Gruffudd ap Cynan ‹ Cyfres 2007

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-A certain ambivalence -surrounds medieval Wales's princes.	0:00:13	0:00:17
-Some perceive them as leaders, -who fought for the Welsh...	0:00:17	0:00:21
-..others as men who wanted power, -for themselves and their families.	0:00:21	0:00:26
-We shall shed light -on this paradox...	0:00:31	0:00:34
-..and place the princes -in the context of the Middle Ages.	0:00:34	0:00:38
-A little over 100 years -after the death of Hywel Dda...	0:00:38	0:00:41
-..Wales was a collection -of small kingdoms...	0:00:42	0:00:44
-..when the Normans -conquered England in 1066.	0:00:45	0:00:48
-From England, they turned to Wales.	0:00:48	0:00:51
-But in north Wales, -they came across an obstacle...	0:00:51	0:00:55
-..a pirate, of Irish, -Welsh and Viking descent.	0:00:55	0:00:59
-Gruffudd ap Cynan succeeded -in stopping the Normans.	0:00:59	0:01:02
-He became the most powerful -Welsh leader of his age.	0:01:03	0:01:07
-PRINCES -Gruffudd ap Cynan	0:01:13	0:01:18
-The kingdom of Wales was destroyed -by the Normans during Easter 1093.	0:01:22	0:01:27
-Or at least, that was the opinion -of the Welsh Chroniclers...	0:01:28	0:01:31
-..citing Rhys ap Tewdwr, -king of Deheubarth's death...	0:01:31	0:01:34
-..near Brecon.	0:01:35	0:01:36
-It was an exaggeration.	0:01:36	0:01:38
-But Rhys's death was an important -turning point in Welsh history.	0:01:38	0:01:42
-Significantly, he wasn't killed by -one of his fellow Welsh leaders...	0:01:44	0:01:48
-..but by the Normans.	0:01:48	0:01:50
-One Welsh prince succeeded in -reviving a Welsh royal dynasty...	0:01:50	0:01:53
-..that lasted for 200 years - -Gruffudd ap Cynan.	0:01:54	0:01:58
-What kind of place was Wales -during Gruffudd ap Cynan's reign?	0:01:59	0:02:03
-After the Battle -of Hastings in 1066...	0:02:04	0:02:06
-..the Normans' attempts -to conquer Wales...	0:02:06	0:02:09
-..was clearly an extension -of the conquest in England.	0:02:09	0:02:13
-Unlike the Vikings, they conquered -great tracts of the country...	0:02:14	0:02:18
-..and became a permanent presence.	0:02:18	0:02:20
-Wales was less -centralized than England...	0:02:20	0:02:23
-..and therefore more difficult -for the Normans to conquer.	0:02:23	0:02:27
-Gruffudd ap Cynan was -a constant thorn in their side.	0:02:27	0:02:31
-The Normans were of Viking descent.	0:02:33	0:02:35
-They settled in Normandy...	0:02:35	0:02:37
-..after the king of France allowed -them to live in the Seine Valley...	0:02:37	0:02:40
-..so he would be left -in peace, in 911.	0:02:41	0:02:44
-A century later, -by the time of Duke William...	0:02:44	0:02:48
-..the victor at Hastings...	0:02:48	0:02:49
-..the duchy of Normandy had turned -its back on its Viking roots...	0:02:50	0:02:54
-..and was part of the political and -cultural world of northern France.	0:02:54	0:02:58
-The principal aim of the new -King William after Hastings...	0:03:03	0:03:07
-..was to consolidate -the conquest of England.	0:03:07	0:03:11
-That took a generation or so.	0:03:11	0:03:14
-Regarding -the English-Welsh border...	0:03:15	0:03:18
-..the aim was to fortify it -against attack from the Welsh.	0:03:18	0:03:22
-He did this by giving Crown land...	0:03:23	0:03:27
-..to certain noblemen, -in three centres on the frontier.	0:03:28	0:03:34
-Chester, Shrewsbury, -and Hereford in the south.	0:03:34	0:03:38
-The main duty of the chosen three -was to fortify the frontier.	0:03:39	0:03:44
-This was at the time -the Marches were created.	0:03:50	0:03:53
-They were used originally as a -corridor between Wales and England.	0:03:54	0:03:58
-Here, the Norman lords -could do as they pleased...	0:03:58	0:04:02
-..free from the constraints -of the laws of England, and Wales.	0:04:02	0:04:05
-Although they were subjects -of the King of England...	0:04:06	0:04:08
-..they could hold courts, -build castles, and go to war.	0:04:09	0:04:13
-In the Marches, people upon whom -the Norman lords could depend...	0:04:13	0:04:17
-..were 'planted', -usually immigrants from England.	0:04:17	0:04:20
-The idea that towns are alien -to Wales originated from this time.	0:04:21	0:04:25
-Sometimes people, -perhaps without thinking...	0:04:28	0:04:32
-..use the word 'Marches'...	0:04:33	0:04:35
-..not in the historical sense, -but to refer to the boundary...	0:04:35	0:04:40
-..between Wales and England.	0:04:40	0:04:42
-But the original Marches -were lands...	0:04:43	0:04:46
-..that the Normans -conquered within Wales itself.	0:04:46	0:04:50
-William fitz Osbern, -Earl of Hereford...	0:04:56	0:04:58
-..Roger of Montgomery, -Earl of Shrewsbury...	0:04:59	0:05:01
-..and Hugh of Avranches, -or Hugh the Fat, Earl of Chester...	0:05:01	0:05:05
-..were hard, merciless men...	0:05:05	0:05:07
-..who'd seize every -opportunity they could...	0:05:07	0:05:10
-..to extend -their authority and lands.	0:05:11	0:05:14
-The key to all this -was their castles.	0:05:14	0:05:18
-The earliest castles -were made of mud and wood...	0:05:18	0:05:21
-..the motte and bailey.	0:05:21	0:05:23
-In Wales we see hundreds -of these motte and bailey castles...	0:05:24	0:05:28
-..built when the Normans -moved into an area.	0:05:28	0:05:32
-A motte and bailey castle is, -basically, a mound of earth.	0:05:32	0:05:35
-They dug a ditch, and used the soil -from it to build the mound.	0:05:36	0:05:39
-On top of the mound, -they built a defensive tower...	0:05:40	0:05:44
-..usually of wood at first.	0:05:44	0:05:46
-That was -the castle's stronghold - the motte.	0:05:47	0:05:51
