0:14:50	0:14:53
-Since the Romans -kept written records...	0:14:55	0:14:59
-..we know the names of many men -who came to enjoy these baths...	0:14:59	0:15:03
-..and minor details of their lives.	0:15:03	0:15:05
-Titus Flavius Candidus came from -the island of Xanten on the Rhine...	0:15:09	0:15:14
-..though he died here in Wales.	0:15:14	0:15:16
-One man raised in Caerleon...	0:15:18	0:15:20
-..was Tadius Exuperatus.	0:15:20	0:15:23
-He died on the battlefield in -Germany when he was 37 years old.	0:15:24	0:15:28
-The inhabitants of Isca -regularly came and went.	0:15:30	0:15:34
-More and more soldiers -were required.	0:15:35	0:15:37
-Neither Rome nor Italy -could provide the full complement.	0:15:38	0:15:43
-They recruited men from countries -the Romans had already conquered.	0:15:44	0:15:49
-France, Spain, Bulgaria...	0:15:49	0:15:52
-..the Netherlands and Germany.	0:15:52	0:15:55
-It's possible -that many soldiers were recruited...	0:15:55	0:15:59
-..from the people we'd call Celts...	0:15:59	0:16:02
-..and would carry -similar genetic markers...	0:16:02	0:16:06
-..to those from the indigenous -population of Wales at the time.	0:16:06	0:16:10
-The people we regard as Romans -were an international mix.	0:16:10	0:16:14
-They weren't just people -from Rome and Italy.	0:16:15	0:16:18
-With such a wide diversity...	0:16:18	0:16:20
-..how is it possible -to determine anything...	0:16:21	0:16:23
-..about the DNA of the legions -who came to Britain?	0:16:24	0:16:27
-As it happens, some striking remains -have emerged...	0:16:27	0:16:32
-..that begin to offer answers.	0:16:32	0:16:35
-Here, at the National Roman Legion -Museum is a stone tomb...	0:16:36	0:16:40
-..and the skeleton of a man -who died in the year 200AD.	0:16:41	0:16:45
-The Romans -usually cremated their dead...	0:16:49	0:16:52
-..making these bones very rare.	0:16:52	0:16:55
-Archaeologists -set about recreating his face...	0:16:57	0:17:00
-..but his nose and the -centre of his head were missing.	0:17:01	0:17:04
-They had to sift through fine -bone fragments in order to succeed.	0:17:04	0:17:09
-Is this the face of a man who -kept the ancient Britons in order?	0:17:10	0:17:14
-This is how he'd look if an artist -from the era painted a portrait.	0:17:17	0:17:22
-Some people think -he resembles Richard Burton.	0:17:22	0:17:26
-A romantic picture perhaps...	0:17:26	0:17:29
-..but archaeologists have -also created a digital image of him.	0:17:29	0:17:33
-I'm looking at an image -of a real Roman here...	0:17:34	0:17:38
-..but the question is, from which -part of the empire did he hail?	0:17:39	0:17:43
-Soon, perhaps it'll be possible -to analyze the bones' DNA.	0:17:44	0:17:48
-In the meantime...	0:17:48	0:17:50
-..we must follow the Romans -to the other end of the country...	0:17:50	0:17:55
-..in pursuit of a DNA mystery -that has baffled the experts.	0:17:55	0:18:00
-Abergele, -a town that is no different...	0:18:01	0:18:04
-..from any other town -on the North Wales coast.	0:18:04	0:18:07
-But in a science paper in 1992...	0:18:08	0:18:10
-..attention was drawn -to very interesting differences...	0:18:11	0:18:15
-..in the genetic markers -of local men.	0:18:15	0:18:18
-Scientists were searching for -the DNA of Saxons...	0:18:18	0:18:23
-..to try and understand...	0:18:23	0:18:25
-..to what extent they'd settled -on the North Wales coast.	0:18:26	0:18:29
-But it was here -that something else came to light.	0:18:30	0:18:34
-Genetic markers -that were unusual in Britain.	0:18:34	0:18:37
-AV13 is very common -in the Balkans...	0:18:38	0:18:42
-..but why were so many of them among -the men of this particular area?	0:18:42	0:18:48
-At the time, -not far from Abergele...	0:18:48	0:18:52
-..the ancient copper mines -of the Great Orme began to emerge.	0:18:52	0:18:56
