Fferm Glanfred, Llandre Olion: Palu am Hanes


Fferm Glanfred, Llandre

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-My name's Dr Iestyn Jones. Some

-of you might know me as an actor.

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-I'm passionate

-about archaeology and history...

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-..which has led me

-to obtain a doctorate in the field.

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-For more than 10 years, I've worked

-as a professional archaeologist.

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-Throughout this series, I'll visit

-sites up and down the country...

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-..that have never been excavated

-before to uncover Wales' history.

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-This week, we're in Llandre

-in north Ceredigion.

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-This area

-has housed numerous hill-forts.

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-Caer Allt-goch,

-Caer Llety Llwyd, Caer Odyn Fach...

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-..Pen Dinas Elerch,

-and on this side, Caer Pwll Glas.

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-But we don't want to see those,

-we want to look down there...

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-..to Glanfred Farm.

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-In a way, I've returned home

-this week, to Ceredigion.

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-Our site is a 10-minute car journey

-to the north of Aberystwyth...

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-..in Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn,

-also known as Llandre.

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-We've come to this field

-on the Glanfred Farm estate.

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-This field is called Cae Yr Odyn.

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-Beyond the trees is Glanfred Farm.

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-Aerial photographs

-taken in the 1970s...

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-..revealed large ditches...

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-..resembling the shape of pear.

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-I'm standing in the middle of a

-former hill-fort from the Iron Age.

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-My intention

-is to find proof of that...

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-..and evidence

-that people lived and worked here...

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-..along with the remains

-of the iron-making process.

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-Any remains, in fact.

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-The only way to do that

-is by excavating the site.

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-It's easy enough for me to say we're

-digging for an Iron Age hill-fort...

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-..but what exactly is it

-and how many years ago did it exist?

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-Fortunately,

-it's not left to our imagination.

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-Further down the coast,

-near Trefdraeth in Pembrokeshire...

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-..is the site of Henllys Castle...

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-..where I recently visited.

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-We've reached the very interesting

-site of Henllys Castle...

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-..in the north of Pembrokeshire.

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-It's a 600BC hill-fort that has been

-recreated on the original site...

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-..where the foundations

-of roundhouses....

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-..were laid during the Iron Age.

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-It's an incredible place,

-with the entrance...

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-..in its original position.

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-Stone walls

-would've stood here originally...

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-..with buildings on either side

-to defend the entryway.

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-It's obvious

-that it was a defensive structure.

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-They've been excavating this site

-for the past 30 years...

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-..and uncovered

-more than 2,000 slingshots.

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-It's obvious that whoever

-came through this entrance...

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-..was warmly welcomed.

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-We must measure the field...

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-..according to our geophysical plot

-before it's excavated.

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-The first target for

-our first archaeological trench...

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-..is a defensive structure

-from the Iron Age...

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-..the outlines of which could be

-seen from the aerial photos.

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-During dry periods,

-outlines are clearer...

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-..because the earth

-is much thicker and retains water.

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-The grass

-is far greener as a result.

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-At first, there's little difference

-in the earth...

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-..once it's been lifted.

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-But a minute later...

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-I'm happier

-than I was five minutes ago.

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-We've tried to dig the trench

-across the ditch.

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-I saw the orange soil at first...

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-..but now the darker soil

-is starting to emerge.

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-This is the location

-of the former Iron Age site.

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-So I'm happy now.

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-I'm excited by a change in colour...

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-..because it's significant.

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-While I clear the area

-with a spade...

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-..Colin and Jerry

-can begin to dig a second trench.

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-We're about to excavate...

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-..the dark area

-within the defensive ditch.

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-It could be many things -

-a pit, a refuse disposal site...

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-..the ancient remains of a building

-or simply a darker patch of grass.

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-As we're cleaning

-this side of the trench...

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-..the earth is orange...

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-..but the ditch itself

-is obviously darker on this side.

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-Something has also cut through

-the natural orange earth.

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-It's a rounded shape at the moment.

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-There might even be another here.

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-The different colours

-provide many clues.

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-There's charcoal here too.

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-A post hole or a pit

-might've existed here.

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-Something that would've required

-digging through the natural earth.

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-As we prepare the site,

-like every other we excavate...

