From Pole to Pole Planet Earth

100 years ago, there were 1.5 billion people on Earth.

Now, over six billion crowd our fragile planet.

But even so, there are still places barely touched by humanity.

This series will take you to the last wildernesses,

and show you the planet and its wildlife as you have never seen them before.

WIND HOWLS

Imagine our world without sun.

Male emperor penguins are facing the nearest that exists on planet Earth -

winter in Antarctica.

It is continuously dark and temperatures drop

to minus 70 degrees centigrade.

The penguins stay when all other creatures have fled

because each guards a treasure - a single egg resting on the top of its feet,

and kept warm beneath the downy bulge of its stomach.

There is no food and no water for them,

and they will not see the sun again for four months.

Surely no greater ordeal is faced by any animal.

As the sun departs from the Antarctic,

it lightens the skies in the far north.

It's March and light returns to the high Arctic,

sweeping away four months of darkness.

A polar bear stirs.

She has been in her den the whole winter.

Her emergence marks the beginning of spring.

After months of confinement underground, she toboggans down the slope,

perhaps to clean her fur, perhaps for sheer joy.

Her cubs gaze out at their bright new world for the very first time.

The female calls them, but this steep slope is not the easiest place

to take your first steps.

But they are hungry and eager to reach their mother,

who has delayed feeding them on this special day.

Now she lures them with the promise of milk -

the only food the cubs have known

since they were born, deaf and blind beneath the snow, some two months ago.

Their mother has not eaten for five months

and has lost half her body weight.

Now she converts the last of her fat reserves into milk for her cubs.

The spring sun brings warmth, but also a problem for the mother.

It starts to melt the sea ice.

That is where she hunts for the seals she needs to feed her cubs,

and she must get there before the ice breaks up.

For now though, it's still minus 30 degrees

and the cubs must have the shelter of the den.

It's six days since the bears emerged

and spring is advancing rapidly.

But even now, blizzards can strike without warning.

Being so small, the cubs are easily chilled and they would be

more comfortable resting in the den,

but their mother must keep them out and active.

She's becoming weak from hunger

and there is no food on these nursery slopes.

The sea ice still holds firm, but it won't last much longer.

Day ten, and the mother has led her cubs a mile from the den.

It's time to put them to the test.

They have grown enormously in confidence,

but they don't have their mother's sense of urgency.

At last, it seems they are ready for their journey,

and only just in time, for a few miles from the coast,

the ice is already splitting.

Now the mother can start hunting for the seals they must have,

but she is leading her cubs into a dangerous new world.

Nearly half of all cubs die in their first year out on the ice.

Summer brings 24 hours of sunlight and a thawing, shifting landscape.

Further south,

the winter snows have almost cleared from the Arctic tundra.

Northern Canada's wild frontier.

Here, nature stages one of her greatest dramas.

Every year, three million caribou migrate across the Arctic tundra.

The immensity of the herd

can only be properly appreciated from the air.

Some herds travel over 2,000 miles a year in search of fresh pastures.

This is the longest overland migration made by any animal.

They're constantly on the move.

Newborn calves have to be up and running the day they're born.

But the vast herds do not travel alone.

Wolves.

Packs of them, eight to ten strong, shadow the migration.

And they're hungry.

It's the newly born calves that they are after.

Running directly at the herd is a ploy to generate panic.

The herd breaks up, and now it's easier to target an individual.

In the chaos, a calf is separated from its mother.

The calf is young,

but it can outrun the wolf, if only it manages to keep its footing.

At this stage, the odds are even.

Either the caribou will make a mistake

or, after a mile, the wolf will give up.

Midsummer on the tundra, and the sun does not set.

At these latitudes, the sun's rays are glancing

and not enough of their energy reaches the ground

to enable trees to grow.

You need to travel 500 miles south from here before that is possible.

These stunted shrubs mark the tree-line,

the beginning of the boreal forest -

the taiga.

The needle-shaped leaves of the conifers are virtually inedible,

so this forest supports very little animal life.

It's a silent place, where the snow is unmarked by footprints.

In the Arctic winter, snow forms a continuous blanket across the land.

But, as spring creeps up from the south, the taiga is unveiled.

This vast forest, circling the globe,

contains a third of all the trees on Earth

and produces so much oxygen it changes the composition of the atmosphere.

As we travel south, so the sun's influence grows stronger,

and at 50 degrees of latitude, a radical transformation begins.

BIRDS SING

The summers here are long enough

for broad-leaved trees to replace conifers.

Broad leaves are much easier to eat and digest,

so now animals can collect their share of the energy

that has come from the sun.

It's summer and these forests are bustling with life.

But the good times will not last.

Broad leaves must be shed in winter for they are damaged by frost.

As they disappear,

so the land becomes barren, with little for animals to eat.

SHRILL HOWLS

The inhabitants must migrate, hibernate

or face months of near-starvation.

CAWING

The Amur leopard - the rarest cat in the world.

Here in the deciduous forests of eastern Russia

the winter makes hunting very difficult.

Prey animals are scarce and there's no concealing vegetation.

The cub is a year old and still dependent on its mother.