-People -started to see a connection...	0:18:57	0:18:59
-..between this old trading centre -and DNA from the Balkans.	0:18:59	0:19:04
-As the copper was going out, -was the DNA coming in?	0:19:05	0:19:09
-It's a question -for archaeologist Spencer Smith.	0:19:10	0:19:14
-This site -is very important in the world.	0:19:14	0:19:17
-It's been 1,000 years -since this mine operated...	0:19:17	0:19:20
-..and there are -five miles of tunnels.	0:19:21	0:19:23
-This is where they found -a huge seam of copper.	0:19:23	0:19:28
-It starts with locals.	0:19:28	0:19:30
-At the end of the Neolithic Age, -they know there's copper here...	0:19:30	0:19:34
-..and they begin mining.	0:19:34	0:19:36
-Later on, incomers realize -there's business to be made here.	0:19:36	0:19:41
-They claim that this is the -largest mining shaft in the world.	0:19:43	0:19:47
-And then it's imported. -They go to all kinds of places.	0:19:48	0:19:52
-DNA evidence tells us -that people from the Balkans...	0:19:53	0:19:57
-..people of that haplogroup, -had come to this site.	0:19:58	0:20:02
-What they're trying to work out is -if the DNA came in the Bronze Age...	0:20:02	0:20:07
-..the Roman Age or later?	0:20:07	0:20:10
-Personally, as an archaeologist, I'd -date it earlier rather than later.	0:20:12	0:20:17
-I'd say it belongs to the Bronze Age -because we'd see a difference.	0:20:17	0:20:22
-I want to know the answer because -I was involved in testing this DNA.	0:20:22	0:20:27
-I don't know the answer yet -and I'm keen to know.	0:20:28	0:20:31
-You say the Roman connection -is tenuous, Spencer...	0:20:32	0:20:36
-..but there are written records -from the Roman Era...	0:20:36	0:20:39
-..which link -North Wales to the Balkans.	0:20:40	0:20:43
-In the Notita Dignitatum, -the Order of the Empire...	0:20:44	0:20:47
-..documents who did what and when.	0:20:47	0:20:50
-In the fifth century, -the people of Caernarfon...	0:20:50	0:20:54
-..went to work, or rather fight...	0:20:55	0:20:57
-..in Illyria, -which is the present-day Balkans.	0:20:57	0:21:01
-There are Caernarfon folk -in Albania or somewhere like that!	0:21:01	0:21:05
-As testing continues...	0:21:08	0:21:10
-..the Balkans' DNA mystery -on the North Wales coast rumbles on.	0:21:10	0:21:15
-The Romans had left their mark -on the landscape, religion...	0:21:17	0:21:22
-..and our language.	0:21:22	0:21:25
-But not necessarily on our DNA.	0:21:25	0:21:28
-In the fifth century, -Roman legions fled Britain...	0:21:31	0:21:35
-..and new waves of soldiers arrived -to capitalize on that.	0:21:35	0:21:40
-The Irish came from the west and -occupied territory on the coast...	0:21:41	0:21:46
-..and in the east, the Saxons' -power and influence grew.	0:21:46	0:21:50
-It was the beginning -of a bleak and turbulent time...	0:21:50	0:21:54
-..across the island.	0:21:55	0:21:57
-The Deisi tribe came from Ireland...	0:22:01	0:22:03
-..and penetrated the -ancient kingdoms of the Britons.	0:22:03	0:22:07
-The Irish occupation...	0:22:09	0:22:12
-..reached as far east...	0:22:12	0:22:14
-..as Llangorse Lake -in Brecknockshire.	0:22:15	0:22:18
-Archaeologists -from Cardiff University...	0:22:19	0:22:22
-..have discovered -the ruins of one of their palaces.	0:22:23	0:22:27
-For a while, it was -a time of plenty and of luxury...	0:22:27	0:22:31
-..resulting from commerce with -continental Europe and the Far East.	0:22:32	0:22:36
-But it came to a sudden end...	0:22:36	0:22:39
-..and was under threat -from the not-too-distant east.	0:22:39	0:22:43
-The Saxons came from overseas -and occupied England.	0:22:45	0:22:49
-They were now threatening -the Welsh border.	0:22:50	0:22:53
-DNA tests carried out -on British people today...	0:22:54	0:22:57
-..show -that they couldn't vanquish Wales.	0:22:58	0:23:02
-We see clear evidence -of the Anglo-Saxon migration.	0:23:02	0:23:06