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-..we must research

-the area's history.

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-It's possible one of the legends of

-the archaeological world lived here.

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-Joining me is Rhodri,

-who lives nearby the hill-fort...

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-..we're about to excavate.

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-You've researched

-the area and the farm.

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-I've heard a rumour, and I'm not

-sure if it's right or wrong...

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-..that Edward Lhuyd,

-an archaeologist of some repute...

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-..and author

-of Archaeologica Britannica...

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-..was born

-in this house in Glanfred.

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-At the end of the Elizabethan era...

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-..the house became the property

-of the Pryse family of Gogerddan...

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-..who were prominent landowners

-and members of the aristocracy.

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-They were fond of the name Bridget,

-derived from the Welsh, Ffraid...

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-..and the English origin

-of the name, Brie or Bridget.

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-All the female members of the family

-raised in this house...

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-..were called Bridget.

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-A certain Bridget Pryse

-is very prominent in the story...

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-..because

-she was Edward Lhuyd's mother...

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-..though Edward Lhuyd

-spent most of his childhood...

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-..with his father in Oswestry.

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-But it's also possible that

-he spent time here with his mother.

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-I wonder if Edward Lhuyd was aware

-of this field's importance?

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-It's difficult to tell.

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-It's time to start digging.

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-Dark patches of earth

-are starting to emerge...

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-..so further investigation

-is required.

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-Over here, we can see

-the natural orange soil...

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-..and the difference

-between this colour...

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-..and the darker soil

-of the ditch.

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-There are patches at the end

-which look like they've been burnt.

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-That's very interesting.

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-At the other end of the ditch,

-where it finishes...

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-..there might have been a post here,

-maybe two or even three of them.

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-This requires further investigation.

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-I'm happy at the moment.

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-We're going to quickly

-map out the trenches...

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-..before digging into

-the middle of this trench.

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-I should explain

-what we're hoping to find.

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-It's difficult to imagine

-a defensive hill-fort...

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-..in a completely flat field,

-but it's obvious at Henllys Castle.

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-What has been lost in Llandre

-is what I'm standing on right now.

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-This bank.

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-Farmers have ploughed this land

-for centuries...

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-..and it's more or less disappeared.

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-But what we're starting to see

-are the remains of the ditch...

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-..which provided

-the earth for the bank.

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-Back at Llandre, the team

-is recharged after a cuppa...

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-..and working very hard.

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-We'll dig deeper

-in trench number one...

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-..to unearth evidence

-that'd help us date these ditches...

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-..such as pottery fragments

-or animal bones.

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-In trench number two,

-the sifting work is going well.

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-We can begin to see

-darker colours in the soil...

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-..which may be proof

-of the smelting process.

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-I've found a piece of slag...

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-..left over from

-the smelting process to create iron.

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-Although I've seen it before

-at other sites...

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-..it may prove

-incredibly significant to this dig.

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-I'm going to check

-with a local expert.

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-True to form,

-the weather has changed once again.

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-In the meantime, Erika continues to

-dig deeper into the defensive ditch.

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-Evidence begins to emerge.

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-We've just found some charcoal...

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-..where a post once stood...

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-..in this trench here.

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-It'll provide us

-with a radio-carbon date.

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-I'll label it

-so that we know where it came from.

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-It might help us date this site...

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-..and give us an idea

-of what went on here.

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-Don't just stand there!

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-Only joking, girls!

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-Erika and Debbie

-are doing very physical work.

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-Rather them than me!

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-Right,

-that's the end of the first day.

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-I'm happy, to be honest.

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-Both trenches are open.

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-We've found the original ditch

-under that canopy.

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-We've also found

-what may turn out to be post holes.

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-We've recovered charcoal

-from those holes which can be dated.

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-Trench number two

-is a little confusing...

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-..though there's evidence

-that iron smelting went on here.

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-I'm not sure of the date, as yet,

-but an expert will take samples...

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-..and analyse them in order

-to find out what went on here...

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-..and provide us with a date.

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-I'm content. We've done

-a lot of work for the first day.

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-We'll see what kind of weather

-awaits us tomorrow.

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-.

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-Subtitles

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-It's time for a discussion,

-and four heads are better than one.

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-We decided

-to extend the second trench...