Deer are frequent casualties of the harsh winter

and these leopards are not above scavenging from a corpse.

African leopards could never survive here.

But the Russian cats have thick fur to shield them from the cold.

There are only 40 Amur leopards left in the wild

and that number is falling.

Like so many creatures, the cats have been pushed to the very edge of extinction by hunting

and the destruction of their habitat.

The Amur leopard symbolises the fragility of our natural heritage.

The future of an entire species

hangs on the survival of a tiny number of mothers like this one.

All animals, rare or common, ultimately depend for their energy

on the sun.

In Japan, the arrival of the cherry blossom

announces the beginning of spring.

The sun's energy brings colour to the landscape.

The earth, as it makes its annual journey around the sun,

spins on a tilted axis, and it's this tilt that creates the seasons.

The advance of the seasons brings constant change.

As the sun's influence diminishes in the north, so the deciduous forests

of America begin to shut down, losing their leaves in preparation

for the dark, cold months ahead.

One season hands over to another.

Some organisms thrive on decay,

but most must make special preparations for winter

and a life with little sun.

Whole populations of animals are now forced to travel great distances

in pursuit of food and warmth.

300,000 Baikal teal gather to escape from the Siberian winter

by migrating south to Korea.

The world's entire population in a single flock.

But there are parts of the world that have no seasons.

In the tropics, the sun's rays strike the earth head on

and their strength is more or less constant all year round.

That is why the jungle grows so vigorously

and supports so much life.

This forest covers only 3% of the planet's surface,

but it contains more than 50% of all its plants and animals.

The canopy is particularly rich.

There are monkeys, birds

and millions of species of insects - exactly how many we have no idea.

The character of the forest changes as you descend, becoming ever darker

and damper, favouring different kinds of animals and plants.

Less than 2% of the sunlight reaches the floor.

But even here there is extraordinary variety.

In the great island of New Guinea

there are 42 different species of birds of paradise,

each more bizarre than the last.

SHRILL SQUAWKS

This forest is so rich

that nourishing food can be gathered very quickly.

That leaves the male six-plumed bird of paradise with time

to concentrate on other matters, like tidying up his display area.

Everything must be spick and span.

All is ready.

Very impressive.

But no-one is watching.

The superb bird of paradise calls to attract a female.

And he has more luck.

But what does he have to do to really impress her?

CLICKING

She retires to consider her verdict.

It's hard not to feel deflated when even your best isn't good enough.

The sun influences life in the oceans just as it does on land.

Its richest parts are those where waves and currents bring fertilising nutrients

to surface waters that are bathed in sunlight.

The seas off the Cape in South Africa have this magic recipe

and are hugely productive.

Summer is a time of plenty and it is now that the seals start to breed.

The strike of a great white shark lasts a mere second.

Slowing it down 40 times

reveals the technique and immense strength of this massive predator.

If surprise fails, there will be a chase.

The shark is faster on a straight course,

but it can't turn as sharply as the seal.

It's agility versus power.

Once the seals have finished breeding,

the giant sharks will move on.

It's now becoming clear

that Great Whites migrate thousands of miles across the oceans

to harvest seasonal abundances in different seas.

The sun, beating down on tropical waters,

powers the weather systems of the globe.

Moisture evaporates from the warming ocean

and rises to create great storms.

The winds generated out at sea sweep inland across the continents.

As they travel across the Sahara,

they create the biggest of all sand storms,

blowing sand halfway round the world to fertilise the Amazon jungle.

Winds blowing across the Indian Ocean collect moisture

and sweep northwards towards the Himalayas.

As the air rises, so it cools.

The water it carries condenses into clouds

and then falls as the life-giving rains of the monsoon.

So air currents, powered by the sun,

carry wet air to the middle of continents.

Without water, there can be no life.

But its distribution over the land is far from even.

Deserts cover one-third of the land's surface

and they are growing bigger every year.

This is the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa.

It's the dry season,

and thousands of elephants have started to travel

in a desperate search for water.

All across southern Africa, animals are journeying for the same reason.

Buffalo join the great trek.

Nowhere else on earth are so many animals on the move

with the same urgent purpose.

They're all heading for the swamps of the Okavango -

a vast inland delta.

At the moment, it is dry.

But water is coming.

The travellers are hampered by dangerous dust storms.

Females and calves can easily get separated from the main herd.

For this pair, sanctuary lies in a patch of woodland a few miles ahead.

They can't rest until they reach it.

The main herd has already got there safely.

Finally, the stragglers emerge from the dust.

The exhausted calf is still blinded by sand.

Its mother does everything possible to help it.

The storm is now subsiding.

But not all the elephants have been so lucky.

One youngster has got lost.

Thirsty and exhausted, it follows the tracks of its mother,

but, sadly, in the wrong direction.

At the peak of the dry season in the Kalahari,

water arrives in the Okavango.

It fell as rain 1,000 miles away in the highlands of Angola

and has taken nearly five months to reach here.

The water drives out insects from the parched ground,

which are snapped up by plovers.

Catfish, travelling with the flood,

collect any drowning creatures the birds have missed.

It's a seasonal feast for animals of all kinds.