-There's a group we call Germany 3 -which comes from northwest Germany.	0:23:06	0:23:11
-That DNA we see evidence of -in all of the groups in England.	0:23:11	0:23:15
-So we do see -clear evidence of Anglo-Saxon DNA...	0:23:15	0:23:18
-..but that DNA did not reach Wales.	0:23:18	0:23:21
-According to DNA Cymru's tests...	0:23:22	0:23:26
-..Offa's Dyke is a genetic border -as well as a political one.	0:23:26	0:23:31
-These are our figures for -a key genetic marker on both sides.	0:23:31	0:23:36
-It's very significant -in genetic terms.	0:23:38	0:23:41
-Scientists -can measure the difference...	0:23:44	0:23:47
-..in the DNA of -the populations in both countries.	0:23:47	0:23:50
-But there was -another wave of invaders...	0:23:53	0:23:56
-..threatening the Welsh coastline.	0:23:56	0:23:59
-.	0:24:01	0:24:02
-Subtitles	0:24:02	0:24:02
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:24:02	0:24:03
-Parc y Scarlets -at the beginning of the year.	0:24:04	0:24:07
-We're asking fans -about their ancestry.	0:24:07	0:24:10
-It's surprising -how many relate to the Vikings.	0:24:12	0:24:16
-I think there might be -a touch of Viking in me.	0:24:19	0:24:22
-I'm a Viking.	0:24:23	0:24:24
-I'm a Viking. - -But not everyone.	0:24:24	0:24:26
-There aren't many Vikings -in Merthyr.	0:24:26	0:24:28
-Someone who claims he's one -is actor John Pierce Jones...	0:24:29	0:24:34
-..though his family's recent history -is Welsh to the core.	0:24:34	0:24:38
-My family hails from Anglesey.	0:24:38	0:24:40
-My great-great-great-grandfather -from the 18th century was from Llyn.	0:24:41	0:24:46
-His son, Iwan, -was adopted from Haiti...	0:24:46	0:24:49
-..and his wife, Inge, is American.	0:24:49	0:24:52
-Where do you come from?	0:24:52	0:24:54
-Where do you come from? - -My father came from Arizona...	0:24:54	0:24:56
-..and my mother from Illinois.	0:24:56	0:24:58
-Before that, -I'd say Sweden, probably.	0:24:58	0:25:01
-My father's name was Thor.	0:25:02	0:25:04
-He was a proper Viking!	0:25:06	0:25:08
-No Celt at all?	0:25:11	0:25:13
-Just John, and Iwan, partially.	0:25:13	0:25:16
-I told him he'd married an invader.	0:25:19	0:25:21
-Me!	0:25:21	0:25:23
-Invaders.	0:25:24	0:25:26
-That's the popular portrayal -of the Vikings.	0:25:26	0:25:30
-Ferocious soldiers threatening -ancient seaside communities...	0:25:31	0:25:36
-..with violence -and other kinds of treachery.	0:25:36	0:25:39
-Is there a chip shop around here? -The sea air has made me hungry.	0:26:02	0:26:07
-John has recently learned to sail.	0:26:12	0:26:16
-He's keen to ensure -that his new skills at the helm...	0:26:16	0:26:20
-..are passed on to Iwan too.	0:26:20	0:26:23
-But for John, -the experience means more...	0:26:24	0:26:27
-..than enjoying -a leisurely pursuit together.	0:26:27	0:26:30
-The first inkling I had, which -planted the seed in my head ...	0:26:34	0:26:38
-..that I was a Viking...	0:26:38	0:26:40
-..was when I had a problem -with my toes.	0:26:40	0:26:44
-They shrivelled up.	0:26:44	0:26:47
-It wasn't just that, -I had a rough patch at the back too.	0:26:47	0:26:51
-They call it Viking's disease.	0:26:51	0:26:54
-There's something in me. -I enjoy being at sea.	0:26:54	0:26:58
-I love sailing, -and it's in my blood, of course.	0:26:58	0:27:01
-I come from a long line of sailors. -It runs in the family.	0:27:01	0:27:06
-Maybe that's an indication -of these Viking genes.	0:27:06	0:27:11
-Having given it considerable thought -the entire family has decided...	0:27:11	0:27:16
-..to take DNA Cymru's test.	0:27:16	0:27:18
-Iwan wants to learn something about -his ancestry to share with friends.	0:27:18	0:27:23
-They know a great deal about their -families, where they came from...	0:27:23	0:27:28
-..and they know -their mother and father...	0:27:28	0:27:31
