Pennod 2 ‹ Huw Edwards a Stori Cymry Llundain

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-That's it from us.	0:00:00	0:00:01
-A first look at the papers on the -BBC News channel in a few minutes...	0:00:02	0:00:06
-..but now it's time -for the news where you are.	0:00:06	0:00:09
-And that's the end -of another broadcast...	0:00:10	0:00:14
-..here at the BBC's -main news studio in London...	0:00:14	0:00:17
-..watched by around five million -viewers in Wales, England...	0:00:18	0:00:21
-..Northern Ireland and Scotland.	0:00:22	0:00:24
-The location of the studio -speaks volumes.	0:00:24	0:00:27
-In the heart of London, -the capital of the United Kingdom.	0:00:28	0:00:32
-However, the unity of that kingdom -is a contentious issue nowadays.	0:00:32	0:00:37
-The heart of London is where -the BBC's new news headquarters...	0:00:38	0:00:43
-..and the headquarters of Britain's -influential companies are situated.	0:00:43	0:00:48
-It's been home to millions of people -over the centuries...	0:00:49	0:00:53
-..including the Welsh, and the story -of the London Welsh is intriguing.	0:00:53	0:00:59
-In this episode, the influence of -business and commerce on the Welsh.	0:00:59	0:01:03
-From the age of the drovers...	0:01:04	0:01:06
-..and the hard-working -garden girls...	0:01:07	0:01:09
-..to the army -of industrious dairymen...	0:01:09	0:01:12
-..and the fervour -of the large urban chapels...	0:01:12	0:01:16
-..to today's bustling city.	0:01:16	0:01:18
-It's a tale which continues -to spark the imagination.	0:01:18	0:01:22
-In this series, we'll capture -a little of that zeal...	0:01:22	0:01:26
-..and explain -the influence of the Welsh...	0:01:26	0:01:29
-..on one -of the world's largest cities...	0:01:29	0:01:32
-..as well as London's influence -on Wales.	0:01:32	0:01:35
-The story of the London Welsh -is relevant to everyone in Wales.	0:01:35	0:01:39
-The 18th century was a century -of commerce in London...	0:01:54	0:01:58
-..as the British Empire expanded.	0:01:58	0:02:01
-By this time, the Thames was one -of the world's main trade routes...	0:02:01	0:02:06
-..and its banks were a hive -of activity and diversity.	0:02:06	0:02:11
-During the early 1700s, -a religious revolution took hold...	0:02:11	0:02:16
-..which would inspire -and excite the Welsh in London.	0:02:16	0:02:20
-Here, on the south bank -of the river...	0:02:21	0:02:24
-..is the London residence -of the Archbishop of Canterbury.	0:02:24	0:02:28
-Lambeth Palace -has stood here for centuries.	0:02:28	0:02:31
-It's worth remembering -that it was here in 1739...	0:02:31	0:02:35
-..that revivalist Howell Harris -came for the first time...	0:02:36	0:02:40
-..to preach -to Welsh-speaking exiles...	0:02:40	0:02:43
-..on the Archbishop's doorstep, -more or less.	0:02:43	0:02:46
-It's remarkable to think...	0:02:46	0:02:48
-..that the foundations -of Nonconformist Welsh chapels...	0:02:49	0:02:52
-..were laid here, -in the shadow of Lambeth Palace.	0:02:53	0:02:56
-The 18th century -was a period of major change...	0:02:57	0:03:01
-..in Britain's religious life.	0:03:02	0:03:04
-Methodism began as a revival -within the Church of England.	0:03:04	0:03:08
-In time, however, -it became a separate church.	0:03:08	0:03:12
-To all intents, Howell Harris...	0:03:13	0:03:15
-..founded the Calvinistic -Methodist Church in Wales.	0:03:15	0:03:19
-This man from Trefeca came to London -to spread the Methodist message...	0:03:19	0:03:24
-..and save the souls -of its citizens.	0:03:25	0:03:28
-He preached -both in English and Welsh...	0:03:28	0:03:31
-..in the open air, -in homes and in churches.	0:03:31	0:03:35
-Methodism was readily embraced -by the London Welsh.	0:03:36	0:03:41
-It greatly influenced -what would happen next.	0:03:41	0:03:45
-Early on in the revival, -Harris visited London.	0:03:45	0:03:48
-At the time, many people had been -influenced by the revival...	0:03:49	0:03:53
-..and belonged to different sects.	0:03:53	0:03:56
-There was conflict -among the Methodists in London.	0:03:56	0:03:59
-Harris was regarded as a mediator.	0:04:00	0:04:02
-Gradually, they divided -into separate groups.	0:04:02	0:04:05
-Calvinistic Methodists, -Wesleyan Methodists and Moravians.	0:04:06	0:04:10
-But in the early years, -they were willing to co-operate.	0:04:10	0:04:13
-Harris visited -all these different sects in London.	0:04:14	0:04:17
-Each time he went, predominantly -to help the English Methodists...	0:04:18	0:04:22
-..he also visited -Welsh-medium groups.	0:04:22	0:04:25
-A Welsh-speaking -religious fellowship...	0:04:25	0:04:30
-..regularly met at Lambeth.	0:04:30	0:04:32
-There are entries in Harris' journal -relating to those visits...	0:04:32	0:04:38
-..and he states -that he preached to them in Welsh.	0:04:38	0:04:41
-During his visits to the city...	0:04:43	0:04:46
-..Harris stayed -with his brother Joseph...	0:04:46	0:04:50
-..who was a Royal Mint supervisor -at the Tower of London...	0:04:50	0:04:54
-..overseeing -the manufacture of currency.	0:04:54	0:04:57
-Preaching publicly -around the country...	0:04:57	0:05:00
-..wasn't without its dangers.	0:05:01	0:05:03
-On many occasions, Harris and his -fellow Methodists were attacked...	0:05:03	0:05:08
-..and left for dead.	0:05:08	0:05:10
-They were threatened -by the authorities...	0:05:10	0:05:13
-..and brought before the magistrates -accused of breaking the law.	0:05:13	0:05:18
-It was quite risky.	0:05:18	0:05:20
-In a way, they were asking for -trouble, meeting openly in Lambeth.	0:05:20	0:05:25
-They were in danger of being accused -of worship outside the Church...	0:05:26	0:05:31
-..which was against the law.	0:05:31	0:05:33
