Y Ty Hir Cartrefi Cefn Gwlad Cymru
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-The Longhouse | 0:00:26 | 0:00:29 | |
-Our odyssey around the houses -of the Welsh countryside continues. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:42 | |
-In this programme, we look -at what many consider to be... | 0:00:44 | 0:00:49 | |
-..the quintessential Welsh house. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:52 | |
-It fits perfectly in our landscape. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:05 | |
-It's so familiar that it almost -symbolizes our heritage and culture. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:10 | |
-The earliest reference to it -comes from the 13th century... | 0:01:18 | 0:01:23 | |
-..in one of the tales -of the Mabinogion. | 0:01:23 | 0:01:26 | |
-"When they came near to the house, -they saw an old hall... | 0:01:28 | 0:01:32 | |
-"..very black and having an upright -gable, whence issued a great smoke. | 0:01:33 | 0:01:38 | |
-"On entering, they found the floor -full of puddles and mounds... | 0:01:39 | 0:01:44 | |
-"..and it was difficult -to stand thereon... | 0:01:44 | 0:01:48 | |
-"..so slippery was it -with the mire of cattle. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:52 | |
-"When they came -to the hall of the house... | 0:01:52 | 0:01:55 | |
-"..they beheld cells full of dust -and very gloomy... | 0:01:56 | 0:02:00 | |
-"..and on one side -an old hag making a fire. | 0:02:00 | 0:02:03 | |
-"Whenever she felt cold, she cast -a lapful of chaff upon the fire... | 0:02:03 | 0:02:08 | |
-"..and raised such smoke -that it was scarcely to be borne... | 0:02:08 | 0:02:12 | |
-"..as it rose up the nostrils." | 0:02:13 | 0:02:15 | |
-A longhouse is a farmhouse -and a byre under one long roof. | 0:02:22 | 0:02:27 | |
-The roots of the longhouse -lie in several European countries. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:32 | |
-There were hundreds of longhouses -in Wales by the 19th century. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:43 | |
-Most of the longhouses -have now disappeared. | 0:02:52 | 0:02:55 | |
-Some are ruins and others have been -converted into 21st century homes. | 0:02:56 | 0:03:01 | |
-Some stand in museums, of course. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:03 | |
-The history is complicated. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:08 | |
-The way longhouses were built -and the way people lived in them... | 0:03:09 | 0:03:13 | |
-..question whether the longhouse -really is the Welsh house. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:18 | |
-The history of the longhouse -starts long ago and far from Wales. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:43 | |
-Buildings in which a farmer and -his cattle live under one roof... | 0:03:51 | 0:03:55 | |
-..date back to the Bronze Age -in mainland Europe. | 0:03:56 | 0:04:00 | |
-Archaeological excavations -in Scandinavia... | 0:04:01 | 0:04:04 | |
-..prove that long buildings -have existed for centuries. | 0:04:04 | 0:04:08 | |
-The Vikings may have introduced -these buildings to Wales... | 0:04:08 | 0:04:13 | |
-..when they arrived here -in the first century. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:17 | |
-Over the centuries, people -from across Europe came here... | 0:04:21 | 0:04:25 | |
-..and influenced -every aspect of Welsh life. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:29 | |
-This included architecture. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:31 | |
-This building in Cosmeston, Penarth, -isn't a traditional Welsh longhouse. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:37 | |
-It is, however, -an interesting precedent... | 0:04:37 | 0:04:40 | |
-..that reflects the origins -of the form that became popular. | 0:04:40 | 0:04:45 | |
-The house -was part of a medieval village... | 0:04:45 | 0:04:48 | |
-..that grew around the fortified -manor of the Constentin family. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:53 | |
-They were among -the first Norman invaders of Wales. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:57 | |
-The village's design may owe -as much to Continental influence... | 0:04:58 | 0:05:03 | |
-..as to Welsh or British influence. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:06 | |
-Some of these homes -are completely Norman in their form. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:12 | |
-This is a reconstruction, -based on archaeological evidence. | 0:05:17 | 0:05:21 | |
-The building -is one long, low unit... | 0:05:21 | 0:05:24 | |
-..entered via a cross-passage -at one end. | 0:05:24 | 0:05:27 | |
-Years ago, the livestock -would be out in the fields. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:31 | |
-The pigs would be -in the beehive pigsties... | 0:05:31 | 0:05:35 | |
-..that have been reconstructed -at the rear. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:39 | |
-The 14th century -was a troubled time in Wales. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:43 | |
-Livestock had to be protected -against theft. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:47 | |
-The best way to guard the animals... | 0:05:47 | 0:05:50 | |
-..was to keep them -under the same roof as the owner. | 0:05:50 | 0:05:53 | |
-No evidence was found -of internal walls. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:02 | |
-The only things -dividing stock from the family... | 0:06:02 | 0:06:06 | |