-..came from the Valleys -and places like that in Wales.	0:27:31	0:27:35
-I want to know where -my mother and father came from.	0:27:35	0:27:38
-Somewhere nice and hot -like Haiti or Africa.	0:27:39	0:27:42
-For Iwan, I think DNA -is something very important...	0:27:43	0:27:47
-..because we know nothing about -his biological family in Haiti.	0:27:47	0:27:52
-The DNA test -will be important for him...	0:27:52	0:27:55
-..to give him an idea -of his background...	0:27:55	0:27:58
-..and where -his family's from originally.	0:27:58	0:28:01
-A bit more -about where his ancestors came from.	0:28:02	0:28:05
-As an American, -I'm very interested in my roots.	0:28:05	0:28:10
-I like reading about the Vikings...	0:28:10	0:28:15
-..just to try and get an idea, -or if there's a possibility...	0:28:15	0:28:20
-..in my past.	0:28:20	0:28:22
-Scientifically it's interesting to -find out where you've come from...	0:28:23	0:28:28
-..and the origins of your existence.	0:28:28	0:28:30
-Scientifically, that is.	0:28:31	0:28:33
-But philosophically speaking...	0:28:33	0:28:36
-..who I am and what I am...	0:28:36	0:28:37
-..well, -I'm basically a man from Anglesey.	0:28:38	0:28:41
-That's who I am.	0:28:41	0:28:43
-Anglesey has a connection -with the Vikings, of course.	0:28:43	0:28:47
-The English name -for the island, Anglesey...	0:28:48	0:28:52
-..is derived from Old Norse.	0:28:52	0:28:55
-The question -for the historians is...	0:28:56	0:28:58
-..did the Vikings land, wreak havoc -and leave immediately afterwards...	0:28:59	0:29:03
-..or did they settle here?	0:29:04	0:29:06
-To find the answer...	0:29:06	0:29:08
-..there's no better place to come -than Llanbedrgoch.	0:29:08	0:29:12
-In 1992, someone came here -with a metal detector...	0:29:13	0:29:16
-..and found coins and trading tools -from the Viking era.	0:29:17	0:29:21
-Next came the archaeologists -to excavate the site.	0:29:21	0:29:26
-That's when they realized -that this was a significant site...	0:29:26	0:29:31
-..at one stage in its history.	0:29:31	0:29:34
-Though it's situated -close to his birthplace...	0:29:34	0:29:38
-..this is the first time John -and family have visited the site.	0:29:38	0:29:42
-I knew nothing about this location.	0:29:42	0:29:46
-I knew about the discovery -because of the media coverage.	0:29:46	0:29:50
-I'm interested in Vikings -and it grabbed my attention...	0:29:50	0:29:54
-..but until today, -I had no idea where it was.	0:29:54	0:29:57
-The only thing I knew was that -they'd been here and the discovery.	0:29:58	0:30:04
-And what a discovery it was.	0:30:04	0:30:06
-There was plenty of evidence...	0:30:06	0:30:08
-..to recreate its appearance -in its heyday.	0:30:09	0:30:12
-Thick walls rising -three metres from the ground...	0:30:12	0:30:16
-..with a large space in the centre -which served as a marketplace.	0:30:16	0:30:20
-This was the central hub of -an international trading network.	0:30:21	0:30:26
-Archaeologists -unearthed a treasure trove...	0:30:27	0:30:31
-..of the Viking's handiwork.	0:30:32	0:30:34
-They also unearthed -something else too.	0:30:34	0:30:37
-Human remains.	0:30:39	0:30:41
-The skeletons -were relatively intact.	0:30:46	0:30:48
-They remained -where they'd been buried.	0:30:49	0:30:51
-Together in a shallow grave.	0:30:52	0:30:54
-It was scary enough finding them.	0:30:55	0:30:59
-But the fear didn't subside...	0:30:59	0:31:02
-..as the experts studied the bones.	0:31:02	0:31:06
-The skeletons are housed in -Cardiff's National Museum of Wales.	0:31:12	0:31:17
-It's possible to tell -exactly how they died.	0:31:17	0:31:22
-This man exhibits -clear signs of violence.	0:31:23	0:31:28
-He was old in years, for the era.	0:31:28	0:31:31
-He was -about 40 years old when he died.	0:31:31	0:31:35
-For example, -at the back of the skull...	0:31:35	0:31:40