-There are indications -of Harris' influence on the Welsh...	0:05:33	0:05:37
-..among the Methodists.	0:05:38	0:05:41
-There were letters -written by the Pugh family...	0:05:41	0:05:45
-..who had settled in London.	0:05:45	0:05:47
-A letter from Francis Pugh...	0:05:47	0:05:50
-..imparts some information -about the fellowship in Lambeth.	0:05:50	0:05:54
-He mentions a dispute -that had arisen.	0:05:55	0:05:57
-Occasional references like this...	0:05:57	0:06:00
-..indicate the active lives...	0:06:00	0:06:04
-..of Welsh-speaking Methodists...	0:06:04	0:06:07
-..and that Harris' visits -were vital...	0:06:07	0:06:10
-..to ensure they had -some Welsh-medium preaching...	0:06:10	0:06:14
-..which was very scarce -at the time.	0:06:14	0:06:16
-Many London Welsh -who had heard Harris preach...	0:06:17	0:06:21
-..were inspired to unite.	0:06:22	0:06:25
-Cock Lane is a narrow, -anonymous street nowadays.	0:06:26	0:06:30
-But it was full of life -at the end of the 18th century...	0:06:30	0:06:34
-..with shops, taverns and tenants -renting rooms above them...	0:06:35	0:06:39
-..including a small group of Welsh -who congregated here to worship.	0:06:39	0:06:44
-London's first Welsh chapel -had its origins here...	0:06:44	0:06:49
-..and it was eventually built -about half a mile away.	0:06:49	0:06:53
-Thirty five years after Howell -Harris' first visit to London...	0:06:55	0:06:59
-..the Cock Lane worshippers -founded a new chapel...	0:06:59	0:07:02
-..in nearby Wilderness Row.	0:07:02	0:07:04
-Among its founders were two men -who had often heard Harris preach.	0:07:05	0:07:09
-Griffith Jones from Pentre Uchaf...	0:07:10	0:07:12
-..and Edward Jones, -aka Ginshop Jones, from Llansannan.	0:07:13	0:07:17
-It's remarkable being here, -among this urban concrete jungle...	0:07:19	0:07:24
-..and introducing -a relatively modern structure...	0:07:24	0:07:28
-..as London's oldest Welsh chapel.	0:07:28	0:07:30
-This is the church -whose origins lie in Cock Lane.	0:07:31	0:07:35
-It relocated twice -before reaching this site in 1879.	0:07:35	0:07:41
-The original building -was demolished...	0:07:41	0:07:44
-..during the Blitz of World War II.	0:07:44	0:07:47
-Jewin Chapel -has a very turbulent past.	0:07:47	0:07:51
-# A pure heart full of goodness	0:07:51	0:07:57
-# Fairer than the lily white... #	0:07:58	0:08:01
-One of Jewin's most noted preachers -in the 20th century was D S Owen.	0:08:03	0:08:08
-His grandson, Geraint Pritchard, -is able to trace...	0:08:08	0:08:12
-..how Jewin helped the rise -of Welsh chapels across the city...	0:08:12	0:08:18
-..in the 18th and 19th centuries.	0:08:18	0:08:20
-They opened outposts -in the heart of London.	0:08:20	0:08:24
-Wilton Square was the first of them.	0:08:24	0:08:27
-People would leave Jewin Chapel...	0:08:28	0:08:30
-..and go there, to Sunday school.	0:08:30	0:08:33
-It later became -a Welsh Independents' chapel.	0:08:33	0:08:37
-It began as a branch of Jewin. -There were five or six of these.	0:08:38	0:08:42
-They supported small causes...	0:08:42	0:08:46
-..and this went on from 1774 -until the following century.	0:08:46	0:08:51
-But it wasn't all sweetness and -light for the Jewin congregation.	0:08:51	0:08:56
-The first leader, Edward Jones, -was a colourful soul who kept a pub.	0:08:57	0:09:01
-He banned two members -because they married people...	0:09:01	0:09:05
-..who weren't Methodists.	0:09:05	0:09:07
-He was so strict...	0:09:07	0:09:09
-..that many members -turned to the Welsh Independents.	0:09:09	0:09:13
-However, the Nonconformist Welsh had -established themselves in London...	0:09:13	0:09:18
-..and Jewin has survived -to this day, despite the turmoil.	0:09:18	0:09:22
-.	0:09:23	0:09:24
-Subtitles	0:09:26	0:09:26
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:09:26	0:09:28
-During the 18th century...	0:09:34	0:09:36
-..the permanent population -of London Welsh was rising...	0:09:36	0:09:40
-..along with the number of -seasonal workers who came to trade.	0:09:40	0:09:44
-Agricultural knowledge -and expertise gained in Wales...	0:09:46	0:09:50
-..could have financial benefits.	0:09:50	0:09:54
-Cattle trading -between Wales and England...	0:09:55	0:09:59
-..has a very rich history.	0:09:59	0:10:01
-Some claim that the story -goes back more than 1,000 years.	0:10:01	0:10:06
-By the 15th century -and the arrival of Henry Tudor...	0:10:07	0:10:11
-..the trade was thriving.	0:10:11	0:10:13
-By the 18th century...	0:10:14	0:10:16
-..drovers from Wales flocked here...	0:10:16	0:10:19
-..to one of the world's -most famous markets.	0:10:19	0:10:22
-Smithfield.	0:10:22	0:10:24
-Before the indoor market was built, -Smithfield was buzzing.	0:10:30	0:10:34
-Six days a week, -up to 2,000 animals...	0:10:35	0:10:39
-..would be herded to market by -drovers through the city's streets.	0:10:39	0:10:44
-Sometimes, there was -considerable chaos along the way.	0:10:44	0:10:48
-The drovers established -a network of routes...	0:10:54	0:10:57
-..that connected Wales -to the fairs and markets in London.	0:10:58	0:11:02
-It was by no means easy.	0:11:02	0:11:04
-This is an ancient drovers' path.	0:11:06	0:11:10
-Some of these paths -would have been rocky and rugged.	0:11:10	0:11:15
-That's why they would have needed -to shoe the cattle.	0:11:15	0:11:19
-They attached two iron clips -to each hoof.	0:11:20	0:11:24
-They would have needed -eight of these for every animal.	0:11:25	0:11:29
-A blacksmith would have accompanied -the drovers on their journey...	0:11:29	0:11:34
-..to shoe the cattle.	0:11:34	0:11:36
-Special shoes were created -to protect the cattle's hooves.	0:11:36	0:11:40
-The drovers, -or their men, certainly...	0:11:43	0:11:46