-..were movable hurdles. | 0:06:06 | 0:06:08 | |
-The bed and the fire -were at this end of the building... | 0:06:11 | 0:06:15 | |
-..and the livestock -was kept at the far end. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:19 | |
-This lack of partition walls -is the biggest difference... | 0:06:19 | 0:06:24 | |
-..between early examples -and classic medieval longhouses. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:29 | |
-This small community in South Wales -was destroyed... | 0:06:40 | 0:06:45 | |
-..when Black Death spread -like wildfire across the land. | 0:06:45 | 0:06:49 | |
-Life disappeared, -leaving nothing but ruins. | 0:06:52 | 0:06:55 | |
-The longhouse is an architectural -form that developed over time. | 0:07:12 | 0:07:16 | |
-Its roots often lie -in pre-existing hall houses. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:22 | |
-This is the next stage -in the development of the longhouse. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:31 | |
-What we have here in Llangwathan -is a hall house of real status. | 0:07:31 | 0:07:36 | |
-It's divided into four units. | 0:07:36 | 0:07:38 | |
-Livestock was kept -in the bottom unit. | 0:07:39 | 0:07:41 | |
-The next unit, which now houses -the front door, was the hall. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:46 | |
-The cross-wing -is at the top of the house. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:49 | |
-It looks solid today... | 0:07:50 | 0:07:52 | |
-..but it was originally -a timber-framed house. | 0:07:53 | 0:07:56 | |
-That frame was covered in stones -at a later date. | 0:07:57 | 0:08:00 | |
-The house was built soon after -the Owain Glyndwr rebellion. | 0:08:08 | 0:08:12 | |
-Few houses were built -during this period... | 0:08:15 | 0:08:18 | |
-..but Llangwathan near Hay-on-Wye -is a great example of a hall house. | 0:08:19 | 0:08:24 | |
-According to the Royal Commission -and thanks to dendrochronology... | 0:08:47 | 0:08:52 | |
-..we know that this house -was built in 1417. | 0:08:52 | 0:08:55 | |
-It was originally a hall house. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:57 | |
-There was no wall here -and no ceiling above my head. | 0:08:57 | 0:09:02 | |
-There was a wattle and daub wall -to keep back the animals. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:07 | |
-In the late 16th century, this wall -was added to house the fireplace. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:12 | |
-This door was also added -at that time. | 0:09:13 | 0:09:15 | |
-This had two main benefits. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
-The householders -now had a good heat source... | 0:09:18 | 0:09:21 | |
-..and it created a cross-passage, -with doors at either end... | 0:09:22 | 0:09:26 | |
-..one for animals -and one for humans. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:29 | |
-It also separated -the livestock from the humans. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:33 | |
-It's obvious that cattle lived -under the same roof as humans here. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:37 | |
-The tethering post can be seen -at the bottom end of the building. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:43 | |
-This is the original hall. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:47 | |
-This room would have been -open to the roof, of course. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:51 | |
-There would have been -an open hearth on the floor. | 0:09:51 | 0:09:55 | |
-When this fireplace was built... | 0:09:55 | 0:09:57 | |
-..the floor and the beamed ceiling -were also added. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:02 | |
-The screens created two rooms - -a parlour and a dairy. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:07 | |
-This also became a storeyed house. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:10 | |
-The way people lived here -was transformed. | 0:10:10 | 0:10:14 | |
-Two new staircases were built -to create more private chambers. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:21 | |
-This separated owners from servants. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:24 | |
-Local craftsmen -carried out the work... | 0:10:25 | 0:10:28 | |
-..and they used materials -taken from local fields and rivers. | 0:10:28 | 0:10:33 | |
-This timber-framed house was clad -in stone in the late 19th century. | 0:10:37 | 0:10:42 | |
-What is the nature of the stone? | 0:10:42 | 0:10:45 | |
-Where did it come from, John? | 0:10:45 | 0:10:47 | |
-We don't know -because it has been painted. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:51 | |
-It's likely that most of the stones -used in these walls... | 0:10:51 | 0:10:56 | |
-..came from the fields -around this house. | 0:10:56 | 0:11:00 | |
-They may have come -from some very local quarries. | 0:11:01 | 0:11:04 | |
-It's actually sandstone -but not red sandstone... | 0:11:04 | 0:11:08 | |
-..which you also find locally. | 0:11:08 | 0:11:10 | |
-It's green-grey sandstone. -There's some around the corner. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:15 | |
-The roof is interesting. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:18 | |
-The roof tiles come -from the hill behind the house. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:23 | |
-You can see it from here. | 0:11:24 | 0:11:25 | |
-Most of the stones -came from the river. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
-And, of course, -in the river channel... | 0:11:29 | 0:11:32 | |