-..there are signs that -some sort of sword had struck him.	0:31:40	0:31:44
-It proves -that he suffered extreme violence.	0:31:45	0:31:50
-The four who were killed...	0:31:52	0:31:55
-..showed signs on the face...	0:31:55	0:31:58
-..that were similar to one another.	0:31:58	0:32:01
-For example, -the shape of the chin here...	0:32:01	0:32:04
-..that's quite square.	0:32:04	0:32:07
-They might've been related.	0:32:07	0:32:10
-They certainly came from the -same group, if not the same family.	0:32:10	0:32:14
-Tests show that the group -hailed from Scandinavia...	0:32:15	0:32:19
-..though they died much later than -expected in terms of our history.	0:32:19	0:32:25
-It suggests...	0:32:25	0:32:27
-..that it wasn't the Vikings -who were responsible...	0:32:28	0:32:32
-..for these executions.	0:32:32	0:32:35
-It's much more likely...	0:32:35	0:32:39
-..that the executions happened...	0:32:39	0:32:43
-..in some sort of civil war -between the Welsh.	0:32:43	0:32:46
-We've recently started...	0:32:47	0:32:51
-..extracting ancient DNA -from similar skeletons...	0:32:51	0:32:55
-..but it's problematic.	0:32:55	0:32:57
-However, we can say that there are -some markers or a code...	0:32:57	0:33:03
-..some haplogroups...	0:33:03	0:33:05
-..that are associated -with the Vikings and Scandinavia...	0:33:06	0:33:12
-..and especially Norway.	0:33:12	0:33:15
-I'd be very surprised if they -didn't also appear in Anglesey.	0:33:15	0:33:20
-Once again, it's been possible -to recreate the individuals' faces.	0:33:21	0:33:26
-John and the family -have come to see them...	0:33:28	0:33:31
-..along with -the tools found at Llanbedrgoch.	0:33:31	0:33:34
-This reminds me of my brother.	0:33:34	0:33:37
-His nose is very similar.	0:33:38	0:33:40
-Yes, he's similar to Lars.	0:33:40	0:33:43
-What's that?	0:33:44	0:33:46
-It's enamel -and it's come from Ireland.	0:33:47	0:33:50
-The glass has come from Palestine...	0:33:51	0:33:54
-..or at least that area.	0:33:54	0:33:55
-..or at least that area. - -What are those things?	0:33:55	0:33:58
-They're pins -that kept pieces of fabric together.	0:33:58	0:34:02
-It's possible that they discovered -coins with Islamic symbols on them.	0:34:03	0:34:09
-That is to say, with text from the -Quran inscribed on them, in Bangor.	0:34:09	0:34:14
-The Vikings brought them with them?	0:34:14	0:34:16
-The Vikings brought them with them? - -Yes.	0:34:16	0:34:17
-They had -international trade links...	0:34:17	0:34:20
-..yet these were found -in Llanbedrgoch.	0:34:21	0:34:23
-In Cardiff Bay...	0:34:25	0:34:27
-..Inge, Iwan and I -join John on the boat...	0:34:27	0:34:30
-..to reveal DNA Cymru's results -to the entire family.	0:34:31	0:34:35
-Now then, Inge...	0:34:37	0:34:40
-..here it is.	0:34:40	0:34:42
-Inge shares a haplogroup -on her mother's line...	0:34:43	0:34:46
-..with the first women to return to -northern Europe after the Ice Age.	0:34:47	0:34:51
-They left their shelters -in the Pyrenees...	0:34:55	0:34:58
-..and spread far and wide -across the continent.	0:34:58	0:35:02
-There's also a map here, Inge.	0:35:05	0:35:07
-The women's migration -started 10,000 years ago.	0:35:07	0:35:11
-Inge's sub-haplogroup -was among the very first to migrate.	0:35:13	0:35:19
-You were pioneers.	0:35:23	0:35:26
-You led the way.	0:35:26	0:35:29
-Well done, me, and my family too!	0:35:29	0:35:32
-That's very interesting.	0:35:32	0:35:34
-Many people think -that Americans are pioneers...	0:35:34	0:35:40
-..so that's true enough too!	0:35:40	0:35:43
-And now for Iwan's results.	0:35:46	0:35:48
-These are very interesting.	0:35:49	0:35:51
-Iwan was born in Haiti.	0:35:53	0:35:56
-But as he expects, -his DNA originates from Africa.	0:35:56	0:36:01
-Iwan has genetic markers -on his father's line...	0:36:04	0:36:07