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-..to search for remains

-of the iron-smelting process...

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-..using the dark outlines

-as our guide.

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-Unearthing the kiln

-would be even better.

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-There's just enough time

-to dig another trench over there...

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-..to see if the roundhouse...

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-..or what looks like a roundhouse,

-according to the geophysics study...

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-..actually exists.

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-We'll excavate over there.

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-Before we begin, I discuss the plan

-with Professor Ray Howell...

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-..from

-the University of South Wales.

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-What do you think about the idea

-of going over to that end...

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-..where a roundhouse

-might possibly have stood?

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-It looks

-very interesting and promising.

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-During the Iron Age, of course,

-people lived in roundhouses.

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-It's quite possible

-that this is a large roundhouse.

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-It measures 10 metres

-from one end to the other...

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-..which is roughly

-the size of an Iron Age house.

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-They can obviously

-be bigger and smaller, but...

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-It's a great idea.

-We should go for it.

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-Let me show you

-what we intend to do.

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-It's exciting that we're searching

-for the remains of a roundhouse.

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-But I'm not all that hopeful...

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-..since they were rare in this area.

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-An obvious reason for that

-is that they were built from wood...

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-..which rots and disintegrates

-over time, leaving no evidence.

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-I'd better explain how people

-from the Iron Age used to live.

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-Henllys has

-a perfect example of a roundhouse.

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-The most obvious feature

-is the woodwork.

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-It's built entirely from wood.

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-It would've taken 30 oak trees...

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-..and more than 60 hazel trees...

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-..to create

-all these beams and joists.

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-Finding trees of this size

-was by no means down to luck.

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-They're all the same size and

-have been growing for 25-30 years.

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-It was a case of being in control

-of the landscape and the forest.

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-Growing them solely for the purpose

-of making important homes like this.

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-This was the focal point of the home

-- the fire.

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-It was incredibly important.

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-If this was the home of

-the leader within the hill-fort...

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-..then he would've sat here,

-around the fire.

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-It wasn't just the focus of the

-home, it was the focus of the fort.

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-People would congregate

-around the fire...

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-..to discuss their business.

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-It provided them

-with warmth and light...

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-..and it was here

-that food was cooked.

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-It was central in their lives.

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-Once the sun went down...

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-..and the fire's flames rose...

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-..it cast shadows

-on the surrounding walls...

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-..creating

-a special atmosphere inside.

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-In Llandre, the third trench

-yields no discoveries.

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-No obvious remains

-of a roundhouse have emerged.

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-There are several reasons for this.

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-Perhaps we haven't dug deep enough,

-or the remains aren't defined...

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-..or perhaps we're

-not digging in the right place.

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-I'm not quite sure,

-but for the remainder of the dig...

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-..it's wise to bury this trench.

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-If we don't have the time to dig any

-deeper and accurately record it...

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-..it's best that we leave it.

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-Hopefully we can return at a

-later date to dig for a roundhouse.

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-It's disappointing, but no-one said

-that archaeology was easy!

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-I've been speaking to Chris and

-Erika about the geophysics survey.

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-Overnight, Chris placed

-the plot of our trench...

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-..on top of the geophysics survey.

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-It's interesting that the trench,

-which is darker in colour...

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-..is clear enough to decipher.

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-But while we were at Henllys Castle,

-we saw those large elevated banks...

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-..that I walked over.

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-The bank has disappeared here

-since the land has been ploughed.

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-It's possible that we've found

-a small portion of the bank.

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-I'd like to open up the trench

-a little more...

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-..to see if the earth changes colour

-between the original earth...

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-..and the bank.

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-Open it up, Colin. Thank you.

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-As I mentioned earlier,

-Glanfred is situated...

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-..in a very interesting location.

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-To the south is Pwll Glas hill-fort.

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-To the east is the very prominent

-Pen Dinas Elerch hill-fort.

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-Following the ancient route

-across the mountains...

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-..we arrive at

-Llety Llwyd hill-fort.

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-Here, the banks and ditches

-are very prominent.

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-It's no coincidence that we're able

-to see our site from this position.

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-Being able to see your neighbours

-was a big advantage in the Iron Age.

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-Defensively and offensively.

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-To the northeast

-stood the Allt-goch hill-fort...