-..threw the cattle on their backs -and bound their hooves...	0:11:46	0:11:50
-..in order to fit the shoes.	0:11:51	0:11:54
-The trade began -as a way of transferring money...	0:11:55	0:11:58
-..between Welsh landowners' estates -and their London residences.	0:11:58	0:12:03
-Relevant permits were issued...	0:12:03	0:12:06
-..so that drovers could herd -their cattle from Wales...	0:12:06	0:12:11
-..to London, to the aristocrats -who needed the money there.	0:12:11	0:12:16
-They brought the rent money -to London on foot.	0:12:17	0:12:21
-They sold the cattle there...	0:12:21	0:12:24
-..only to discover they could -command exceptionally high prices.	0:12:24	0:12:29
-That's when the major trading began.	0:12:29	0:12:33
-The drovers -were very responsible men...	0:12:36	0:12:39
-..and some shouldered -substantial burdens.	0:12:39	0:12:42
-David Jones, Sir Watkin -Williams-Wynn's chief drover.	0:12:42	0:12:46
-He was a formidable trader...	0:12:46	0:12:48
-..taking huge sums of money -back and forth to London.	0:12:49	0:12:52
-He brought with him -important messages too.	0:12:52	0:12:55
-With large sums of money -creating risks for the drovers...	0:12:55	0:13:00
-..special banks were created -as a way of safeguarding the trade.	0:13:00	0:13:05
-David Jones established -the Black Ox Bank in Llandovery...	0:13:05	0:13:09
-..in 1799, to serve the drovers.	0:13:09	0:13:12
-The business was later bought -by Lloyds Bank.	0:13:12	0:13:16
-This is one of the first banks -established in Wales...	0:13:17	0:13:20
-..by the son -of a local farmer, David Jones.	0:13:20	0:13:23
-He spent many years as a drover -taking cattle to Smithfield...	0:13:23	0:13:28
-..and bringing the money home, -back to this area.	0:13:28	0:13:31
-He realized there was a need -for a banking system...	0:13:31	0:13:35
-..from a safety point of view -more than anything.	0:13:35	0:13:38
-There was no other bank like it -in the whole of Britain.	0:13:39	0:13:43
-The Black Sheep Bank, established -in Tregaron and Aberystwyth...	0:13:43	0:13:48
-..and the Black Ox Bank -in Llandovery.	0:13:49	0:13:51
-They were established -so that money could be transferred.	0:13:52	0:13:56
-The drover would receive money -for his animals...	0:13:56	0:14:02
-..at a fair or in a city...	0:14:02	0:14:04
-..and then he would take the money -to a local bank...	0:14:04	0:14:08
-..which had an arrangement -with Aberystwyth or Llandovery.	0:14:08	0:14:13
-The local bank would give -these special notes to the drover.	0:14:14	0:14:20
-The term used for them -was promissory notes.	0:14:21	0:14:25
-They were dated and numbered...	0:14:25	0:14:28
-..and only the recognized customer -in Llandovery or Aberystwyth...	0:14:28	0:14:34
-..could cash them in for money.	0:14:34	0:14:37
-If they fell into the hands -of a thief...	0:14:38	0:14:40
-..they'd be worthless...	0:14:41	0:14:43
-..because the thief wouldn't be able -to cash in the note.	0:14:43	0:14:47
-The drover's work -was laborious and dangerous.	0:14:49	0:14:53
-Some travelled all the way -from Anglesey to London...	0:14:53	0:14:57
-..walking 20 miles a day whilst -looking after around 400 animals.	0:14:57	0:15:02
-They also faced -the constant threat...	0:15:02	0:15:05
-..of being targeted by thieves.	0:15:05	0:15:08
-They also carried a staff...	0:15:08	0:15:11
-..which concealed -something like that.	0:15:11	0:15:14
-A sword within the stick...	0:15:14	0:15:18
-..to defend themselves.	0:15:18	0:15:21
-There's a danger that our -modern perception of the drover...	0:15:23	0:15:27
-..might be too simplistic.	0:15:28	0:15:30
-Opinions about them -varied at the time.	0:15:30	0:15:33
-Some regarded them as -dishonest people with no morals...	0:15:33	0:15:37
-..for buying goods on credit.	0:15:37	0:15:39
-They were also regarded -as deceivers...	0:15:40	0:15:42
-..as Twm o'r Nant -suggested in a poem.	0:15:42	0:15:45
-"Here, an old drover lies dead	0:15:45	0:15:48
-"He wasted his life, deceiving	0:15:48	0:15:51
-"He went from his world -to a cradle of earth	0:15:51	0:15:54
-"Good riddance, -he will deceive no more."	0:15:54	0:15:57
-It was a temptation -for some of them...	0:15:57	0:16:00
-..to disappear with the money...	0:16:00	0:16:03
-..and use it to cross to America -or even Ireland...	0:16:03	0:16:07
-..in order to buy land -and set up home there.	0:16:07	0:16:10
-It happened occasionally.	0:16:10	0:16:13
-By 1855, the cattle market -was moved from Smithfield...	0:16:16	0:16:20
-..to Caledonian Road -in Islington...	0:16:20	0:16:24
-..to reduce the chaos it caused.	0:16:24	0:16:27
-By the start of the 20th century, -that market had disappeared too.	0:16:28	0:16:32
-But Smithfield Market -was still an important centre.	0:16:32	0:16:36
-Cattle slaughtered -on the outskirts of London...	0:16:36	0:16:40
-..were transported here -on an underground train.	0:16:40	0:16:44
-That car park there -used to be the station.	0:16:44	0:16:47
-Men would carry tonnes of meat...	0:16:47	0:16:50
-..up the ramp, across this street...	0:16:50	0:16:53
-..into the market, -where it would all be sold.	0:16:53	0:16:56
-The drovers established -very familiar routes...	0:17:02	0:17:06
-..and those routes were followed -by another group of people.	0:17:06	0:17:10
-The garden girls, who carried -produce to street markets like this.	0:17:11	0:17:16
-They worked in gardens -right across London.	0:17:16	0:17:20
-It was very hard labour.	0:17:20	0:17:22
-Due to its growth, -London's population needed feeding.	0:17:27	0:17:31
-Many gardens were being developed -to the west of the city.	0:17:31	0:17:36
-It indicates the extent of poverty -in rural Wales at the time...	0:17:37	0:17:42
-..that these girls -were prepared to walk for a week...	0:17:42	0:17:46