-..that have been traced -to tribes in central Africa...	0:36:07	0:36:11
-..such as the Baka, Efe and Mbuti.	0:36:11	0:36:14
-But there's much more to learn...	0:36:17	0:36:19
-..about the DNA of Africans.	0:36:19	0:36:22
-The researchers -who compiled the work...	0:36:22	0:36:26
-..asked, -"Who is Iwan Pyrs Jones?"...	0:36:26	0:36:29
-..because the marker, the BM247...	0:36:30	0:36:34
-..is so rare...	0:36:34	0:36:36
-..they want to conduct -further research.	0:36:37	0:36:40
-On his mother's line, -Iwan's DNA is very ancient.	0:36:42	0:36:46
-Scientists believe his haplogroup...	0:36:47	0:36:50
-..was prevalent 70,000 years ago, -and that the mitochondrial DNA...	0:36:50	0:36:56
-..of everyone on the planet today, -outside of Africa, emanate from him.	0:36:56	0:37:01
-Wow!	0:37:01	0:37:03
-Good grief, Iwan!	0:37:04	0:37:06
-Very ancient roots.	0:37:06	0:37:08
-You've more right to be here -than anyone.	0:37:08	0:37:11
-You connect everyone!	0:37:11	0:37:14
-Everyone throughout the world! -You're related to everyone!	0:37:14	0:37:18
-We all know about -your fondness for the sea, John.	0:37:18	0:37:22
-However, John...	0:37:23	0:37:25
-..you didn't -cross the water from the north.	0:37:26	0:37:30
-Am I a Frenchman or an Italian?	0:37:30	0:37:32
-I'm Iberian.	0:37:33	0:37:35
-I'm only...	0:37:36	0:37:39
-You're an Arab!	0:37:39	0:37:40
-You're an Arab! - -No, I'm not an Arab! I'm a Spaniard.	0:37:40	0:37:43
-John's haplogroup -on his father's line...	0:37:45	0:37:48
-..is associated with the Beaker -People, the first masters of metal.	0:37:48	0:37:53
-They migrated from Iberia -to the North Atlantic.	0:37:53	0:37:57
-They brought their special skills -and crafts to Wales.	0:37:57	0:38:01
-They showed the Welsh -how to do things.	0:38:01	0:38:04
-They discovered -many minerals in Wales too...	0:38:04	0:38:07
-..such as copper and so on.	0:38:08	0:38:10
-Are they an ancient people?	0:38:10	0:38:12
-Yes, indeed.	0:38:12	0:38:14
-Some 4,500 years ago...	0:38:14	0:38:18
-..the Beaker People came here -and transformed society.	0:38:18	0:38:22
-They brought new rituals...	0:38:23	0:38:26
-..and introduced -the smelting process to Wales.	0:38:26	0:38:30
-I can still say, -disregarding this Viking theory...	0:38:32	0:38:38
-..that my mother's family...	0:38:38	0:38:40
-..came from northern Europe.	0:38:40	0:38:43
-Where do the Vikings come from? -Northern Europe.	0:38:44	0:38:47
-It's still possible.	0:38:47	0:38:49
-That's incredible news about Iwan.	0:38:49	0:38:53
-70,000 years ago.	0:38:54	0:38:55
-We're all related to you!	0:38:56	0:38:58
-.	0:38:58	0:38:58
-Subtitles	0:39:00	0:39:00
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:39:00	0:39:02
-The highlands of Wales, -the stronghold of the nation.	0:39:04	0:39:08
-An obstacle for foreign soldiers...	0:39:09	0:39:12
-..and an obstacle for their DNA.	0:39:13	0:39:15
-The lowlands pose no such obstacles.	0:39:16	0:39:18
-During the Middle Ages...	0:39:19	0:39:21
-..the Normans were the final wave -of invaders to threaten Wales.	0:39:21	0:39:25
-They came to Pembrokeshire...	0:39:27	0:39:30
-..and built a chain of castles.	0:39:31	0:39:33
-It was a defensive border between -the north and south of the county.	0:39:33	0:39:37
-But does that border divide people?	0:39:38	0:39:41
-One local historian -flouts the notion of a schism...	0:39:42	0:39:45
-..between Pembrokeshire's Welsh -speakers and non-Welsh speakers...	0:39:45	0:39:50
-..along the Landsker Line.	0:39:50	0:39:52
-The term has been hijacked -from the legal world.	0:39:53	0:39:56
-Its original meaning -was showing a boundary on land...	0:39:56	0:40:00
-..whether it was a hedge or a river.	0:40:00	0:40:04
-Language can jump over a hedge.	0:40:06	0:40:10
-Language can swim across the river.	0:40:10	0:40:13
-It's been a bogus divide...	0:40:13	0:40:17