-At its foot was the bailey, -which was also defended.	0:05:51	0:05:56
-Most of the castle's -buildings were located here...	0:05:56	0:05:59
-..because there wasn't -much room on the motte.	0:06:00	0:06:04
-Later, magnificent castles were -built, like Chepstow, on the Wye.	0:06:16	0:06:21
-Its strong, stone tower, -and beautiful, ornate portal...	0:06:22	0:06:26
-..may have been built especially...	0:06:26	0:06:28
-..for a visit by William -to Wales in 1081...	0:06:29	0:06:33
-..although there's no evidence -that he stayed here at that time.	0:06:33	0:06:37
-The oldest wooden door -in Europe is in this castle.	0:06:46	0:06:50
-But it was here in Gwynedd that -the Normans were most successful.	0:07:00	0:07:04
-The campaigns were led -by Hugh, Earl of Chester...	0:07:05	0:07:08
-..and his cousin, Robert -of Rhuddlan, captain of his army.	0:07:08	0:07:12
-Hugh was a fat, -cruel and violent man.	0:07:15	0:07:18
-His personal retinue -resembled a rapacious army.	0:07:19	0:07:23
-He had illegitimate offspring -all over north Wales.	0:07:23	0:07:26
-He even devastated his own lands, -demolishing and burning villages...	0:07:26	0:07:30
-..in order to have -more land for hunting.	0:07:31	0:07:34
-To reinforce his authority, -he built a castle in Rhuddlan...	0:07:40	0:07:43
-..near the river Clwyd.	0:07:44	0:07:45
-There are two points to the location -of motte and bailey castles.	0:07:47	0:07:51
-They are located in strategic -positions such as...	0:07:52	0:07:55
-..the roads leading into Wales.	0:07:55	0:07:58
-They had to be defended as people -travelled through the mountains...	0:07:58	0:08:02
-..for example, along the valley -leading into Snowdonia.	0:08:02	0:08:06
-They also located -castles on the sites...	0:08:06	0:08:10
-..of the old castles -of the Welsh princes...	0:08:10	0:08:13
-..to show the ascendancy -of the Normans over the old order.	0:08:13	0:08:18
-Compared with the stone castles, -they could be built fairly quickly.	0:08:19	0:08:25
-The smallest ones -took about a month...	0:08:26	0:08:30
-..the others, a little longer.	0:08:31	0:08:33
-Much depended on local resources...	0:08:34	0:08:37
-..of stone and wood.	0:08:39	0:08:41
-It also depended on coercing -local Welsh people...	0:08:41	0:08:46
-..into building these castles.	0:08:48	0:08:51
-At first, only the Normans -built motte and bailey castles.	0:08:57	0:09:01
-When they moved into an area...	0:09:02	0:09:04
-..they were threatened -with attack by the Welsh.	0:09:04	0:09:08
-They had to build a castle quickly.	0:09:08	0:09:10
-Evidence shows that they used -the local captive population...	0:09:11	0:09:14
-..to work on the castles.	0:09:15	0:09:16
-They were adept at building castles -with the minimum of effort.	0:09:17	0:09:22
-They'd often locate them -on an existing hillock.	0:09:22	0:09:26
-So you could imagine them -building a castle in months...	0:09:26	0:09:30
-..in order to swiftly -consolidate their position.	0:09:30	0:09:33
-We must also remember that -a castle wasn't a place to hide...	0:09:35	0:09:39
-..but a secure base from which -they could attack an area.	0:09:39	0:09:43
-By the time William -the Conqueror died...	0:09:52	0:09:54
-..Robert of Rhuddlan was -the master of the rest of Gwynedd.	0:09:55	0:09:59
-By 1086, the king leased him -'Nortwales' at a rent of 40 a year.	0:09:59	0:10:04
-To reinforce his position, -Robert built more castles...	0:10:05	0:10:10
-..including Deganwy Castle.	0:10:10	0:10:12
-It was built on the site -of an old Welsh court...	0:10:12	0:10:16
-..that had burnt down -a few years previously.	0:10:16	0:10:19
-Deganwy Castle was very important -in the age of the princes.	0:10:20	0:10:24
-Robert of Rhuddlan -built a castle there...	0:10:25	0:10:29
-..in the late 11th century.	0:10:29	0:10:30
-It was a kind of springboard...	0:10:31	0:10:33
-..into the stronghold of Gwynedd, -over the Conwy River.	0:10:33	0:10:37
-Obviously, if the princes of Gwynedd -wanted to be strong princes...	0:10:38	0:10:41
-..and oppose England, they had -to recapture Deganwy Castle.	0:10:42	0:10:46
-There's evidence that it -changed hands many times.	0:10:46	0:10:49
-Llywelyn the Great built -a castle here, for example.	0:10:50	0:10:53
-It has an interesting history from -the English kings' standpoint too.	0:10:53	0:10:56
-Henry III built a castle there...	0:10:57	0:10:59
-..which was described at the time -as one of Britain's strongest.	0:10:59	0:11:02
-A small borough developed -alongside the castle too...	0:11:02	0:11:06
-..that became a trading centre -for the area.	0:11:06	0:11:10
-Then, Llywelyn the Last, -Llywelyn ap Gruffudd...	0:11:10	0:11:14
-..razed the castle to the ground...	0:11:14	0:11:16
-..because of its strategic -importance to the English...	0:11:16	0:11:20
-..during the attacks on Gwynedd.	0:11:20	0:11:22
-Although the Normans tried -to ensure a presence in the north...	0:11:36	0:11:39
-..with castles like Deganwy...	0:11:39	0:11:41
-..unlike in south Wales, they only -maintained their hold on Gwynedd...	0:11:42	0:11:46
-..for a very short time, -mainly because of Gruffudd ap Cynan.	0:11:46	0:11:50
-Gruffudd was a king of Welsh, -Irish and Viking descent...	0:11:50	0:11:54
-..and is a unique figure -in Welsh history.	0:11:54	0:11:56
-Although he was a pirate for long -stretches of his eventful life...	0:11:57	0:12:01
-..he was also a successful -politician and a statesman.	0:12:01	0:12:05
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-Gruffudd ap Cynan was -a flexible and pragmatic leader.	0:12:26	0:12:29