-..in order to reach London -and work endless hours...	0:17:47	0:17:51
-..under very difficult conditions -to earn 10 over the summer months.	0:17:51	0:17:57
-The garden girls -led a dangerous life.	0:17:58	0:18:02
-The story of Ruth Watkin -typifies this.	0:18:02	0:18:05
-She was attacked -by a man who wanted her money.	0:18:05	0:18:09
-She shouted in Welsh -and he replied in Welsh.	0:18:09	0:18:12
-He was a man from Rhandir-mwyn -by the name of Black Wil.	0:18:12	0:18:16
-Twenty years later, he was hanged -for a lifetime of crime.	0:18:16	0:18:21
-They spent hours weeding...	0:18:22	0:18:25
-..and on top of that, they often -had to walk five or six miles...	0:18:25	0:18:30
-..with baskets laden with fruit -on their heads.	0:18:31	0:18:34
-They'd carry them -into the city to be sold.	0:18:34	0:18:37
-At the time, -if they were carried in a cart...	0:18:37	0:18:40
-..they'd probably be damaged...	0:18:40	0:18:43
-..and the strawberries -would be impossible to sell.	0:18:43	0:18:46
-It was a very hard life. -It took great effort.	0:18:47	0:18:50
-It's surprising it lasted so long...	0:18:50	0:18:52
-..from the mid-18th century -until the end of the 19th century.	0:18:53	0:18:57
-The garden girls -belong to a long tradition...	0:18:58	0:19:01
-..of economic migrants to London -who met the demand for workers...	0:19:01	0:19:06
-..and who were pursuing -a better life.	0:19:06	0:19:09
-It's a pattern -that continues to this day.	0:19:09	0:19:12
-.	0:19:12	0:19:12
-Subtitles	0:19:17	0:19:17
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:19:17	0:19:19
-Trade opportunities in London...	0:19:22	0:19:25
-..have attracted thousands -of Welsh people over the centuries.	0:19:25	0:19:30
-But their accommodation was poor.	0:19:30	0:19:32
-However, one famous family -from Wales lived in a grand house...	0:19:33	0:19:38
-..in one of London's -most privileged areas.	0:19:38	0:19:41
-They were among -Britain's wealthiest families.	0:19:41	0:19:45
-It's unusual to note -that there's a clear connection...	0:19:45	0:19:49
-..between the London Welsh -and this square.	0:19:49	0:19:52
-It's one of the most expensive -and luxurious addresses in London.	0:19:52	0:19:57
-St James's Square, a stone's throw -from St James's Palace.	0:19:57	0:20:01
-There's a rather corporate feel -about the place nowadays...	0:20:02	0:20:06
-..but 200 years ago, this is where -the country's most affluent lived.	0:20:06	0:20:11
-Our point of interest is number 20.	0:20:11	0:20:14
-That was the London residence...	0:20:14	0:20:16
-..of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn -and his family from North Wales.	0:20:16	0:20:21
-At the time, it was customary -for Britain's wealthy families...	0:20:24	0:20:28
-..to spend some months of the year -in London socializing...	0:20:28	0:20:33
-..and being politically active.	0:20:33	0:20:36
-The Wynn family owned an estate -of over 100,000 acres...	0:20:36	0:20:39
-..in North Wales and Shropshire.	0:20:40	0:20:42
-They were regarded as the -uncrowned monarchs of North Wales.	0:20:42	0:20:47
-Watkin Williams-Wynn, -the fourth Baronet of Wynnstay...	0:20:47	0:20:51
-..commissioned -architect Robert Adam...	0:20:52	0:20:54
-..to design the house -and adorn it with masterpieces.	0:20:54	0:20:57
-Here's an interesting fact.	0:20:58	0:21:00
-Though the Wynn family's -wealth and style...	0:21:00	0:21:03
-..fitted perfectly into the upper -echelons of London society...	0:21:04	0:21:08
-..they certainly didn't disregard -the importance of Welsh culture.	0:21:08	0:21:13
-In 1820, when the Society -of Cymmrodorion was revived...	0:21:13	0:21:17
-..Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, the -fifth Baronet, was named president.	0:21:17	0:21:22
-His father, the fourth baronet, -was the former president...	0:21:22	0:21:26
-..who built this luxurious house -on St James's Square.	0:21:26	0:21:31
-No-one had done more to patronize -the arts in Wales than Wynn.	0:21:38	0:21:44
-He collected the artwork -of the Old Masters...	0:21:44	0:21:47
-..and commissioned work by Welsh -artists and European contemporaries.	0:21:48	0:21:53
-Exhibiting paintings of Wales -at Number 20...	0:21:54	0:21:58
-..was a way of conveying -the family's Welshness...	0:21:58	0:22:02
-..to the intelligentsia -who visited them.	0:22:02	0:22:05
-They felt it was their duty -to patronize Welsh artists...	0:22:05	0:22:11
-..such as Richard Wilson -and William Parry.	0:22:11	0:22:14
-They patronized music from Wales.	0:22:15	0:22:17
-William Parry's father -was John Parry...	0:22:17	0:22:20
-..who helped establish the belief...	0:22:21	0:22:24
-..that there was -such a thing as Welsh music...	0:22:24	0:22:28
-..in the 18th century.	0:22:28	0:22:30
-They were very eager to be -presidents of the Cymmrodorion.	0:22:31	0:22:35
-For more than a century...	0:22:36	0:22:39
-..one Sir Watkin after another...	0:22:39	0:22:42
-..was ready to become -Cymmrodorion president.	0:22:42	0:22:45
-Throughout the 19th century...	0:22:48	0:22:50
-..noble families like the Wynnstays -made the most of London's good life.	0:22:50	0:22:55
-The number of ordinary Welsh folk -was growing too...	0:22:55	0:22:59
-..partly due -to poverty in rural Wales.	0:22:59	0:23:02
-By the mid-19th century...	0:23:03	0:23:06
-..almost 18,000 people born in Wales -lived in London.	0:23:06	0:23:09
-It had an impact on the rise -of chapels in the capital.	0:23:10	0:23:14
-Chapels in London -had a pleasant problem...	0:23:17	0:23:20
-..during the mid-19th century.	0:23:20	0:23:22
-There wasn't enough room -and there weren't enough chapels.	0:23:23	0:23:27
-So a fund was established -to build new chapels.	0:23:27	0:23:30