-..you found a mixed stone, -which is made of pebbles. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:38 | |
-When the channel flow moved away... | 0:11:40 | 0:11:43 | |
-..sandstone was formed. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:46 | |
-The flow once went in this direction -but then it changed. | 0:11:49 | 0:11:53 | |
-These stones show the direction -of the flow of the water. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:58 | |
-The evidence gleaned -from fossils found in the stones... | 0:11:58 | 0:12:03 | |
-..show that the sea -flooded the land periodically. | 0:12:03 | 0:12:06 | |
-It's a new story -and we're working on that. | 0:12:07 | 0:12:10 | |
-We're about to enter the old hall. | 0:12:26 | 0:12:29 | |
-What's in here, John? | 0:12:30 | 0:12:31 | |
-Look at what's beneath your feet. | 0:12:31 | 0:12:34 | |
-The surface of the flagstones -isn't always smooth. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:38 | |
-You can see waves on some of them. | 0:12:41 | 0:12:43 | |
-They're waves that were created -on the river bed. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
-The fireplace shows marks -created by waves. | 0:12:47 | 0:12:53 | |
-It tells us that this large section -of stone... | 0:12:58 | 0:13:01 | |
-..comes from the same area. | 0:13:05 | 0:13:07 | |
-Rather than take a horizontal layer -from the bottom of the river... | 0:13:09 | 0:13:13 | |
-..they cut it vertically, -to provide a strong mantel. | 0:13:14 | 0:13:18 | |
-This house is an example of how -early hall houses were modified. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:30 | |
-The house functioned -in a different way. | 0:13:34 | 0:13:37 | |
-A new building method -and a new way of life were created. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:42 | |
-. | 0:13:51 | 0:13:51 | |
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-So many examples of peasant houses -have disappeared... | 0:14:15 | 0:14:19 | |
-..that it's hard to say -with certainty... | 0:14:21 | 0:14:23 | |
-..what form the traditional -medieval Welsh farmhouse took. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:28 | |
-We do have evidence that building -longhouses was a middle-class trend. | 0:14:28 | 0:14:33 | |
-That's also true of converting -existing houses into longhouses... | 0:14:33 | 0:14:38 | |
-..in the 15th century. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:40 | |
-This is the only longhouse plan -to which we can refer. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:48 | |
-Nannerth Ganol, in the Elan Valley, -is a perfect example of it. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:54 | |
-The original house was built -on the mountain slopes in 1556. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:04 | |
-Humans and livestock -shared the one entrance. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:12 | |
-As you entered the house... | 0:15:13 | 0:15:15 | |
-..you walked past the byre -to reach the main hall. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:18 | |
-The open hearth was located -in the centre of the room. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:30 | |
-The private chambers -were at the top of the house. | 0:15:31 | 0:15:34 | |
-The owners slept there. | 0:15:34 | 0:15:36 | |
-The livestock slept under the same -roof, at the lower end of the house. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:46 | |
-They were protected -from the elements and from thieves. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:52 | |
-Then, in 1660, -a substantial fireplace was built... | 0:15:52 | 0:15:56 | |
-..between the hall and the byre. | 0:15:56 | 0:15:58 | |
-A stone staircase wound its way -around the fireplace... | 0:15:58 | 0:16:02 | |
-..leading to the floor -above the old hall. | 0:16:03 | 0:16:06 | |
-Creating a new floor and bedrooms -was truly revolutionary. | 0:16:08 | 0:16:12 | |
-It satisfied a new desire -for additional privacy. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:16 | |
-An impressive square, stone chimney -transformed Nannerth Ganol. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:25 | |
-It declared to everyone in the area -that this was a house of status. | 0:16:25 | 0:16:30 | |
-The Royal Commission on the Ancient -and Historical Monuments of Wales... | 0:16:36 | 0:16:41 | |
-..considers Nannerth Ganol to be -among our most important longhouses. | 0:16:42 | 0:16:46 | |
-It's special for two reasons. | 0:16:47 | 0:16:49 | |
-It's special, architecturally. | 0:16:50 | 0:16:52 | |
-It preserves evidence -for two main phases. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:56 | |
-It's the perfect longhouse. | 0:16:56 | 0:16:58 | |
-Secondly, it preserves its setting, -unlike any other longhouse in Wales. | 0:16:58 | 0:17:04 | |
-It's set above the enclosed fields, -on the spring line... | 0:17:04 | 0:17:08 | |
-..just before the steep climb -up the mountain. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:12 | |
-They produced as much hay -as they could down there... | 0:17:12 | 0:17:16 | |
-..to feed the cattle -over the winter. | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
-When Nannerth Ganol was built, -this valley was relatively affluent. | 0:17:19 | 0:17:26 | |
-What generated that money? | 0:17:26 | 0:17:28 | |
-It's money from cattle. -Money from the beef trade. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:32 | |