-For this reason, the kingdom of -Gwynedd was ruled by his family...	0:12:30	0:12:34
-..until Edward I -put an end to the dynasty...	0:12:34	0:12:37
-..almost 200 years later, in 1282.	0:12:37	0:12:40
-Gruffudd was born in Ireland.	0:12:52	0:12:53
-Through his mother, Rhagnell...	0:12:53	0:12:55
-..he was related to the Irish -and Scandinavian kings of Ireland.	0:12:55	0:12:59
-The famous Irish king, Brian Boru, -was his great-great-grandfather.	0:12:59	0:13:03
-Gruffudd was brought up here, at the -monastery of Swords, near Dublin.	0:13:04	0:13:08
-His father died when -he was very young, probably.	0:13:16	0:13:19
-But his mother made sure that -Gruffudd was aware of his claim...	0:13:20	0:13:24
-..to the kingdom of Gwynedd.	0:13:24	0:13:26
-You could say he was part -of a Hiberno-Scandinavian world.	0:13:28	0:13:33
-We think of him as king of Gwynedd -and founder of the dynasty...	0:13:34	0:13:38
-..that would lead to Owain Gwynedd, -Llywelyn the Great...	0:13:38	0:13:42
-..and Llywelyn the Last.	0:13:42	0:13:44
-But the Irish and Viking -influence in his life...	0:13:44	0:13:49
-..make him a more -interesting figure.	0:13:49	0:13:53
-His biography was written...	0:13:54	0:13:56
-..that emphasized his claim -to Gwynedd through his ancestry...	0:13:56	0:14:01
-..not by the grace -of the King of England.	0:14:01	0:14:05
-When Gruffudd was about 20 years -old, he decided to attack Gwynedd...	0:14:08	0:14:12
-..and claim his throne.	0:14:12	0:14:14
-He was helped by the king -of Dublin, who lent him a ship...	0:14:16	0:14:19
-..to sail to Gwynedd.	0:14:19	0:14:21
-His great ambition for the next -25 years would be to win...	0:14:21	0:14:25
-..the kingdom of Gwynedd.	0:14:25	0:14:27
-Gruffudd's tenacious attempts -to gain control of Gwynedd...	0:14:38	0:14:42
-..are recorded in a unique work...	0:14:42	0:14:44
-..the only medieval biography -of a Welsh king or prince.	0:14:44	0:14:48
-It was written in Latin in -the age of his son, Owain Gwynedd.	0:14:48	0:14:52
-It was translated into Welsh -in the 13th century.	0:14:53	0:14:56
-The biography gives quite -a detailed description of Gruffudd.	0:14:56	0:15:00
-It praises him, of course...	0:15:00	0:15:02
-..because it would be unthinkable -to criticize him at all.	0:15:03	0:15:06
-It describes his fair hair -and large eyes.	0:15:06	0:15:10
-He was of moderate height, -and had a lively mind.	0:15:10	0:15:15
-It also says a little -about his character...	0:15:17	0:15:20
-..emphasizing one of the fundamental -virtues of any prince...	0:15:20	0:15:25
-..his ferocity in battle.	0:15:25	0:15:27
-So Gruffudd ap Cynan -wasn't a man to cross.	0:15:28	0:15:32
-At the same time, it says that -he was merciful to his own people...	0:15:32	0:15:36
-..and ready to defend them.	0:15:36	0:15:38
-So it's a varied image, -but rather stereotypical.	0:15:38	0:15:42
-It's impossible to say -if the description was based...	0:15:42	0:15:46
-..on personal knowledge...	0:15:46	0:15:48
-..rather than an idealized -portrait of the prince.	0:15:49	0:15:52
-Nevertheless, it's interesting -to have a description of Gruffudd...	0:15:52	0:15:56
-..unlike the other princes.	0:15:56	0:15:58
-Ifor Davies, the Penarth artist...	0:16:01	0:16:03
-..is familiar with portraying -aspects of Welsh history.	0:16:04	0:16:07
-This is Gruffudd ap Cynan.	0:16:07	0:16:08
-I portray Gruffudd -in the middle of the sea...	0:16:09	0:16:13
-..between Ireland and Wales.	0:16:13	0:16:15
-Ireland resembles -the figure of his mother.	0:16:16	0:16:20
-To some extent, Gruffudd -looks back towards Ireland.	0:16:32	0:16:37
-He moves towards Wales.	0:16:37	0:16:40
-He stands on a ship, perhaps.	0:16:50	0:16:52
-I'm not sure if I'll add -details of the ship, perhaps I will.	0:16:52	0:16:57
-When Gruffudd arrived, -intent on conquering Gwynedd...	0:17:07	0:17:10
-..he wasn't successful at first.	0:17:10	0:17:12
-He was beaten -by Trahaearn ap Caradog...	0:17:13	0:17:16
-..in the Battle -of Bron yr Erw, near Clynnog Fawr.	0:17:16	0:17:19
-He had to flee to Wexford.	0:17:19	0:17:21
-Mystery surrounds -the next few years of his life.	0:17:22	0:17:26
-But all changed in 1081.	0:17:27	0:17:29
-Gruffudd sailed with a fleet -from Waterford to Porth Clais...	0:17:31	0:17:35
-..near St David's, Pembrokeshire, -to attack Wales once more.	0:17:35	0:17:39
-He came ashore -in this beautiful spot...	0:17:39	0:17:42
-..and was aided by the army of -Rhys ap Tewdwr, king of Deheubarth.	0:17:42	0:17:46
-Gruffudd and Rhys -attacked Trahaearn's army...	0:17:47	0:17:50
-..at the fateful battle -of Mynydd Carn, Pembrokeshire...	0:17:50	0:17:54
-..where Trahaearn was killed.	0:17:55	0:17:56
-Gruffudd decided -he had to attack at once.	0:17:59	0:18:02
-Perhaps that's why they won...	0:18:02	0:18:04
-..because they caught the enemy -unawares, camping on the mountain.	0:18:05	0:18:09
-There's a very detailed, -graphic description...	0:18:10	0:18:13
-..in 'Historia Gruffudd -ap Cynan', of killing Trahaearn.	0:18:13	0:18:16
-An Irishman stabbed him...	0:18:17	0:18:19
-..and made bacon out of him, -as if he were a pig.	0:18:19	0:18:22
-What was the result of the battle?	0:18:24	0:18:26
-The throne of Gwynedd -and Deheubarth were now empty.	0:18:26	0:18:29
-The path was clear -for Gruffudd and Rhys...	0:18:30	0:18:33
-..to claim the two lordships.	0:18:34	0:18:36
-Gruffudd went north, celebrating -his victory and seized Gwynedd.	0:18:40	0:18:44
-He had finally -accomplished his ambition.	0:18:45	0:18:48