-Thousands of Welsh migrants -were coming to London every year...	0:23:31	0:23:35
-..to answer the demand, -especially from the dairy industry.	0:23:35	0:23:40
-But in this chapel, it proved -both a blessing and a curse.	0:23:40	0:23:44
-In Jewin, the first -of London's Welsh chapels...	0:23:47	0:23:50
-..some complained that people -were putting milk before chapel.	0:23:51	0:23:54
-It was a seven-day week -in the dairy industry.	0:23:55	0:23:58
-Since that meant -working on the Sabbath...	0:23:58	0:24:01
-..Jewin's leaders -decided to take a firm stance.	0:24:02	0:24:06
-It's a stance that appears -even more extreme these days.	0:24:06	0:24:11
-They refused to christen -the children of those...	0:24:12	0:24:15
-..who worked in the dairy industry.	0:24:15	0:24:18
-Naturally, it caused a rift.	0:24:18	0:24:20
-The congregation was split.	0:24:20	0:24:22
-That was one of the main motives -for establishing a new chapel...	0:24:23	0:24:27
-..in the heart of London.	0:24:27	0:24:29
-Charing Cross -was a very famous chapel in its day.	0:24:29	0:24:33
-The link between the Welsh -and London's dairy industry...	0:24:35	0:24:39
-..was made in the 19th century...	0:24:40	0:24:42
-..with young girls -selling milk on the city's streets.	0:24:43	0:24:47
-They carried large milk cans -that weighed up to 50kg when full.	0:24:47	0:24:51
-In 1840, the train was introduced...	0:24:52	0:24:55
-..to transport cattle -from one place to another.	0:24:56	0:24:59
-Gradually, the drovers -came to produce milk in London...	0:25:00	0:25:05
-..rather than bringing cattle -to London.	0:25:05	0:25:08
-That heralded the beginning -of the dairy industry in London.	0:25:08	0:25:12
-As the industry -grew and stabilized...	0:25:13	0:25:16
-..the sellers -moved to shops across the city.	0:25:17	0:25:20
-Before the end of the century...	0:25:20	0:25:23
-..half the corner shops -in London were Welsh dairies...	0:25:23	0:25:27
-..that sold milk, cheese and butter.	0:25:27	0:25:29
-Many dairies kept a cow -in a shed behind the shop.	0:25:30	0:25:33
-You'd find dairies -on every street corner.	0:25:36	0:25:39
-Remnants of some of the dairies -can still be seen today.	0:25:39	0:25:43
-Some of them are intact.	0:25:44	0:25:46
-You can walk into some -that still operate as shops.	0:25:46	0:25:50
-The Jones dairy -is situated off Columbia Road.	0:25:50	0:25:53
-These shops -are spread across the city.	0:25:53	0:25:57
-The shop would be at the front...	0:25:57	0:25:59
-..and the shed would be at the rear.	0:26:00	0:26:02
-Often you can see -where the cattle were kept.	0:26:02	0:26:08
-A generation of London Welsh -still remember...	0:26:08	0:26:12
-..the days of keeping cattle -at the back of the dairy.	0:26:12	0:26:16
-Bowen Williams followed his parents -into the business.	0:26:17	0:26:21
-Where I was born...	0:26:21	0:26:23
-..my parents at the time -kept 18 dairy cattle.	0:26:23	0:26:28
-Of course, they'd also have milk -transported from Somerset too.	0:26:29	0:26:34
-In my husband's -grandparents' case...	0:26:35	0:26:38
-..they kept cattle -at the back of the shop.	0:26:38	0:26:42
-They opened the shop every day -and sold the milk...	0:26:42	0:26:45
-..along with many other produce, -like a grocer's shop nowadays.	0:26:46	0:26:51
-The milk was on tap, as they say!	0:26:52	0:26:55
-The milk -was delivered to us in churns...	0:26:55	0:26:58
-..at two o'clock in the morning.	0:26:59	0:27:01
-I'd start work -at half past three every morning.	0:27:01	0:27:06
-I made sure the cream was broken up.	0:27:06	0:27:10
-The first thing the men did...	0:27:10	0:27:12
-..was fill the milk bottles.	0:27:13	0:27:16
-Then they'd load the push barrows...	0:27:16	0:27:21
-..and deliver the milk -to people's doors.	0:27:21	0:27:26
-They'd open the shop -at six in the morning...	0:27:27	0:27:31
-..because they were so close -to Smithfield Market.	0:27:31	0:27:36
-The porters started work early -and came into the shop.	0:27:36	0:27:40
-They sold sandwiches -and tea and coffee too.	0:27:40	0:27:43
-The Welsh were adapting...	0:27:44	0:27:46
-..by selling milk to different -ethnic communities in London.	0:27:47	0:27:51
-I remember my mother -telling me about the Jews...	0:27:52	0:27:58
-..who brought in jugs to fill -with milk straight from the cow.	0:27:58	0:28:03
-The rabbi -would have to bless the milk...	0:28:04	0:28:07
-..before they could sell it -to the Jews, of course.	0:28:07	0:28:10
-That happened regularly.	0:28:11	0:28:13
-They had to do it -otherwise the Jews wouldn't buy it.	0:28:13	0:28:18
-There were over 2,500 dairies -in London at one time.	0:28:18	0:28:24
-You could liken them -to today's corner shop, I suppose.	0:28:24	0:28:29
-Many owners were Welsh speakers.	0:28:29	0:28:33
-Lots of Welsh people learnt the -languages of the local community.	0:28:33	0:28:38
-By the 1980s, -the last of the Welsh dairymen...	0:28:41	0:28:44
-..like Richard Pugh in Soho...	0:28:44	0:28:46
-..and DR Daniel in Pimlico, -started to consider selling up.	0:28:47	0:28:52
-They reminisced about the golden age -of the industry.	0:28:52	0:28:56
-There were Welsh people -in almost every street.	0:28:57	0:29:00
-In every street, in actual fact.	0:29:00	0:29:03
-They had businesses like mine.	0:29:04	0:29:07
-They all had dairies.	0:29:07	0:29:09
-They've gone now, of course.	0:29:10	0:29:12
-After the last war, -they've almost all gone.	0:29:12	0:29:16
-We feel as if we should retire.	0:29:16	0:29:21
-But I don't think we'll return -to Wales. We're happy in London.	0:29:21	0:29:27
-It's always been a village to us.	0:29:27	0:29:30
-I don't know -how my sister feels about that.	0:29:30	0:29:33
-No, I don't want to return home.	0:29:33	0:29:35