-Essentially, selling cattle -to the English market... | 0:17:32 | 0:17:36 | |
-..and generating enough money -to pay craftsmen real cash... | 0:17:36 | 0:17:40 | |
-..to build a house like this. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:42 | |
-The transformation -of Nannerth Ganol... | 0:17:57 | 0:18:00 | |
-..was a public declaration of wealth -from its owners. | 0:18:00 | 0:18:04 | |
-That doesn't tell the full story. | 0:18:07 | 0:18:09 | |
-This beautiful house -has an ugly history. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:17 | |
-It's a story that shatters -its romantic image... | 0:18:17 | 0:18:21 | |
-..and one that highlights -the nature of life in this area... | 0:18:21 | 0:18:26 | |
-..during the 16th century. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:28 | |
-Cattle rustling was a common crime -across Wales in the 16th century. | 0:18:31 | 0:18:36 | |
-According to Tudor records... | 0:18:38 | 0:18:40 | |
-..over 60,000 thieves -were prosecuted during the era. | 0:18:41 | 0:18:45 | |
-Over 4,000 of those convicted -were hanged. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:48 | |
-Wales was famous -for its incorrigible thieves. | 0:18:53 | 0:18:56 | |
-We're looking across -towards Nannerth Ganol. | 0:18:56 | 0:18:59 | |
-Its owners -were notorious cattle rustlers. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:04 | |
-The father and two of his sons, -Thomas and Edward, were thieves. | 0:19:04 | 0:19:09 | |
-The father was executed in 1560. | 0:19:09 | 0:19:12 | |
-Another factor about this area... | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
-..is that it lies -on the drovers' road to England. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:21 | |
-Cattle were driven along these roads -to be sold at market... | 0:19:21 | 0:19:26 | |
-..in places like Barnet -and Ashford. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:29 | |
-The animals were sold for beef. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:32 | |
-This was a great opportunity -to turn cattle into cash. | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
-Absolutely no questions were asked. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
-Did proceeds from cattle rustling... | 0:19:50 | 0:19:53 | |
-..finance the professionally-built -house and byre at Nannerth Ganol? | 0:19:53 | 0:19:58 | |
-Cattle rustling was very common -at the time. | 0:20:13 | 0:20:16 | |
-The local Tudor administrators -were tired of it. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:21 | |
-Rowland Lee, the president -of the Council of the Marches... | 0:20:21 | 0:20:26 | |
-..famously said of the Welsh... | 0:20:26 | 0:20:28 | |
-.."Thieves I found them -and thieves I leave them." | 0:20:28 | 0:20:32 | |
-In other words, -thieves are thieves, no matter what. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:36 | |
-We can never prove how the building -of Nannerth Ganol was financed. | 0:20:41 | 0:20:45 | |
-But we do know for certain -that it is a classic longhouse. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:50 | |
-It offered its owners -a new lifestyle... | 0:20:54 | 0:20:57 | |
-..with is cross-passage separating -humans from their animals. | 0:20:57 | 0:21:01 | |
-It had a fireplace and chimney -with stairs winding around it... | 0:21:02 | 0:21:06 | |
-..and new bedrooms -on the first floor. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:11 | |
-It was a sweeping change. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:18 | |
-Over the centuries, Nannerth Ganol -went to rack and ruin. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
-The byre was lost and the house -was about to be demolished. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
-Then, in the 1930s, -Dr Iorwerth Peate came across it. | 0:21:36 | 0:21:40 | |
-Iorwerth Peate was a poet -and a scholar from Llanbrynmair. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:47 | |
-He was the first curator of -St Fagans National History Museum. | 0:21:47 | 0:21:51 | |
-He was the first person to note... | 0:21:53 | 0:21:56 | |
-..Nannerth Ganol's architectural -and historical importance. | 0:21:56 | 0:22:01 | |
-In his book The Welsh House... | 0:22:01 | 0:22:04 | |
-..Iorwerth Peate strove to record -the architectural history of Wales. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:09 | |
-He suggests that the longhouse -is the Welsh house... | 0:22:09 | 0:22:13 | |
-..and that Nannerth Ganol -is the perfect example of it. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:17 | |
-This wasn't exactly a missing link, -but it was a key house. | 0:22:18 | 0:22:22 | |
-He was able to define some -of the features of the longhouse... | 0:22:22 | 0:22:26 | |
-..from Nannerth Ganol. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:28 | |
-He showed that a longhouse... | 0:22:28 | 0:22:30 | |
-..had the dwelling -and the cow-house in one range. | 0:22:31 | 0:22:34 | |
-That showed -the intimate relationship... | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
-..between people and cattle. | 0:22:38 | 0:22:40 | |
-People depended on their cattle -and really looked after them. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:44 | |
-Mainly through Peate's work, -the longhouse could be defined... | 0:22:47 | 0:22:52 | |
-..using a set of architectural -and social rules. | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
-. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:05 | |
-888 | 0:23:07 | 0:23:07 | |