-..that has done -psychological damage to the county.	0:40:18	0:40:21
-We're the same people, -we've the same culture...	0:40:21	0:40:24
-..but we use two dialects -to express our identity.	0:40:25	0:40:28
-But this research into -the people of the British Isles...	0:40:28	0:40:32
-..shows -there's a genetic difference...	0:40:32	0:40:35
-..between people in the north and -those in the south of the county.	0:40:36	0:40:40
-It's possible to explain that...	0:40:40	0:40:43
-..when you consider -Norman migration to the county.	0:40:43	0:40:47
-The Flemish, to a smaller degree.	0:40:47	0:40:50
-You have to remember that many -of the Deisi tribes from Ireland...	0:40:50	0:40:55
-..came to the eastern coast -in the north of the county...	0:40:55	0:40:59
-..between the fourth -and sixth centuries.	0:40:59	0:41:03
-Researchers believe...	0:41:05	0:41:07
-..that the genetic differences -are the natural result...	0:41:08	0:41:11
-..of two linguistic communities...	0:41:12	0:41:14
-..and their tendency to marry people -who speak the same language.	0:41:14	0:41:19
-Little England Beyond Wales is -merely a stereotype that continues.	0:41:19	0:41:23
-The villages -of south Pembrokeshire...	0:41:25	0:41:28
-..have followed -the English pattern...	0:41:28	0:41:31
-..of building around -a church or castle.	0:41:31	0:41:33
-But the Flemish chimney -found in many of them...	0:41:34	0:41:39
-..is a sign -of another chapter in its history.	0:41:39	0:41:42
-The residents of Llangwm, -or Langham...	0:41:44	0:41:47
-..has asked for DNA Cymru's help -to study its genetics...	0:41:47	0:41:50
-..and the village's ties -to Flanders.	0:41:51	0:41:53
-Hello. Come on in.	0:41:54	0:41:57
-The project -has excited the villagers.	0:41:57	0:41:59
-It's brought everyone together. -Everyone's interested.	0:41:59	0:42:03
-Earliest I can quote here is 1779.	0:42:04	0:42:07
-Some had traced their ancestry -back a century or two...	0:42:07	0:42:12
-..but it can possibly be confirmed -by these DNA tests.	0:42:12	0:42:16
-As far as I can go back, -they've been around since 1770...	0:42:17	0:42:22
-..living in -the Sardis, Burton, Llangwm area.	0:42:22	0:42:26
-There are six or seven men -in the village...	0:42:26	0:42:29
-..who want to trace their ancestry.	0:42:29	0:42:32
-It's been rumoured -that some family members...	0:42:32	0:42:35
-..go back to the Flemish era.	0:42:35	0:42:38
-The Llangwm project -combines history and technology.	0:42:39	0:42:43
-It's fitting that villagers receive -their results at Pembroke Castle...	0:42:43	0:42:49
-..via a modern platform, however.	0:42:49	0:42:52
-I'd like to welcome -the next volunteer.	0:42:52	0:42:55
-Graham Stephens, please.	0:42:55	0:42:57
-Graham Stephens, please. - -For the villagers...	0:42:57	0:42:59
-..there's plenty of information -to interest them.	0:42:59	0:43:02
-This sub type -accounts for 0.2% of Welshmen...	0:43:03	0:43:05
-..and about 0.8% of Dutchmen.	0:43:06	0:43:09
-Absolutely fascinating.	0:43:09	0:43:11
-Absolutely fascinating. - -For one of the men...	0:43:11	0:43:13
-..DNA Cymru's results suggest a -Flemish connection on the continent.	0:43:13	0:43:18
-It's that 1.2% in the Netherlands.	0:43:18	0:43:22
-I think your patriline, your -father line, may indeed be Flemish.	0:43:22	0:43:26
-It's a bit of a surprise.	0:43:27	0:43:29
-I didn't expect it -but it's interesting.	0:43:29	0:43:33
-One result has struck upon -a strong connection with Flanders.	0:43:33	0:43:38
-When we compared your chromosome -to their chromosome, they match.	0:43:38	0:43:43
-One man is the descendant -of the village's founders.	0:43:43	0:43:47
-You descend from these people.	0:43:48	0:43:49
-Norman Roche -couldn't make it to the meeting...	0:43:50	0:43:53
-..but the news has caused a stir -among his neighbours.	0:43:53	0:43:57