-But he wasn't to celebrate for long.	0:18:48	0:18:51
-The old Norman enemies of the Welsh, -Hugh, Earl of Chester...	0:18:57	0:19:01
-..and his cousin, -Robert of Rhuddlan...	0:19:01	0:19:03
-..were determined -to get rid of Gruffudd.	0:19:03	0:19:06
-He was an obstacle to their hopes of -further expansion in the north-west.	0:19:06	0:19:11
-Very soon, Gruffudd was duped...	0:19:11	0:19:14
-..into attending a meeting -at Rhug in Edeirnion.	0:19:14	0:19:18
-The remains of the original -motte and bailey castle...	0:19:18	0:19:21
-..can still be seen -in the grounds of the mansion.	0:19:21	0:19:24
-Gruffudd was captured -by Robert of Rhuddlan...	0:19:25	0:19:27
-..and was locked, according -to the story, in Chester Gaol.	0:19:28	0:19:31
-It seems he was imprisoned -here for the next 12 years.	0:19:32	0:19:36
-But in about 1093, Gruffudd escaped.	0:19:36	0:19:39
-According to the legend, Hugh the -Fat had bound Gruffudd in chains...	0:19:40	0:19:44
-..and dragged him in front -of a crowd in Chester market...	0:19:44	0:19:47
-..so that they could humiliate -the 'great king of Gwynedd'.	0:19:47	0:19:51
-It seems that he was being moved -from one prison to another...	0:19:52	0:19:58
-..and a large crowd had gathered.	0:19:58	0:20:00
-Somehow, he managed to escape.	0:20:01	0:20:03
-Cynwrig Hir came to his aid -and cut the fetters...	0:20:04	0:20:08
-..so he was free to flee.	0:20:08	0:20:10
-He went to Ireland, -to his mother's family.	0:20:10	0:20:14
-It's a very exciting story.	0:20:14	0:20:15
-It also hints at the arrogance -of the Normans...	0:20:16	0:20:19
-..appropriating -old Welsh kingdoms...	0:20:19	0:20:22
-..and taking for granted -they owned and ruled them.	0:20:22	0:20:25
-Gruffudd ap Cynan said, -"No, the land is mine. Get out!"	0:20:26	0:20:30
-And he succeeded.	0:20:30	0:20:32
-After travelling through Wales, -Gruffudd escaped to Ireland.	0:20:34	0:20:38
-Then, with the help of Godred, -king of the Isle of Man...	0:20:38	0:20:41
-..he captured the Normans' castle -in Nefyn, on the Lleyn Peninsula.	0:20:41	0:20:45
-But he failed to usurp them...	0:20:46	0:20:47
-..from their castle in Aberlleiniog, -near Penmon, Anglesey.	0:20:47	0:20:51
-It seems that these events...	0:20:53	0:20:55
-..were part of a great rebellion -by the Welsh in 1094.	0:20:55	0:20:59
-The Battle of Aberlleiniog is very -important in the history of Wales.	0:21:01	0:21:04
-For the first time, we see the -Earls of Chester and Shrewsbury...	0:21:05	0:21:08
-..collaborating to recapture -north Wales and Anglesey.	0:21:09	0:21:12
-Unfortunately for them, -they faced Gruffudd ap Cynan...	0:21:13	0:21:16
-..who has just escaped -from Chester Gaol...	0:21:16	0:21:19
-..and Magnus Barefoot, -a Norwegian prince.	0:21:20	0:21:23
-Magnus and Gruffudd knew each other.	0:21:23	0:21:25
-We're not sure how, -maybe there was a family connection.	0:21:25	0:21:29
-Magnus hid his ships...	0:21:30	0:21:32
-..and, at the last moment, -came to help Gruffudd...	0:21:33	0:21:38
-..although at the time Gruffudd -was trying to escape from Anglesey.	0:21:38	0:21:42
-Aberlleiniog Castle -is now looked after by Menter Mon.	0:21:52	0:21:55
-Recently, -they have excavated the site...	0:21:55	0:21:58
-..and discovered that the castle -was also of strategic importance...	0:21:59	0:22:03
-..during Cromwell's Civil War.	0:22:03	0:22:05
-Aberlleiniog Castle is in -a prime location on the Menai.	0:22:06	0:22:10
-During the Civil War...	0:22:10	0:22:12
-..people realized that it was a -good location to defend Beaumaris.	0:22:12	0:22:15
-So they came here -and restored the Norman castle.	0:22:16	0:22:20
-They built towers and new floors, -and then used it as a small fort...	0:22:20	0:22:26
-..in case Beaumaris was attacked.	0:22:26	0:22:29
-Here, we see work -dating from the Civil War.	0:22:32	0:22:35
-It lies over -the medieval archaeology.	0:22:35	0:22:38
-We have to study -the Civil War archaeology...	0:22:39	0:22:43
-..before digging deeper, to see what -happened in Gruffudd ap Cynan's era.	0:22:43	0:22:48
-The military link extended -into the 20th century.	0:22:52	0:22:56
-During World War II, this tower -was adapted as a defence...	0:22:56	0:23:00
-..from enemy attack.	0:23:01	0:23:02
-Although Gruffudd ap Cynan -escaped to Ireland...	0:23:03	0:23:05
-..after -the Battle of Aberlleiniog...	0:23:06	0:23:09
-..he gained most advantage from the -death of Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury.	0:23:09	0:23:12
-When Gruffudd returned -from Ireland the following year...	0:23:12	0:23:15
-..it was -from his Anglesey stronghold...	0:23:15	0:23:17
-..that he extended his authority -throughout Gwynedd.	0:23:17	0:23:21
-Things got easier after -the death of Hugh the Fat in 1101.	0:23:21	0:23:25
-He was so fat at the end of his -life, according to once source...	0:23:25	0:23:28
-..that he could hardly walk.	0:23:28	0:23:30
-Henry I was now ready to recognize -Gruffudd's authority in Gwynedd...	0:23:31	0:23:34
-..on condition that Gruffudd -recognized Henry's authority.	0:23:35	0:23:38
-The relationship between Henry I and -Gruffudd ap Cynan was very fragile.	0:23:39	0:23:43
-They were both wary of each other.	0:23:43	0:23:46
-We see that Henry I gave the right -to lands in Eifionydd, Lleyn...	0:23:47	0:23:52
-..Ardudwy and Arllechwedd -to Gruffudd ap Cynan in 1101.	0:23:52	0:23:57
-Gwynedd flourished.	0:23:57	0:23:59
-People flocked back to the kingdom.	0:23:59	0:24:01
-Henry I began to worry, as Gruffudd -ap Cynan added to his lands.	0:24:02	0:24:06