-888 - -888 | 0:23:07 | 0:23:09 | |
-The Royal Commission on the Ancient -and Historical Monuments of Wales. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:22 | |
-What are the essential features -of a longhouse? | 0:23:22 | 0:23:26 | |
-What are the rules for a longhouse? | 0:23:27 | 0:23:29 | |
-It must be long and it must be low. | 0:23:30 | 0:23:32 | |
-It must have a cross-passage... | 0:23:32 | 0:23:34 | |
-..just like the example I have here. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:37 | |
-There must be a door at both ends... | 0:23:37 | 0:23:40 | |
-..so that people and livestock -can go in and out. | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
-That would then be the only entrance -to the house. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:47 | |
-The byre must be at the lower end -to make it easier to muck out. | 0:23:47 | 0:23:51 | |
-The back of the central chimney must -form one side of the cross-passage. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:57 | |
-Those are the simple rules. | 0:23:57 | 0:23:59 | |
-Only middle-class dwellings -have survived... | 0:23:59 | 0:24:02 | |
-..but these rules may well have also -been followed in peasant houses. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:07 | |
-Those peasant houses -have disappeared, unfortunately. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:12 | |
-One house that displays -all those features is Gilfach. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:16 | |
-Gilfach is a classic longhouse... | 0:24:21 | 0:24:24 | |
-..from the same period and area -as Nannerth Ganol. | 0:24:24 | 0:24:29 | |
-It was originally a mid-16th century -upland hall house. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:33 | |
-It was modernized and converted -into a storeyed house... | 0:24:33 | 0:24:38 | |
-..with a central fireplace -and a cross-passage in around 1600. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:42 | |
-It makes a very strong statement. -This is a really big house. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:48 | |
-It's certainly a big building. | 0:24:49 | 0:24:51 | |
-It was financed by the proceeds -of rearing and selling livestock. | 0:24:52 | 0:24:58 | |
-The stone roof -is certainly a status symbol. | 0:24:59 | 0:25:02 | |
-The stones get gradually larger -as you go from top to bottom. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:08 | |
-There was a practical reason, -as it helps water flow... | 0:25:08 | 0:25:12 | |
-..but it alters your perspective -and makes the roof seem much bigger. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:18 | |
-The Welsh uplands -were wealthy areas. | 0:25:19 | 0:25:22 | |
-It wasn't evident -because the land seemed untreated. | 0:25:22 | 0:25:27 | |
-Rearing animals commercially -was a lucrative business... | 0:25:27 | 0:25:31 | |
-..during the 16th -and 17th centuries. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:35 | |
-Those proceeds were then reinvested -in properties in the areas. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:40 | |
-Maybe we should look at the byre... | 0:25:40 | 0:25:43 | |
-..the home of the cattle -that generated this farmer's wealth. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:48 | |
-According to the usual pattern -of the longhouse... | 0:26:11 | 0:26:15 | |
-..I'd expect this -to be a cross-passage... | 0:26:15 | 0:26:18 | |
-..because there's a door -at either end of it. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:21 | |
-Yes, but that door -is a later addition. | 0:26:22 | 0:26:24 | |
-The original entrance -was behind us, over here. | 0:26:25 | 0:26:28 | |
-The main entrance to the house -was behind that piece of furniture. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:35 | |
-You would turn at the entrance -and come in, past the chimney. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:40 | |
-That was a very convenient layout, -of course. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:44 | |
-When the farmer tended to his cattle -in the winter... | 0:26:44 | 0:26:48 | |
-..it was easy to leave the house -and come to feed them. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:52 | |
-How were upland people perceived? | 0:26:53 | 0:26:56 | |
-People who made a living -from rearing livestock... | 0:26:57 | 0:27:00 | |
-..were seen as people -who were animals themselves. | 0:27:01 | 0:27:04 | |
-There are cartoons of Welsh people -who look like goats... | 0:27:07 | 0:27:11 | |
-..simply because the Welsh -were involved with pastoral farming. | 0:27:12 | 0:27:17 | |
-People who grew crops -were perceived rather differently. | 0:27:18 | 0:27:22 | |
-They cultured the land... | 0:27:22 | 0:27:24 | |
-..and were thought of -as rather more cultured people. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:29 | |
-Ultimately, I think it's fair to say -that money talks. | 0:27:29 | 0:27:33 | |
-This is a prime example of that. | 0:27:33 | 0:27:35 | |
-This wealth enabled the owners -to modify the house... | 0:27:40 | 0:27:45 | |
-..and transform family life -in several ways. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:48 | |
-They had clearly amassed -enough capital to modify the house. | 0:27:59 | 0:28:03 | |
-This house gave members -of the family the opportunity... | 0:28:04 | 0:28:08 | |
-..to follow hobbies -independently from each other. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:12 | |
-This is the type of house... | 0:28:12 | 0:28:14 | |