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-..which also overlooks our site.

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-Within a five-mile radius,

-there were five hill-forts.

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-Colin has newly excavated this

-portion and it needs cleaning...

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-..but it appears that the bank...

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-..finishes around here.

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-Although there's not a huge

-difference between these colours...

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-..the earth is far more solid...

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-..compared to this, which has

-been newly excavated by the digger.

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-Though the signs

-aren't completely obvious...

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-..it's possible

-that the bank finishes here...

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-..making that earth natural...

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-..and this,

-the earth that was buried...

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-..under a relatively large bank.

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-Erika is recording

-every layer of soil - five in all.

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-It proves that the bank

-has eroded over time...

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-..and collapsed into the ditch

-to create a new layer.

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-Other layers contain debris,

-charcoal and fragments of bone...

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-..which can be analysed

-in the laboratory.

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-They are probably animal bones which

-reveal ancient farming methods...

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-..and provide us with clues

-about people's living standards.

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-Meanwhile, Keith Haylock,

-an expert in this area's slag...

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-..the leftovers of

-the smelting process, has joined us.

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-Bagfuls of slag have been unearthed

-from trench number two.

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-Keith analyses a small sample

-of earth encasing the slag...

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-..to try and establish

-what chemicals are in it.

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-Another laboratory is working around

-the clock to date the soil...

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-..around

-the large piece of slag I found.

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-At least Keith can give me

-an idea of its age.

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-I've found slag

-at many other sites...

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-..but according to the expert,

-it's very rare in this area.

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-One piece is exhibited

-at Ceredigion Museum.

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-This is very exciting.

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-But the one thing we must ensure...

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-..is that we can verify

-the date of this smelting process.

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-If it genuinely belongs

-to the Iron Age...

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-..it could change

-the history of this area forever.

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-Unfortunately, our time is up.

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-We arrived at Glanfred Farm

-three days ago...

0:20:440:20:47

-..hoping to unearth

-unequivocal proof...

0:20:480:20:51

-..that another Iron Age

-hill-fort existed in Ceredigion.

0:20:510:20:55

-We dug two main trenches - one

-across the fort's defensive ditch...

0:20:550:21:00

-..and another

-in a geophysical place of interest.

0:21:000:21:04

-Thanks to the dedication

-of the excavation team...

0:21:040:21:09

-..we reached

-the bottom of the ditch.

0:21:090:21:12

-We were given an insight into the

-lives of the hill-fort's residents.

0:21:130:21:17

-The team found fragments of pottery,

-charcoal and small charred bones...

0:21:180:21:23

-..which might've been the bones

-of animals that had been eaten.

0:21:230:21:27

-Slag was recovered

-from the second trench.

0:21:280:21:31

-Archaeologists had no prior evidence

-of smelting works in Ceredigion.

0:21:310:21:37

-They weren't sure if tools were

-bought and transported to the area.

0:21:370:21:41

-We've found evidence to prove

-there was a hill-fort here...

0:21:410:21:45

-..and a smelting works existed here.

0:21:460:21:48

-The laboratory has been able

-to date the charcoal and slag.

0:21:490:21:53

-The charcoal was burnt

-more than 1,200 years ago...

0:21:530:21:57

-..during the eighth century.

0:21:570:21:59

-Thanks to Keith,

-we know that the slag...

0:21:590:22:02

-..came from this exact location,

-where the iron was produced.

0:22:020:22:07

-The results suggest that the site

-dates back to the year 688.

0:22:070:22:12

-The Early Middle Ages.

0:22:120:22:14

-This is always difficult to watch...

0:22:300:22:32

-..when the earth recovers the sites

-we've worked hard to expose.

0:22:330:22:37

-It's been a successful dig.

0:22:370:22:39

-We've found

-small fragments of bone and pottery.

0:22:400:22:44

-More importantly,

-we've found a bagful of slag...

0:22:450:22:49

-..which proves

-there was a smelting works here.

0:22:490:22:53

-It's left everyone,

-including the experts, dumbfounded.

0:22:530:22:59

-In the short time we've been here...

0:22:590:23:03

-..we couldn't have asked for more.

0:23:030:23:06

-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.

0:23:430:23:45

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0:23:450:23:45

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