-He decided to attack Gruffudd with -the aim of conquering the Welsh...	0:24:06	0:24:10
-..according to 'Brut y Tywysogion'.	0:24:11	0:24:13
-How determined was Gruffudd -to extend his kingdom after 1114?	0:24:13	0:24:17
-Gruffudd ap Cynan -was obviously very determined...	0:24:18	0:24:21
-..to extend his kingdom after 1114.	0:24:22	0:24:24
-This is evident in the way -he encouraged his sons...	0:24:24	0:24:28
-..to actively campaign -in neighbouring areas...	0:24:28	0:24:31
-..to try to recapture them -and bring them under Gwynedd's rule.	0:24:31	0:24:35
-Killing members of even their -own family was not an obstacle...	0:24:36	0:24:40
-..to the ambitions of his sons.	0:24:40	0:24:42
-The oldest son, Cadwallon, killed -three of his mother's brothers.	0:24:42	0:24:46
-But seven years later, -in an act of revenge...	0:24:47	0:24:50
-..Cadwallon was killed -by the son of one of the brothers.	0:24:50	0:24:54
-This was a perfect example -of the eternal strife...	0:24:55	0:24:58
-..that was an integral part of -the political and social history...	0:24:58	0:25:02
-..of medieval Wales.	0:25:02	0:25:03
-Maybe one reason for this was -that a substantial percentage...	0:25:04	0:25:07
-..of the population -consisted of young people.	0:25:07	0:25:10
-We must remember, -when we refer to these times...	0:25:11	0:25:14
-..and even as late -as the 18th century...	0:25:14	0:25:17
-..how young the population -was on average.	0:25:17	0:25:21
-Very few people lived -beyond the age of 40 years.	0:25:21	0:25:24
-So the leaders of society -were in their teens and twenties.	0:25:25	0:25:30
-Perhaps the problems -of the society reflected this.	0:25:32	0:25:36
-We might consider their games -and interests to be childish.	0:25:36	0:25:41
-But they are youthful traits.	0:25:42	0:25:46
-The leaders of society -were young people.	0:25:47	0:25:50
-A girl would be ready to marry -and be a wife at twelve.	0:25:50	0:25:54
-A boy would be a man -at fourteen, ready to marry...	0:25:54	0:25:57
-..and to fight in armies.	0:25:57	0:25:59
-As a warrior, one of Gruffudd -ap Cynan's chief successes...	0:26:04	0:26:08
-..was ensuring the continuation of -the tradition of monarchy in Wales.	0:26:08	0:26:12
-He made sure that princes, -descended from him...	0:26:12	0:26:16
-..would rule Wales through -the 12th and 13th centuries.	0:26:16	0:26:21
-But one crucial difference between -Wales and England at this time...	0:26:23	0:26:27
-..influenced the history of Wales -for the next two centuries.	0:26:27	0:26:31
-Here, unlike in England...	0:26:31	0:26:33
-..the Normans failed to get -rid of Wales's royal families.	0:26:34	0:26:38
-888	0:26:49	0:26:51
-Looking back -on Gruffudd ap Cynan's life...	0:26:56	0:26:59
-..his biographer -emphasized three points.	0:26:59	0:27:02
-His royal lineage, -his courage in battle...	0:27:02	0:27:06
-..and the peace and prosperity -he established in Gwynedd.	0:27:06	0:27:10
-The emphasis on his ancestry...	0:27:13	0:27:16
-..was probably an attempt to justify -Gruffudd's regal authority...	0:27:16	0:27:19
-..obtained -through the military power...	0:27:20	0:27:22
-..of a partly Irish exile -with rather a dubious background.	0:27:22	0:27:26
-But from what we know of him...	0:27:27	0:27:29
-..Gruffudd was much more -than a mere warrior.	0:27:29	0:27:33
-Gruffudd ap Cynan was certainly -more than just a warrior.	0:27:41	0:27:44
-He was clearly an amazing diplomat, -and very charismatic...	0:27:45	0:27:49
-..or he would never have been -able to persuade Vikings...	0:27:49	0:27:52
-..Normans, Welsh and Irish -to fight on his behalf.	0:27:53	0:27:56
-He was very proud to be a Christian.	0:27:57	0:27:59
-He began building churches -in Gwynedd and planted forests.	0:27:59	0:28:03
-The area had economic growth.	0:28:04	0:28:06
-He tried to draw people back to -Gwynedd and create a strong kingdom.	0:28:06	0:28:10
-So he was much more than a warrior, -or he wouldn't have lasted...	0:28:10	0:28:13
-..as long as he did.	0:28:14	0:28:15
-And warfare wasn't the only way -of increasing influence and power.	0:28:26	0:28:30
-In this age, women could -confer power through marriage.	0:28:30	0:28:34
-Some women, like princess Gwenllian, -fought on behalf of her husband.	0:28:34	0:28:40
-Owain ab Edwin ruled Tegeingl...	0:28:41	0:28:43
-..the area between -the rivers Dee and Clwyd.	0:28:43	0:28:47
-Gruffudd married Owain's daughter, -Angharad.	0:28:47	0:28:49
-By so doing, he extended -his power beyond Gwynedd.	0:28:50	0:28:54
-Angharad is described -in Gruffudd's biography as...	0:28:54	0:28:57
-..'a woman of glorious countenance.'	0:28:57	0:28:59
-They had five children, -Cadwallon, Owain, Cadwaladr...	0:29:00	0:29:04
-..Gwenllian and Susanna.	0:29:04	0:29:06
-An interesting feature -of Gruffudd's biography...	0:29:07	0:29:11
-..is the way it tries to elevate -Gruffudd's wife, Angharad.	0:29:11	0:29:15
-Indeed, there's one reference -to Angharad as his queen.	0:29:16	0:29:20
-It was a deliberate attempt...	0:29:22	0:29:24
-..to state that Angharad -was a person of importance.	0:29:24	0:29:28
-She is praised for the good counsel -she gave her husband...	0:29:28	0:29:32
-..suggesting she had a political -and public role at the time.	0:29:32	0:29:37
-There's an excellent description of -her in Gruffudd ap Cynan's history.	0:29:38	0:29:42
-It gives us a picture -of an idealized medieval woman.	0:29:42	0:29:46
-She has long, slim fingers.	0:29:48	0:29:50
-Obviously she didn't -wash many dishes.	0:29:50	0:29:53