-..that offered people the chance -to become literate. | 0:28:14 | 0:28:18 | |
-It has enough space to allow people -to sit down and learn to read. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:23 | |
-These people maximized the potential -of their resources. | 0:28:24 | 0:28:28 | |
-They generated a good income -from the land. | 0:28:28 | 0:28:31 | |
-That money is on show in the joists -and in the fireplace. | 0:28:33 | 0:28:37 | |
-These are the desired mod cons -in the 16th century. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:43 | |
-There were several longhouses -in this area. | 0:28:59 | 0:29:03 | |
-They didn't all follow -the classic longhouse design. | 0:29:03 | 0:29:08 | |
-Cilewent originally stood... | 0:29:13 | 0:29:16 | |
-..on the slopes -of the Claerwen Valley in mid Wales. | 0:29:16 | 0:29:19 | |
-It now stands at St Fagans -National History Museum. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:23 | |
-Once again, what we have here -is a longhouse... | 0:29:55 | 0:29:59 | |
-..that wasn't originally built -as a longhouse. | 0:29:59 | 0:30:02 | |
-It breaks several longhouse rules. | 0:30:02 | 0:30:05 | |
-It was rebuilt in an L-shape... | 0:30:05 | 0:30:07 | |
-..and the fireplace backs against -the upper gable of the house. | 0:30:08 | 0:30:13 | |
-It should form part of the internal -wall that divides house from byre. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:20 | |
-Another difference is that this -isn't a full cross-passage... | 0:30:20 | 0:30:25 | |
-..with doors at either end. | 0:30:25 | 0:30:27 | |
-The partition -between people and animals... | 0:30:27 | 0:30:30 | |
-..is made of timber -rather than stone. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:33 | |
-In a typical longhouse, -this wall was formed... | 0:30:35 | 0:30:38 | |
-..from the back -of the main fireplace. | 0:30:39 | 0:30:41 | |
-That said, Cilewent is a longhouse -for the simple reason... | 0:30:43 | 0:30:47 | |
-..that livestock and humans -lived under the same roof. | 0:30:47 | 0:30:51 | |
-Essentially, that's the main feature -of the longhouse. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:56 | |
-This is a very plain design. | 0:30:56 | 0:30:58 | |
-Yes, it's plain -but it's also striking. | 0:30:59 | 0:31:02 | |
-It has a central door -and that's where we're heading now. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:08 | |
-The people who lived here -would have done the same thing. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:13 | |
-They turned right -into the living area... | 0:31:13 | 0:31:16 | |
-..and turned left -to tend to the animals. | 0:31:16 | 0:31:19 | |
-It's a smooth construction, -considering when it was built. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:24 | |
-What you see here -is the building as it looked... | 0:31:24 | 0:31:29 | |
-..after it was modified in 1734. | 0:31:29 | 0:31:32 | |
-Essentially, -this is a medieval skeleton... | 0:31:35 | 0:31:38 | |
-..that dates back to around 1470. | 0:31:38 | 0:31:40 | |
-Stone walls were then built -around that timber frame. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:46 | |
-I don't quite understand the way -this house has been partitioned. | 0:31:48 | 0:31:52 | |
-Let's step inside and I'll take you -through the different elements. | 0:31:53 | 0:31:58 | |
-After you, Gerallt. | 0:32:01 | 0:32:02 | |
-After you, Gerallt. - -Thank you. Mind your head. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:04 | |
-This is a hayloft. | 0:32:04 | 0:32:07 | |
-They stored hay there for the winter -and it acted as an insulator. | 0:32:08 | 0:32:12 | |
-The animals -would be warmer in the winter... | 0:32:12 | 0:32:16 | |
-..and heat from the animals' bodies -went through to the living area. | 0:32:16 | 0:32:21 | |
-This byre is as big as, if not -bigger than, the house itself. | 0:32:21 | 0:32:25 | |
-Yes, and that's interesting. | 0:32:26 | 0:32:28 | |
-This is where the farmer -kept his cattle. | 0:32:28 | 0:32:31 | |
-His cattle were his bank account. | 0:32:32 | 0:32:34 | |
-He took good care of his stock, -keeping them indoors in the winter. | 0:32:34 | 0:32:39 | |
-The cattle got more respect -than the family! | 0:32:39 | 0:32:42 | |
-They were certainly important. | 0:32:42 | 0:32:45 | |
-Let's enter the house. | 0:32:45 | 0:32:47 | |
-Were the owners of this house -relatively wealthy? | 0:33:08 | 0:33:11 | |
-Yes, they were. | 0:33:12 | 0:33:14 | |
-They kept cattle -and produced butter and cheese. | 0:33:15 | 0:33:19 | |
-That's why they added a dairy. | 0:33:19 | 0:33:21 | |
-Dairy products generated -an additional income for them. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:26 | |
-They knew how add to the money, -not in the bank... | 0:33:27 | 0:33:31 | |
-..but in their name. | 0:33:32 | 0:33:33 | |
-They also saved money -by producing dairy products. | 0:33:33 | 0:33:37 | |
-They became richer as time went on. | 0:33:37 | 0:33:40 | |
-Where does Cilewent lie... | 0:33:40 | 0:33:42 | |
-..in the history of the development -of the longhouse? | 0:33:42 | 0:33:46 | |
-As we've already seen... | 0:33:47 | 0:33:48 | |
-..Cilewent isn't what you'd call -a stereotypical longhouse. | 0:33:49 | 0:33:53 | |
-However, one interesting thing -about it... | 0:33:53 | 0:33:57 | |
-..is that it has been a longhouse -since it was built, in 1470. | 0:33:58 | 0:34:02 | |
-It remained a longhouse -until it was offered to the museum. | 0:34:02 | 0:34:06 | |
-It has a 450-year history... | 0:34:07 | 0:34:08 | |