-I'm too comfortable in London!	0:29:36	0:29:38
-Eirlys Bebb was raised -in a dairy in the East End...	0:29:45	0:29:48
-..and remembers worshipping -at a chapel with numerous dairymen.	0:29:48	0:29:53
-We're here in the heart -of the East End here, in Mile End.	0:29:54	0:29:59
-Where were you born?	0:29:59	0:30:01
-I was born not far from here, -in Bethnal Green.	0:30:01	0:30:06
-Very close then.	0:30:06	0:30:07
-There were lots of Welsh people -in the vicinity.	0:30:07	0:30:10
-Yes. There were -lots of dairies, you see.	0:30:11	0:30:13
-The dairy business was everything.	0:30:14	0:30:16
-Everyone had a milk business.	0:30:16	0:30:18
-We're approaching -a very special building.	0:30:19	0:30:23
-I know you have a strong connection -with this building.	0:30:24	0:30:27
-It should have a blue plaque...	0:30:28	0:30:31
-..saying that it was here -that I was christened...	0:30:31	0:30:35
-..when it was a chapel.	0:30:35	0:30:37
-I'm willing to tell you -that it was 80 years ago.	0:30:37	0:30:41
-Have you been back since?	0:30:42	0:30:43
-Have you been back since? - -No.	0:30:43	0:30:44
-Let's go inside.	0:30:45	0:30:47
-It's hard to imagine it as a chapel.	0:30:52	0:30:55
-But there are one or two -indications, aren't there?	0:30:55	0:30:58
-Like the gallery.	0:30:59	0:31:01
-And the ceiling, of course.	0:31:01	0:31:03
-It's a thrill to be here.	0:31:03	0:31:05
-It sends a shiver down my spine -when I think I was christened here.	0:31:05	0:31:10
-What kind of life -did the dairymen lead?	0:31:11	0:31:14
-I doubt they had -any spare time at all.	0:31:14	0:31:18
-It was a very early start -in the morning.	0:31:18	0:31:21
-Not for me, -but it was an early start.	0:31:21	0:31:24
-They had to fill the bottles -before delivering them.	0:31:24	0:31:28
-Did people come to the shop -late into the night?	0:31:28	0:31:32
-Oh, yes!	0:31:32	0:31:34
-You say that impatiently!	0:31:34	0:31:36
-I remember them -knocking on the front door.	0:31:36	0:31:40
-I opened the door -and a woman wanted washing powder!	0:31:40	0:31:44
-She was never going to start washing -clothes at 10 o'clock at night.	0:31:44	0:31:48
-She was on her way home -from the pictures.	0:31:49	0:31:51
-I suppose she wanted it -for the following morning.	0:31:51	0:31:54
-Any spare time during the week?	0:31:55	0:31:57
-The only free time we had -was Thursday afternoon...	0:31:57	0:32:01
-..because all the dairies closed...	0:32:01	0:32:06
-..right across London.	0:32:06	0:32:08
-If you wanted to get married, -you did so on a Thursday afternoon!	0:32:09	0:32:13
-Did you marry on a Thursday?	0:32:13	0:32:14
-Did you marry on a Thursday? - -Yes.	0:32:14	0:32:16
-Those who died were buried -on a Thursday afternoon.	0:32:16	0:32:20
-It was the only time -you could be sure...	0:32:21	0:32:23
-..that all the London Welsh -were free.	0:32:23	0:32:26
-Someone else -who worshipped at Mile End Chapel...	0:32:28	0:32:32
-..and who worked in the dairy -industry was a Cardiganshire man...	0:32:32	0:32:36
-..by the name of Jenkin Edwards.	0:32:36	0:32:38
-A familiar surname, you might think!	0:32:39	0:32:41
-Jenkin Edwards -was my grandfather's uncle.	0:32:41	0:32:45
-At the start of the 20th century, -he and brother Daniel...	0:32:46	0:32:50
-..came to London -to work in the dairy industry.	0:32:50	0:32:53
-He settled in the East End.	0:32:54	0:32:56
-This was the chapel -in which they worshipped.	0:32:56	0:32:59
-When Jenkin died in the 1930s...	0:32:59	0:33:02
-..they paid tribute to him -in the London Welsh paper.	0:33:02	0:33:05
-They talked of his generosity -to Mile End Chapel.	0:33:05	0:33:08
-As the status and ambition -of the Welsh grew in London...	0:33:09	0:33:12
-..during the 18th century, -it was reflected in the chapels...	0:33:13	0:33:17
-..which were being built -across the city.	0:33:17	0:33:20
-The Charing Cross Road -congregation...	0:33:20	0:33:23
-..commissioned -eminent architect James Cubitt...	0:33:23	0:33:27
-..to design their chapel.	0:33:27	0:33:29
-It's a striking building -which is now an arts centre.	0:33:30	0:33:34
-The growth of the dairy industry -and that of the chapels...	0:33:35	0:33:38
-..went hand in hand.	0:33:39	0:33:40
-.	0:33:42	0:33:42
-Subtitles	0:33:45	0:33:45
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:33:45	0:33:47
-This is one of the most prominent -and popular landmarks in London.	0:33:49	0:33:54
-Marble Arch, near Park Lane.	0:33:54	0:33:57
-But this isn't -its original location.	0:33:57	0:34:00
-It was designed as the main entrance -to Buckingham Palace.	0:34:00	0:34:03
-However, the entrance was too narrow -for the state carriage...	0:34:04	0:34:08
-..so it was moved here.	0:34:08	0:34:10
-There's a strong connection -between Marble Arch and West Wales.	0:34:11	0:34:16
-The architecture is Regency style...	0:34:19	0:34:22
-..which many associate -with London's city centre streets.	0:34:22	0:34:27
-Familiar addresses -such as Regent Street...	0:34:29	0:34:32
-..Oxford Circus and Piccadilly -Circus were designed by John Nash.	0:34:32	0:34:38
-Nash's influence and design -is prominent in London today.	0:34:38	0:34:43
-Park Crescent is a special example.	0:34:43	0:34:47
-It was widely believed that Nash -was a typically English architect...	0:34:47	0:34:52
-..though his mother -hailed from Carmarthenshire...	0:34:52	0:34:55
-..and his father from Neath.	0:34:55	0:34:57
-West Wales -played an important part...	0:34:58	0:35:00
-..in Nash's development -into an eminent architect.	0:35:00	0:35:03
-Nash inherited 1,000 -from his uncle...	0:35:04	0:35:07
-..and he spent it all -on building a grand residence...	0:35:08	0:35:11
-..on Great Russell Street -and Bloomsbury Square.	0:35:11	0:35:15