-There's a reference, as I recall...	0:29:53	0:29:56
-..to her black hair -and dainty feet.	0:29:56	0:29:59
-But the most important fact -was that she gave him children.	0:29:59	0:30:03
-It was fairly common -for the wives of kings or princes...	0:30:08	0:30:11
-..to have quite -a lot of power and influence.	0:30:11	0:30:15
-It depends how you define these, -of course.	0:30:15	0:30:18
-The fact that they were so close -to the king was important.	0:30:18	0:30:22
-They controlled -who could approach the king.	0:30:23	0:30:27
-They could speak on behalf of people -who were hoping for favour...	0:30:27	0:30:32
-..or patronage from a prince.	0:30:33	0:30:35
-That gave them a certain influence.	0:30:36	0:30:38
-Angharad was probably no exception.	0:30:38	0:30:40
-But it's unusual for sources -to record so much...	0:30:41	0:30:45
-..about a prince's wife -as we hear about Angharad.	0:30:45	0:30:49
-Two of Gruffudd's daughters, -Gwenllian and Susanna...	0:30:56	0:30:59
-..married members of other -leading families in Wales.	0:31:00	0:31:03
-Marriages of this kind tied -the main royal families together...	0:31:03	0:31:07
-..and increased -the royal status of the husband.	0:31:07	0:31:11
-Although land was only -inherited through the father...	0:31:12	0:31:16
-..royal status could be inherited -through the mother as well.	0:31:16	0:31:20
-When the Normans arrived...	0:31:22	0:31:24
-..women were very important -for them as well as the Welsh.	0:31:24	0:31:28
-They were used -in political marriages.	0:31:29	0:31:33
-Very often, land would come with the -women, so they were very important.	0:31:33	0:31:37
-One often gets the impression...	0:31:37	0:31:39
-..it didn't matter if the men -liked the women or not.	0:31:40	0:31:43
-They were often very young, -of course.	0:31:44	0:31:47
-Clearly, some of the Norman invaders -in Gruffudd ap Cynan's time...	0:31:54	0:31:58
-..believed that marriage with -women from Welsh royal families...	0:31:58	0:32:02
-..would confer legal status -to their hold on their new lands.	0:32:03	0:32:07
-Gerald of Wales, himself -three-quarters Norman, said...	0:32:11	0:32:15
-..that his grandfather, -Gerald of Windsor...	0:32:15	0:32:18
-..married Nest, -daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr...	0:32:18	0:32:21
-..so that he and his family would -have deeper roots in those areas.	0:32:22	0:32:25
-Gerald of Windsor wasn't the only -one to be enchanted by Nest.	0:32:27	0:32:31
-She also bore children to Stephen, -the Norman constable of Cardigan.	0:32:31	0:32:35
-And she had a child with none other -than the king - Henry I...	0:32:36	0:32:40
-..who fathered about twenty -illegitimate offspring in all.	0:32:40	0:32:44
-After marrying Gerald of Windsor...	0:32:46	0:32:49
-..Nest had at least three sons -with him and two daughters.	0:32:49	0:32:54
-In 1109, she and her husband...	0:32:54	0:32:57
-..were in a castle -known as Cenarth Bychan.	0:32:57	0:33:01
-No-one is sure -where Cenarth Bychan was located.	0:33:01	0:33:05
-The people of Cilgerran say it was -in Cilgerran but we're not sure.	0:33:05	0:33:09
-In any case, Nest's cousin, -Owain ap Cadwgan...	0:33:09	0:33:13
-..had seen her at a Christmas feast, -according to the story.	0:33:13	0:33:18
-He'd fallen in love at first sight.	0:33:18	0:33:20
-He came to the castle -with his men and captured Nest.	0:33:21	0:33:24
-She went with him -quite willingly, apparently.	0:33:25	0:33:29
-Her husband, Gerald of Windsor...	0:33:29	0:33:31
-..had been shown a way of escaping -from the castle by Nest...	0:33:31	0:33:35
-..down a hole in the privy, -on the wall of the castle.	0:33:36	0:33:40
-As you know, -they were called 'garde-robes'...	0:33:40	0:33:44
-..the toilets inside the towers.	0:33:44	0:33:46
-That's how Gerald of Windsor -escaped unhurt...	0:33:51	0:33:55
-..but perhaps not very fragrantly...	0:33:56	0:33:59
-..from this difficult situation.	0:34:00	0:34:02
-Nest and Owain lived -as fugitives for a time.	0:34:07	0:34:10
-But Nest returned -to her husband eventually.	0:34:10	0:34:13
-This wasn't the end -of her story.	0:34:13	0:34:17
-Nest had children by a number -of other Norman lords...	0:34:17	0:34:21
-..in south-west Wales.	0:34:22	0:34:25
-They all fell in love with her, -according to the legend.	0:34:25	0:34:29
-But perhaps they too, -like Gerald of Windsor...	0:34:29	0:34:33
-..wanted to have the children -of a princess of Deheubarth...	0:34:33	0:34:36
-..and to see their children -having a royal lineage.	0:34:36	0:34:40
-Others argue -that Nest took advantage...	0:34:43	0:34:46
-..of her ancestry and beauty...	0:34:47	0:34:49
-..to extend her family's influence -amongst the Norman invaders...	0:34:49	0:34:53
-..in Gruffudd ap Cynan's day.	0:34:53	0:34:55
-We really should -re-evaluate Nest's situation.	0:34:56	0:34:59
-History was generally written -by men until the 20th century.	0:34:59	0:35:03
-Men believed that women -were the husband's property...	0:35:04	0:35:08
-..after marriage, and the father's -property before marriage.	0:35:09	0:35:13
-Now, we're re-assessing -the history of women.	0:35:13	0:35:18
-We don't believe -the romantic stories any more...	0:35:18	0:35:22
-..or the spin put on them by men.	0:35:23	0:35:25
-Women had little independent status.	0:35:30	0:35:32
-This can be seen in historical -documents of the time...	0:35:32	0:35:36
-..and also, of course, in poetry, -and myths like the 'Mabinogion'.	0:35:37	0:35:42
-Gwenllian was an exception.	0:35:42	0:35:44
-She led her husband's army...	0:35:45	0:35:47