-..during which cattle and humans -lived in harmony under one roof. | 0:34:10 | 0:34:14 | |
-The fact that Cilewent was moved -to St Fagans... | 0:34:26 | 0:34:31 | |
-..is proof of the importance -of preserving these kinds of houses. | 0:34:31 | 0:34:36 | |
-They're important parts -of our history. | 0:34:36 | 0:34:39 | |
-There's also something sad... | 0:34:39 | 0:34:42 | |
-..about removing a house -from its natural location. | 0:34:42 | 0:34:46 | |
-This house had strong bonds -with its surroundings. | 0:34:46 | 0:34:49 | |
-The longhouse -is more than stone and limewash. | 0:34:59 | 0:35:03 | |
-It's a symbol of a way of life. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:05 | |
-A way of life -that has long disappeared. | 0:35:06 | 0:35:09 | |
-. | 0:35:30 | 0:35:30 | |
-888 | 0:35:32 | 0:35:32 | |
-888 - -888 | 0:35:32 | 0:35:34 | |
-The Welsh longhouse had a narrower -geographical distribution... | 0:35:47 | 0:35:52 | |
-..than was originally believed -by Iorwerth Peate. | 0:35:52 | 0:35:56 | |
-Peter Smith's detailed maps from -Houses Of The Welsh Countryside... | 0:35:56 | 0:36:01 | |
-..show that longhouses abounded -in central and southern Wales. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:06 | |
-There were very few longhouses -in mountainous North Wales. | 0:36:07 | 0:36:11 | |
-Houses in Snowdonia were detached -from their farm buildings. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:17 | |
-Four longhouses of quality -have been found in the Elan Valley. | 0:36:32 | 0:36:36 | |
-This highlights the area's wealth -and stature at one time. | 0:36:36 | 0:36:40 | |
-None of those four -are now farmhouses. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:43 | |
-Cilewent has been moved -to St Fagans. | 0:36:43 | 0:36:46 | |
-Nannerth Ganol is now a modern home. | 0:36:46 | 0:36:49 | |
-To all intents and purposes, -Gilfach is a museum... | 0:36:50 | 0:36:53 | |
-..and Llannerch-y-Cawr -is a holiday home. | 0:36:54 | 0:36:57 | |
-Luckily, it was built above the -waterline of Dol-y-Mynach reservoir. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:02 | |
-It is undeniably -a classic Welsh longhouse. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:08 | |
-Not every house -is so easy to analyse. | 0:37:09 | 0:37:11 | |
-Peter Smith's book -undermines Iorwerth Peate's theory. | 0:37:18 | 0:37:22 | |
-Smith shows that the longhouse -was a regional dwelling... | 0:37:22 | 0:37:26 | |
-..rather than a house -that was common throughout Wales. | 0:37:26 | 0:37:30 | |
-If we question whether the longhouse -really is the Welsh house... | 0:37:30 | 0:37:34 | |
-..should we question Dr Peate's -rules defining the longhouse? | 0:37:35 | 0:37:40 | |
-In his book The Welsh House... | 0:37:53 | 0:37:55 | |
-..Iorwerth Peate categorized -Gwastad Gwrda as a longhouse. | 0:37:56 | 0:38:00 | |
-Maybe his zeal -to list these kinds of houses... | 0:38:00 | 0:38:03 | |
-..led him to misinterpret -Gwastad Gwrda, to a certain extent. | 0:38:04 | 0:38:08 | |
-Gwastad Gwrda looked very different -some 80 years ago. | 0:38:08 | 0:38:14 | |
-It would have been much harder -to analyse it. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:18 | |
-Following further research, -the plan is clearer today. | 0:38:19 | 0:38:23 | |
-In this house, the animals -weren't kept in the main building. | 0:38:23 | 0:38:28 | |
-They were kept here, in a building -detached from the human dwelling. | 0:38:28 | 0:38:33 | |
-That breaks the most important -longhouse rule. | 0:38:33 | 0:38:37 | |
-Neither is it a hall house... | 0:38:37 | 0:38:39 | |
-..nor a hall house -converted into a storeyed house. | 0:38:39 | 0:38:43 | |
-Let this be a lesson to us -not to rush to categorize buildings. | 0:38:43 | 0:38:47 | |
-In his quest to establish -the longhouse as the Welsh house... | 0:39:07 | 0:39:12 | |
-..Iorwerth Peate categorized -hundreds of houses across Wales... | 0:39:12 | 0:39:17 | |
-..as longhouses. | 0:39:18 | 0:39:19 | |
-Is this a longhouse? | 0:39:30 | 0:39:32 | |
-No, it isn't. | 0:39:32 | 0:39:34 | |
-I'm not sure precisely what it is... | 0:39:35 | 0:39:37 | |
-..but I'm sure -that it isn't a longhouse. | 0:39:38 | 0:39:41 | |
-When Peate saw it in the 1930s, -nobody had defined the longhouse. | 0:39:41 | 0:39:46 | |
-Longhouse studies -were in their infancy. | 0:39:47 | 0:39:50 | |
-Did Iorwerth Peate have any -architectural qualifications? | 0:39:50 | 0:39:55 | |
-No, and he didn't hold architects -in very high esteem! | 0:39:55 | 0:39:59 | |
-He never hid that fact. | 0:39:59 | 0:40:00 | |
-Peate was a fervent nationalist -and a passionate patriot. | 0:40:01 | 0:40:06 | |
-For him, the craftsman -and those who worked on the land... | 0:40:08 | 0:40:12 | |
-..were the heartbeat -of the Welsh nation. | 0:40:12 | 0:40:15 | |
-Anything that characterized this, -such as the longhouse... | 0:40:16 | 0:40:20 | |
-..was considered by Peate -to be a stamp of Welshness. | 0:40:20 | 0:40:23 | |
-He considered such things -to be almost sacred. | 0:40:24 | 0:40:27 | |
-In 1975, The Royal Commission -published its book... | 0:40:30 | 0:40:34 | |
-..Houses Of The Welsh Countryside. | 0:40:34 | 0:40:37 | |
-In it, Peter Smith undermines -Iorwerth Peate's main theories. | 0:40:38 | 0:40:43 | |
-An academic argument that lasted -for decades developed between them. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:49 | |
-On one side was the nationalist, -Iorwerth Peate... | 0:40:49 | 0:40:53 | |