-Failure to rent led to bankruptcy, -so Nash moved to Carmarthen.	0:35:16	0:35:20
-It was there that he rebuilt -his career as an architect...	0:35:21	0:35:24
-..and developed his style.	0:35:24	0:35:26
-Nash designed a new roof -for the town's church...	0:35:26	0:35:29
-..as well as prisons in Carmarthen, -Cardigan and Haverfordwest.	0:35:29	0:35:34
-He designed many mansions in West -Wales, including Llanerchaeron...	0:35:35	0:35:39
-..which now belongs -to the National Trust.	0:35:39	0:35:43
-It's a unique building -due to its exterior facade...	0:35:43	0:35:47
-..and the fact the central staircase -can be seen from every room.	0:35:47	0:35:51
-It was a time of improvements.	0:35:51	0:35:54
-New roads and bridges were built...	0:35:54	0:35:57
-..along with new jails and ports.	0:35:57	0:36:00
-In addition, -the wars against France...	0:36:00	0:36:05
-..meant that high prices were paid -for produce from Welsh farms.	0:36:05	0:36:10
-Wales' landowners were doing very -well in West Wales in the 1790s...	0:36:11	0:36:16
-..at the same time -as Nash came to West Wales.	0:36:17	0:36:22
-It was a prime time -for a young architect.	0:36:22	0:36:25
-Few architects were as good as him.	0:36:25	0:36:28
-After returning to London, -Nash enjoyed sweeping success.	0:36:30	0:36:34
-He designed Buckingham Palace -and Regent's Park.	0:36:34	0:36:37
-Park Crescent -was part of a pioneering plan...	0:36:38	0:36:41
-..to connect Piccadilly Circus, -a mile away...	0:36:41	0:36:44
-..and Regent's Park over there.	0:36:44	0:36:47
-But don't think -that Nash's exemplary work...	0:37:01	0:37:04
-..won him endless praise.	0:37:04	0:37:06
-The architect's main patron -was the Prince Regent.	0:37:07	0:37:11
-He was a very unpopular figure.	0:37:11	0:37:14
-As a result, people regarded Nash's -work on behalf of the prince...	0:37:14	0:37:19
-..as a waste of public money.	0:37:19	0:37:21
-Nash retired to the Isle of Wight...	0:37:22	0:37:25
-..leaving debts of 15,000.	0:37:25	0:37:29
-His wife had to sell some of -her possessions to pay the bills.	0:37:29	0:37:33
-However, years after his death...	0:37:33	0:37:36
-..people reconsidered -his contribution...	0:37:36	0:37:39
-..to the city's development.	0:37:40	0:37:42
-It's hard to imagine London without -Nash's buildings and stunning parks.	0:37:42	0:37:47
-Nash was sternly criticized...	0:37:47	0:37:50
-..during his lifetime...	0:37:50	0:37:52
-..for being a man of facades.	0:37:53	0:37:55
-He was fond -of grand facades on buildings...	0:37:55	0:37:58
-..but often the walls behind them -were quite flimsy...	0:37:59	0:38:04
-..in the servants' quarters -and so on.	0:38:04	0:38:07
-I think people forgave him -for his overspending.	0:38:07	0:38:10
-They believed -he was the only architect...	0:38:11	0:38:13
-..who had any idea -of how to turn London...	0:38:14	0:38:17
-..into a grand city like Paris.	0:38:17	0:38:21
-Nash was one of the first people...	0:38:21	0:38:24
-..to create an architectural -grand design for London.	0:38:24	0:38:28
-Another Welshman was responsible...	0:38:28	0:38:31
-..for many more improvements -later in the 19th century...	0:38:31	0:38:36
-..including one famous project -that possibly bears his name.	0:38:36	0:38:41
-This is very hard work, -but then again, I should be fitter.	0:38:44	0:38:50
-I'm in one of the world's -most iconic buildings...	0:38:50	0:38:54
-..and one of London's main symbols -for millions of people.	0:38:55	0:38:59
-Believe it or not, -there's a close link...	0:38:59	0:39:03
-..between Wales and this tower.	0:39:03	0:39:06
-We'll discover why -when I reach the top.	0:39:06	0:39:10
-Off I go!	0:39:10	0:39:11
-I've reached the next level.	0:39:27	0:39:29
-This is the clue.	0:39:30	0:39:32
-We all know what's on -the other side of this glass.	0:39:32	0:39:35
-The world's -most famous clock, Big Ben.	0:39:35	0:39:40
-But who is Big Ben?	0:39:40	0:39:42
-Benjamin Hall, -a prominent Welshman of his day.	0:39:42	0:39:46
-What's his association -with this building?	0:39:47	0:39:50
-Some people think -this is Big Ben's tower.	0:39:50	0:39:53
-That's a mistake...	0:39:54	0:39:56
-..because Big Ben -refers to something else.	0:39:56	0:39:59
-I've reached the top, -and within a few seconds...	0:40:10	0:40:13
-..I'll need earplugs.	0:40:13	0:40:15
-It's going to be very noisy here.	0:40:15	0:40:18
-Big Ben, of course, is this -huge bell, not the tower itself.	0:40:18	0:40:22
-Benjamin Hall -was the eminent Welshman...	0:40:23	0:40:26
-..who built this tower.	0:40:27	0:40:29
-He positioned these bells in 1859.	0:40:29	0:40:32
-I think the bells -are about to chime.	0:40:32	0:40:35
-But, of course, for millions -of people over the world...	0:40:52	0:40:56
-..Big Ben is the voice of London, -and it's about to strike.	0:40:56	0:41:00
-Though he was raised in London...	0:41:12	0:41:14
-..Benjamin Hall -had strong ties with Wales.	0:41:15	0:41:18
-His grandfather was the Chancellor -of Llandaff Cathedral...	0:41:19	0:41:23
-..and his mother was the daughter -of ironmaster Richard Crawshay.	0:41:23	0:41:27
-The family also owned Abercarn -and Hensol castles.	0:41:27	0:41:31
-As well as contributing to the -improvement of London's amenities...	0:41:31	0:41:35
-..Hall also contributed to Welsh -life as a member of parliament.	0:41:36	0:41:40
-He was instrumental in passing -The Truck Act of 1831.	0:41:40	0:41:44
-A bill that prevented companies...	0:41:44	0:41:46
-..from paying workers -with equipment instead of money.	0:41:47	0:41:51
-This was a step -that improved the lives...	0:41:51	0:41:54
-..of many of Wales' lowly workers.	0:41:54	0:41:57
-However, it was his wife, -Augusta Hall, or Lady Llanover...	0:41:57	0:42:02