-..but paid the ultimate price.	0:35:48	0:35:50
-Gwenllian was the daughter -of Gruffudd ap Cynan.	0:35:50	0:35:53
-According to Gerald of Wales, she -was a second queen of the Amazons.	0:35:54	0:35:58
-When Gwenllian's husband went to -the North in 1135 to ask for help...	0:36:03	0:36:06
-..from his wife's family, -in fighting the king of England...	0:36:06	0:36:10
-..Gwenllian decided, -probably of her own accord...	0:36:11	0:36:14
-..to attack Kidwelly Castle.	0:36:14	0:36:16
-She died on the battlefield...	0:36:16	0:36:18
-..which is called -Maes Gwenllian to this day.	0:36:19	0:36:23
-A princess from Gwynedd, -who fought in Deheubarth...	0:36:29	0:36:32
-..is our only example -of a medieval warrior princess.	0:36:32	0:36:36
-But I wonder how many -of them led armies...	0:36:37	0:36:41
-..and held high status -amongst their people...	0:36:41	0:36:45
-..because they belonged -to a royal family?	0:36:46	0:36:49
-The status of women was low in -the eyes of the church and the law.	0:36:52	0:36:56
-For this reason...	0:36:56	0:36:57
-..we only have a few glimpses of -women's lives in medieval sources.	0:36:58	0:37:02
-Nevertheless, -Nest and Gwenllian's examples...	0:37:02	0:37:06
-..show that this aspect -of Welsh royalty was very important.	0:37:06	0:37:10
-888	0:37:21	0:37:23
-People didn't live to a great age -in the Middle Ages.	0:37:28	0:37:32
-Gruffudd ap Cynan was an exception. -He lived to the age of 82.	0:37:32	0:37:36
-Like other European kings -and leaders, he believed that war...	0:37:37	0:37:41
-..and godliness were two sides -of the same Christian coin.	0:37:41	0:37:46
-So, in order to prepare for death, -Gruffudd made bequests of money...	0:37:50	0:37:54
-..to churches -in Ireland and Wales...	0:37:54	0:37:57
-..and to the Norman monasteries -of Chester and Shrewsbury.	0:37:57	0:38:01
-His body was anointed with holy -oil by clerics at his deathbed.	0:38:01	0:38:06
-Amongst them was Dafydd, -Bishop of Bangor.	0:38:06	0:38:10
-He also blessed his sons...	0:38:10	0:38:12
-..and commanded them to be brave and -resist their enemy with ferocity...	0:38:12	0:38:16
-..as he did, in his youth.	0:38:16	0:38:18
-In his elegy to Gruffudd, Meilyr -Brydydd praised the brilliance...	0:38:19	0:38:23
-..of the king's military career...	0:38:23	0:38:25
-..and also promised that Gruffudd -would be welcomed in heaven...	0:38:26	0:38:30
-..by angels and saints.	0:38:30	0:38:32
-"When the leader of brave men -hath the light of confidence	0:38:36	0:38:40
-"And the courtesy of angels, -I shall not be in want."	0:38:40	0:38:44
-In Meilyr Brydydd's elegy -to Gruffudd ap Cynan...	0:38:46	0:38:49
-..the principal element -is the heroic one, obviously.	0:38:50	0:38:53
-Gruffudd ap Cynan, the warrior.	0:38:53	0:38:55
-Maybe the poem is remarkable too...	0:38:55	0:38:57
-..because of its many -religious references.	0:38:58	0:39:02
-I'd suggest that the poem -was perhaps recited...	0:39:03	0:39:07
-..before an ecclesiastic audience.	0:39:07	0:39:09
-There are very definite references -towards the end...	0:39:11	0:39:15
-..to the hope that Gruffudd ap Cynan -would have eternal life in heaven.	0:39:15	0:39:20
-There's a hint in the poem too...	0:39:21	0:39:23
-..that there are more important -concerns than worldly politics...	0:39:24	0:39:28
-..and that the eternal soul -is of more everlasting importance...	0:39:29	0:39:34
-..than subjects like -the politics of Gwynedd.	0:39:34	0:39:38
-Gruffudd was buried -in Bangor Cathedral.	0:39:42	0:39:45
-Dafydd, Bishop of Bangor...	0:39:45	0:39:47
-..had been consecrated -by the Archbishop of Canterbury...	0:39:47	0:39:50
-..at Gruffudd's request in 1120.	0:39:51	0:39:53
-The appointment was a sign...	0:39:53	0:39:55
-..of broader changes in the church -in Wales, in Gruffudd's day.	0:39:55	0:39:58
-In Gruffudd ap Cynan's day, -the see of Canterbury...	0:40:00	0:40:03
-..was trying to extend -its influence in Wales...	0:40:03	0:40:07
-..by getting new bishops -in Wales to swear obedience...	0:40:07	0:40:12
-..to the Archbishop.	0:40:13	0:40:15
-That happened quite soon after -the Norman conquest in the south.	0:40:15	0:40:19
-Bishop Urban in Llandaff...	0:40:20	0:40:22
-..followed by Bernard, former -chaplain to the queen...	0:40:22	0:40:27
-..of king Henry I, in St David's.	0:40:27	0:40:29
-Not all Wales's clerics were happy -with the fact that the dioceses...	0:40:32	0:40:36
-..were subject -to the Archbishop of Canterbury.	0:40:37	0:40:41
-Ironically perhaps, a Norman, -Bishop Bernard of St David's...	0:40:42	0:40:46
-..was the first to try -and obtain some independence...	0:40:46	0:40:50
-..from Canterbury, -for the Church in Wales.	0:40:50	0:40:53
-But he failed.	0:40:53	0:40:55
-Ultimately, we have -to wait until the 20th century...	0:40:56	0:41:00
-..until 1920, -to see the Church in Wales...	0:41:00	0:41:04
-..separated from -the Church of England.	0:41:04	0:41:08
-The process of creating -formal dioceses also began...	0:41:16	0:41:19
-..in Gruffudd ap Cynan's time.	0:41:20	0:41:22
-The boundaries were fairly -undefined before this.	0:41:22	0:41:25
-It was an attempt -to establish a church system...	0:41:25	0:41:29
-..like the ones -in England and Europe.	0:41:29	0:41:32
-Each diocese was divided...	0:41:36	0:41:39
-..into archdeaconries -and rural deaneries.	0:41:39	0:41:42
-Wales's parishes were also defined.	0:41:42	0:41:44
-These were all new units -which have lasted to this day.	0:41:45	0:41:49
-Gruffudd's bequests to Chester -and Shrewsbury's monasteries...	0:42:16	0:42:19