-..and on the other, Peter Smith, -the more objective outsider. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:58 | |
-Peter Smith used the resources -of the Royal Commission... | 0:41:01 | 0:41:05 | |
-..to map the distribution -of hundreds if not thousands... | 0:41:06 | 0:41:10 | |
-..of houses across Wales -over the centuries. | 0:41:10 | 0:41:13 | |
-From that, -regional patterns emerged. | 0:41:13 | 0:41:16 | |
-He realized that there was -an important relationship... | 0:41:16 | 0:41:20 | |
-..between the fireplace -and the door. | 0:41:21 | 0:41:23 | |
-This, in essence, -is what defines a longhouse. | 0:41:24 | 0:41:27 | |
-Peate simply couldn't accept that. | 0:41:29 | 0:41:32 | |
-It was Cardiganshire's answer -to the Rumble in the Jungle... | 0:41:32 | 0:41:37 | |
-..but the loser -refused to stay on the canvas. | 0:41:37 | 0:41:40 | |
-Peate couldn't accept the knockout. | 0:41:41 | 0:41:44 | |
-Is the longhouse the Welsh house? | 0:41:48 | 0:41:51 | |
-No - it's certainly a Welsh house. | 0:41:51 | 0:41:54 | |
-But it's no more the Welsh house -than a cottage is. | 0:41:54 | 0:41:57 | |
-There is nothing -characteristically Welsh about it. | 0:41:57 | 0:42:01 | |
-You can find examples of longhouses -in England, Scotland and Ireland... | 0:42:01 | 0:42:06 | |
-..not to mention on the Continent. | 0:42:06 | 0:42:09 | |
-I don't think that detracts -from the longhouse. | 0:42:09 | 0:42:13 | |
-It's one of the traditional houses -in which we should take great pride. | 0:42:13 | 0:42:18 | |
-Peter Smith undermined some -of Iorwerth Peate's main beliefs. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:25 | |
-Smith noted that byres -were often added... | 0:42:25 | 0:42:28 | |
-..to the original structures -of houses. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:31 | |
-He noted that some hall houses -had been modified into longhouses. | 0:42:31 | 0:42:36 | |
-He also disproved the theory -that they were common across Wales. | 0:42:36 | 0:42:41 | |
-Peter Smith's definition -of the longhouse is now accepted... | 0:42:50 | 0:42:54 | |
-..over Peate's theories. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
-But Iorwerth Peate and his book -made a huge contribution... | 0:42:57 | 0:43:01 | |
-..to the process of recording -and interpreting Welsh houses. | 0:43:02 | 0:43:06 | |
-Houses Of The Welsh Countryside -was published in 1975. | 0:43:11 | 0:43:15 | |
-Several developments since then -have shed new light on longhouses. | 0:43:16 | 0:43:21 | |
-New dwellings -in the form of longhouses... | 0:43:21 | 0:43:24 | |
-..were built in some parts of Wales -up to the 19th century. | 0:43:24 | 0:43:28 | |
-On the whole, farmhouses were built -separately from farm buildings... | 0:43:28 | 0:43:34 | |
-..after the late Georgian period. | 0:43:34 | 0:43:37 | |
-The age of the longhouse is over. | 0:43:37 | 0:43:39 | |
-Coedweddus, near Llangadog, -takes us back to the past. | 0:43:58 | 0:44:02 | |
-It's an excellent example of an -upland Carmarthenshire farmhouse... | 0:44:02 | 0:44:07 | |
-..that started life as a longhouse. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:10 | |
-It's still a longhouse. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:13 | |
-This house has been empty -since the end of World War II. | 0:44:29 | 0:44:33 | |
-It offers a rare insight -into the way people used to live. | 0:44:33 | 0:44:38 | |
-Actually, very little has changed -in this house since it was built... | 0:44:38 | 0:44:43 | |
-..apart from the ceiling -and the oven in the fireplace. | 0:44:43 | 0:44:47 | |
-We can see how the last owners lived -from the hooks where hams hung. | 0:44:47 | 0:44:52 | |
-Apparently, two brothers lived here -and farmed the land. | 0:44:52 | 0:44:57 | |
-One of them had a horse and a bull. | 0:44:57 | 0:44:59 | |
-A few decorative touches -were added here and there... | 0:44:59 | 0:45:03 | |
-..to try to make the place -more comfortable. | 0:45:04 | 0:45:07 | |
-It's wonderful. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:08 | |
-The thatch, which is now covered -by corrugated iron, has survived... | 0:45:23 | 0:45:28 | |
-..as have some colour-washed walls, -the cobbled floor... | 0:45:28 | 0:45:33 | |
-..and even the box bed -on the upper floor. | 0:45:33 | 0:45:36 | |
-Sometime after the house was built, -this partition was added... | 0:45:40 | 0:45:45 | |
-..the walls were plastered... | 0:45:45 | 0:45:47 | |
-..and the room was converted -from a byre into a parlour. | 0:45:48 | 0:45:52 | |
-The Georgian window with the thin, -delicate glazing bars was added. | 0:45:54 | 0:46:00 | |
-The fireplace -was also added at that time. | 0:46:01 | 0:46:04 | |
-This must have been a cosy room. | 0:46:04 | 0:46:07 | |
-That's the dilemma, isn't it? | 0:46:07 | 0:46:09 | |
-What should you do -with a building like this? | 0:46:09 | 0:46:12 | |
-It's deteriorating, but if you -converted it into a modern home... | 0:46:13 | 0:46:17 | |
-..you'd lose the history -that's in every scrap of wallpaper. | 0:46:18 | 0:46:22 | |
-That would be a great shame, -in my opinion. | 0:46:23 | 0:46:26 | |
-Sadly, after centuries -as part of the landscape... | 0:46:55 | 0:46:59 | |
-..a mere handful of our longhouses -survive in their original condition. | 0:46:59 | 0:47:05 | |
-However, they are an integral part -of our architectural heritage. | 0:47:05 | 0:47:10 | |
-They may even be a part -of our patriotism. | 0:47:10 | 0:47:14 | |
-S4C subtitles by Eirlys A Jones | 0:47:50 | 0:47:53 | |
-. | 0:47:53 | 0:47:54 |