-..who made the biggest contribution -to Welsh culture.	0:42:02	0:42:05
-One of the most notable -contributions to Welsh culture...	0:42:06	0:42:11
-..came from this street...	0:42:11	0:42:13
-..across this busy road -from the royal park, Hyde Park.	0:42:14	0:42:18
-It's wonderful.	0:42:18	0:42:20
-This street is called Stanhope Gate.	0:42:20	0:42:23
-This was the London residence -of Lord and Lady Llanover.	0:42:23	0:42:28
-She's famous for developing -the traditional Welsh costume.	0:42:28	0:42:33
-In fairness to her...	0:42:33	0:42:35
-..her contribution -was far more important than that.	0:42:35	0:42:38
-Some claim -the creation of the Welsh costume...	0:42:41	0:42:44
-..was a way -of promoting the wool industry.	0:42:44	0:42:47
-Lady Llanover was interested in -all aspects of Wales' creative life.	0:42:48	0:42:53
-She was a key figure in ensuring -the triple harp was maintained.	0:42:53	0:42:58
-She employed harpists -at Llanover House near Abergavenny.	0:42:59	0:43:02
-All the estate's workers -had to be able to speak Welsh.	0:43:03	0:43:07
-She was also a generous patron of -all aspects of Wales' folk culture.	0:43:07	0:43:12
-She held ten eisteddfodau -at Llanover during the 19th century.	0:43:12	0:43:18
-While Lady Llanover tried to promote -the wool industry in Wales...	0:43:27	0:43:33
-..the skills honed in this field -provided opportunities in London.	0:43:33	0:43:38
-Opportunities that paid -great dividends for some.	0:43:39	0:43:42
-It's always a pleasure -to come to Sloane Square...	0:43:45	0:43:48
-..and seeing the name -of Welshman Peter Jones...	0:43:49	0:43:52
-..on one of London's -most famous shops.	0:43:52	0:43:55
-He was in good company, -with John Lewis...	0:43:55	0:43:58
-..DH Evans and Dickins & Jones.	0:43:58	0:44:00
-At one time, the drapers' business -in London was a Welsh monopoly.	0:44:00	0:44:06
-The skills developed in Wales' -wool trade and drapers' shops...	0:44:07	0:44:13
-..provided opportunities for those -who wanted to make their fortune.	0:44:13	0:44:18
-Naturally, these businesses grew.	0:44:18	0:44:20
-They went from being -small drapers' stores...	0:44:20	0:44:24
-..to enormous department stores.	0:44:24	0:44:27
-The story of the Jones brothers -from North Wales...	0:44:28	0:44:31
-..is typical of this pattern.	0:44:31	0:44:34
-Jones Brothers was established in -Islington as a small shop in 1862...	0:44:34	0:44:38
-..by William Pierce -and John William Jones.	0:44:39	0:44:42
-Before long, businesses like -Jones Bros and Dickins & Jones...	0:44:42	0:44:46
-..were thriving, selling thousands -of different goods.	0:44:47	0:44:51
-The most important contribution...	0:44:51	0:44:55
-..made by these influential owners -of department stores...	0:44:56	0:44:59
-..was the fact they employed -a high number of London Welsh.	0:45:00	0:45:03
-Many Welsh communities -were maintained as a result.	0:45:04	0:45:08
-Like many other shops -established by the Welsh...	0:45:11	0:45:14
-..Jones Brothers advertised -for workers back in Wales...	0:45:14	0:45:18
-..and drew thousands to London.	0:45:18	0:45:20
-The Jones brothers -looked after their workers...	0:45:20	0:45:24
-..though they expected them -to work 74 hours a week.	0:45:24	0:45:29
-Many employees lived above the shop.	0:45:29	0:45:32
-There was accommodation -for 250 men over three floors...	0:45:32	0:45:36
-..as well as social rooms, -a library and a staff restaurant.	0:45:37	0:45:41
-There were even stables -for 50 horses...	0:45:41	0:45:45
-..that delivered -the store's goods within London.	0:45:45	0:45:48
-It's a varied story in terms -of the drapers' working conditions.	0:45:51	0:45:57
-They worked long hours -and the work was laborious.	0:45:57	0:46:00
-The conditions were merciless.	0:46:00	0:46:03
-There was no rest, no fresh air -and little exercise for staff.	0:46:04	0:46:09
-Some historians claim there was -a high rate of disease...	0:46:09	0:46:14
-..and ill health -among the drapers' employees.	0:46:14	0:46:18
-It was comparable to those -who worked in the heavy industries.	0:46:18	0:46:24
-It indicates how difficult -the work was, in effect.	0:46:24	0:46:28
-Later, many of these stores -were bought by large chains.	0:46:33	0:46:38
-Dickins & Jones -was established in 1835.	0:46:39	0:46:42
-It became part of Harrods, and then -House of Fraser in the late '50s.	0:46:42	0:46:46
-Peter Jones on Sloane Square is now -part of the John Lewis Partnership.	0:46:47	0:46:51
-The business -was established by Thomas Jones...	0:46:52	0:46:55
-..the son of a milliner -from Carmarthenshire...	0:46:55	0:46:58
-..who came to London in 1871 -with 14 in his pocket.	0:46:59	0:47:02
-The 19th century -was a century of commerce...	0:47:04	0:47:09
-..for the London Welsh.	0:47:09	0:47:11
-But at the beginning -of a new century...	0:47:11	0:47:14
-..tens of thousands of Welsh people -flocked to this urban community.	0:47:14	0:47:19
-Confident Welsh people, -some of whom were wealthy...	0:47:19	0:47:23
-..using their influence in London...	0:47:23	0:47:25
-..to create important institutions -in Wales.	0:47:26	0:47:29
-That's the story next time.	0:47:29	0:47:31
-We'll look at the contribution...	0:47:36	0:47:38
-..of a leading -20th century politician...	0:47:39	0:47:43
-..and popular figures from -the entertainment and arts world...	0:47:43	0:47:47
-..to the London Welsh community.	0:47:47	0:47:50
-We'll also look at the institutions -that still serve that community.	0:47:50	0:47:55
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:48:21	0:48:23
-.	0:48:23	0:48:23

Pennod 2 Huw Edwards a Stori Cymry Llundain

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