-He's got to be connected -to the De La Roche...	0:43:57	0:44:00
-..the founders -of the church and village.	0:44:00	0:44:03
-It's interesting to find out that -of the seven who took the tests...	0:44:03	0:44:09
-..one is more important -than the rest!	0:44:09	0:44:12
-Hopefully we'll be able -to find out more about them.	0:44:13	0:44:17
-Over the centuries, foreign soldiers -have left an indelible mark...	0:44:20	0:44:25
-..on Wales's history, -but is their DNA still here?	0:44:25	0:44:29
-It's very difficult for us -to find definite proof.	0:44:31	0:44:35
-Substance diminishes -with the passing of time.	0:44:36	0:44:40
-The research continues...	0:44:41	0:44:43
-..but at the moment, -there's very little to say.	0:44:43	0:44:48
-But wait a minute, there's -one small test to be conducted...	0:44:49	0:44:53
-..in one of -our presenters' hometown.	0:44:53	0:44:56
-Anwen and her husband, -rugby player Alun Wyn Jones...	0:44:58	0:45:02
-..have recently welcomed -their first baby, Mali.	0:45:03	0:45:06
-Alun Wyn's DNA result has arrived.	0:45:06	0:45:09
-You are chromosome I...	0:45:09	0:45:12
-..but a sub-group of S27836.	0:45:13	0:45:18
-And from the haplogroup Teutonic...	0:45:18	0:45:21
-..which is the same haplogroup -as Gareth Edwards.	0:45:21	0:45:25
-Doesn't explain a lot.	0:45:26	0:45:28
-Why are you laughing?	0:45:29	0:45:30
-Why are you laughing? - -But there's something else too.	0:45:30	0:45:33
-It's likely you might be -a descendant of a leader...	0:45:33	0:45:37
-..a Norman leader that lived -less than 2,000 years ago.	0:45:38	0:45:43
-DNA Cymru has studied -the Y-chromosome genetics...	0:45:44	0:45:47
-..of hundreds of Welshmen today.	0:45:48	0:45:50
-The tests -suggest something very interesting.	0:45:50	0:45:55
-Up to 20% of them -are the descendants...	0:45:57	0:46:00
-..on the father line...	0:46:00	0:46:03
-..to a small number -of powerful leaders...	0:46:03	0:46:05
-..who lived in Wales -at the beginning of the Middle Ages.	0:46:06	0:46:09
-Alun Wyn's results connects him...	0:46:11	0:46:14
-..to a similar cluster -with a Norman nuance.	0:46:14	0:46:18
-They have found -that some of those Norman leaders...	0:46:21	0:46:25
-..are strongly associated -with Oystermouth...	0:46:25	0:46:29
-..so in and around Mumbles.	0:46:29	0:46:31
-So that does explain a lot.	0:46:31	0:46:33
-Interesting?	0:46:33	0:46:35
-Yes.	0:46:35	0:46:36
-Yes. - -So now you can tell Mali...	0:46:36	0:46:38
-..where her dad came from.	0:46:39	0:46:41
-I'm with Gareth Edwards, -so I'm happy.	0:46:41	0:46:44
-The result -is similar to the DNA of many men...	0:46:45	0:46:49
-..with Norman surnames...	0:46:50	0:46:52
-..which brings us -to Norman history in the Gower.	0:46:52	0:46:55
-It's possible -that we've discovered the link...	0:47:02	0:47:06
-..between the warriors -who came to Wales...	0:47:06	0:47:09
-..to build their castles -close to 1,000 years ago...	0:47:10	0:47:13
-..and one of our heroes...	0:47:13	0:47:15
-..today.	0:47:16	0:47:18
-I've always thought -about doing a family tree.	0:47:18	0:47:21
-I always had the ambition but -never had the energy to fulfil it.	0:47:21	0:47:26
-With the results today, -it's a step further.	0:47:26	0:47:29
-I was brought up -in Mumbles, Swansea.	0:47:31	0:47:34
-My father -was brought up in the Gower area...	0:47:34	0:47:37
-..so it fits in with -the feedback from the results.	0:47:37	0:47:41
-Today, it's the Welsh flag which -flies above the Norman castles.	0:47:42	0:47:47
-Their history -is now part of our history.	0:47:47	0:47:51
-It appears that their DNA...	0:47:51	0:47:54
-..is also part of -the nation's genetic legacy.	0:47:54	0:47:58
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:48:26	0:48:28
-.	0:48:29	0:48:29

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