-..show that the king endorsed -a new kind of religious life...	0:42:20	0:42:24
-..introduced to Wales -by the Normans.	0:42:24	0:42:27
-By the time the Normans arrived...	0:42:31	0:42:33
-..there had been major developments -in western Europe.	0:42:33	0:42:36
-The Benedictine Order had -introduced very strict rules...	0:42:37	0:42:41
-..about the monks' activities...	0:42:41	0:42:43
-..and how monasteries -should be governed.	0:42:44	0:42:46
-Maybe most significantly...	0:42:47	0:42:48
-..they began to build -beautiful churches of stone...	0:42:49	0:42:53
-..with arches and windows.	0:42:53	0:42:55
-Architecture of this kind is costly, -of course.	0:42:58	0:43:01
-But although Gruffudd -endorsed the Normans' religion...	0:43:01	0:43:04
-..he gave many more bequests -to old, important establishments...	0:43:04	0:43:08
-..like Penmon and Meifod, -cornerstones of the Welsh church...	0:43:09	0:43:13
-..before the Normans arrived.	0:43:13	0:43:15
-It was a different story...	0:43:16	0:43:18
-..in the lands conquered -by the Normans in the south.	0:43:18	0:43:22
-Although the Normans were fierce...	0:43:22	0:43:24
-..they were religious -in their own way...	0:43:24	0:43:27
-..and believed it was essential for -them to control the Welsh church.	0:43:27	0:43:31
-When the Normans came to Wales, -they found these huts and 'clasau'.	0:43:35	0:43:39
-'Clas' means an enclosed area...	0:43:40	0:43:42
-..where a church made of earth -or wood was built.	0:43:42	0:43:46
-There weren't any -majestic stone buildings.	0:43:46	0:43:49
-The Normans couldn't see -any establishments...	0:43:50	0:43:53
-..corresponding to monasteries...	0:43:53	0:43:55
-..or what they understood -by this term.	0:43:56	0:43:59
-They felt that the religious -communities of Wales...	0:43:59	0:44:03
-..were old-fashioned, -maybe corrupt...	0:44:04	0:44:07
-..and not proper churches.	0:44:07	0:44:09
-Very often, the abbot -was the son of the previous abbot.	0:44:09	0:44:14
-Very often, one family would -practically 'own' the monastery.	0:44:14	0:44:18
-They regarded it as a deficiency, -that there were no communities...	0:44:19	0:44:23
-..obeying any version -of St Benedict's 6th century Rule...	0:44:23	0:44:28
-..which had become the basis of -European monastic life by this time.	0:44:28	0:44:33
-They saw nothing like this in Wales.	0:44:33	0:44:36
-They viewed these enclosures, -with mud and wood huts...	0:44:37	0:44:41
-..hereditary abbots -who were married, and so forth...	0:44:42	0:44:46
-.. with scorn -and felt they should be swept away.	0:44:46	0:44:50
-After a time, the Welsh -themselves began to support...	0:44:51	0:44:55
-..the Benedictine monasteries.	0:44:55	0:44:57
-Indeed, Gruffudd ap Cynan -was the first prince we hear of...	0:44:57	0:45:01
-..who gave patronage -to houses of this kind...	0:45:01	0:45:04
-..by giving gifts to the abbeys -of Chester and Shrewsbury...	0:45:05	0:45:09
-..at the end of his life.	0:45:09	0:45:12
-So the Church in Wales -was opened to new influences...	0:45:17	0:45:20
-..in Gruffudd ap Cynan's day.	0:45:20	0:45:22
-In reality, it was a compromise -and combination of old and new.	0:45:22	0:45:26
-Nevertheless, -Gruffudd ap Cynan showed...	0:45:26	0:45:29
-..that the Welsh were ready -to look towards the future.	0:45:29	0:45:32
-European ecclesiastic patterns -and fashions were adopted...	0:45:32	0:45:36
-..that had been originally -introduced to the country...	0:45:37	0:45:40
-..by the Norman conquerors.	0:45:40	0:45:42
-He succeeded in retaining his hold -on Gwynedd from the 1090s...	0:45:53	0:45:58
-..until his death in 1137...	0:45:59	0:46:02
-..nearly 40 years of unbroken rule -by Gruffudd ap Cynan.	0:46:03	0:46:08
-The Chronicle - Buchedd, -describes...	0:46:08	0:46:12
-..how he planted small, lime-washed -churches all over Anglesey...	0:46:12	0:46:16
-..like stars in the firmament.	0:46:16	0:46:19
-People would feel secure -when they planted crops...	0:46:19	0:46:23
-..that those crops -would be harvested.	0:46:24	0:46:27
-He created the stability -that's essential for culture...	0:46:27	0:46:31
-..civilization, -and political growth.	0:46:31	0:46:35
-As he established himself -as king in Gwynedd...	0:46:37	0:46:41
-..Gruffudd was drawn ever more -into the Anglo-Norman world.	0:46:42	0:46:47
-In a way, -he bridges these two worlds...	0:46:48	0:46:52
-..the Irish world, based around the -Irish Sea's coasts, on one hand...	0:46:52	0:46:56
-..and the Anglo-Norman world, with -its centre in England, on the other.	0:46:57	0:47:01
-Because of Gruffudd ap Cynan's -successes...	0:47:05	0:47:09
-..he was able defend -the concept of a Welsh monarchy.	0:47:09	0:47:13
-Were it not for him, the whole -concept of Welsh sovereignty...	0:47:13	0:47:17
-..would have disappeared.	0:47:17	0:47:19
-Gruffudd ap Cynan has a unique -place in Welsh history.	0:47:25	0:47:29
-From being a pirate -of Irish descent...	0:47:29	0:47:32
-..pillaging the coasts -of the Irish Sea...	0:47:32	0:47:35
-..he became an astute -and successful politician.	0:47:35	0:47:38
-Gruffudd bridged -the old and the new...	0:47:38	0:47:41
-..and gave his country peace -and prosperity for thirty years.	0:47:42	0:47:46
-By restoring the kingdom -of Gwynedd, Gruffudd succeeded...	0:47:46	0:47:50
-..where more traditional -Welsh leaders failed.	0:47:50	0:47:54
-S4/C Subtitles by: -GWEAD	0:48:34	0:48:36
-.	0:48:37	0:48:38

Gruffudd ap Cynan Tywysogion

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