Birds are the first to arrive in any numbers.

Wattled cranes.

Then black storks.

Behind the birds come buffalo.

After weeks of marching, their trek is coming to an end.

As the water sweeps into the Okavango,

a vast area of the Kalahari is transformed into a fertile paradise.

Nowhere on our planet is the life-bringing power of water

so clearly demonstrated.

The Okavango becomes criss-crossed with trails

as animals move into its heart.

The new arrivals open up paths like arteries along which water flows,

extending the reach of the flood.

This is an Africa rarely seen -

a lush water-world.

Some creatures are completely at home here.

These are lechwe - antelope with hooves that splay widely,

enabling them to move at speed through the water.

For others, the change is far less welcome.

Baboons are somewhat apprehensive bathers.

The water brings a season of plenty for all animals.

Hunting dogs.

These are now among the rarest of Africa's mammals,

but they are nonetheless the continent's most efficient predators.

Their secret is teamwork.

Impala are their favourite prey.

They start to hunt and the pack splits up.

An aerial view-point gives a new insight into their strategy.

As the dogs approach their prey, they peel off

to take up separate positions around their target.

They seem to form a cordon around the impala.

Moving in total silence, they take up their positions.

Those ears can detect the slightest rustle.

The hunt is on.

Three dogs close in on one impala.

Missed!

The lead dog drives the impala towards the hidden flankers.

Anticipating their line, the leader cuts the corner

and joins a flanker for the final assault.

It's all or nothing. One on one.

The dog has stamina, the impala has speed.

Leaping into the lake is an act of desperation. Impala can barely swim.

The dogs know their prey must come out or drown.

Now it's a waiting game.

The rest of the pack are calling.

They've made a kill in the forest

and this is an invitation to join in the meal.

The impala is in luck.

A pack this size kills once a day and everything is shared.

And this impala is reprieved.

The elephants are nearing the end of their long journey.

After weeks of marching, they're desperately tired.

The matriarch can smell water

and encourages the herd to make one last effort.

The youngsters are exhausted,

but their mothers have made this journey before

and they know they are close to the water.

After many hundreds of miles, they've arrived.

The lives of these elephants are dominated

by the annual rhythm of wet and dry,

a seasonal cycle created by the sun.

At the southern end of the Earth, after four months of total darkness,

the sun, once more, rises over Antarctica.

Now, at last, the emperor penguins abandon their huddle.

The males are still carrying the precious eggs that they've cherished

throughout the Antarctic winter.

With the returning sun, the eggs hatch.

Other birds have not even arrived.

But the emperors, by enduring the long black winter,

have given their chicks a head start.

These youngsters are now ready and eager

to make the most of the brief Antarctic summer.

An aerial view gives a unique perspective on a vast landscape

such as the Okavango delta.

To achieve extraordinary top shots,

planet Earth pioneered the latest in hi-tech filming.

Meet the chopper squad.

Producer, Mark Linfield, teamed up with helicopter pilot Peter Perlstein

and Hollywood aerial cameraman Michael Kelem.

This helicopter is fitted with a new high-definition camera system -

the heli-gimble. Originally invented for the military,

it's only been used so far in Hollywood movies and glossy adverts.

Filming for Planet Earth will be the first time

that a hi-tech system like this has been taken into the wild.

The chopper squad fly the heli-gimble into the swampy heart of the delta,

an area inaccessible to ground film crews.

With a 360-degree view and an extremely powerful lens,

the camera can zoom in from a kilometre away.

The animal remains totally undisturbed,

oblivious to the film crew hovering high above.

The gyro-stabilised camera produces rock solid images,

both in wide shots and in close-up.

For the first time, wildlife can be put in context

of the epic landscape in which it lives.

This aerial system is key to the team's most challenging mission,

filming African wild dogs hunting.

Impossible to follow and film from the ground alone.

A highly experienced ground crew joins forces with the chopper squad.

Mike Holding has been filming hunting dogs for over 10 years,

but even he has never successfully filmed

a complete hunt from the ground.

In such rough terrain, even keeping up with the dogs is a struggle,

and filming anything more than glimpses is impossible.

Today, the challenge is to track the dogs

so that Mike can guide in the helicopter.

We just saw an impala fly past us, which means the dogs are hunting in this area.

So all hell will break loose.

Whoah!

Time to call in the chopper squad. The dogs are now racing ahead.

You'd better get in here. They're moving towards the impala, 2,000 feet behind me.

They've stopped.

It's chaos for the ground crew,

making it impossible to film anything.

-There they are below, 9 o'clock.

-Well done.

-Straight beneath us.

OK, left, left, left, turn left.

From a great height, the camera locks onto the target, and Michael zooms in for a closer shot.

You can see the dogs on the monitor. They're a reasonable size, but are way off in the distance,

probably at least 1.5 kilometres away.

The ground crew finally catch up but face a new hitch.

-What's the right of way in a situation like this?

-HE LAUGHS

It looks like...I don't know, stalemate at the crossroads.

The dog's interest in the car is short-lived.

They've already given up hunting and are on their way back to their den.

Yay! Hup, hup, hup, hup!

It's home time for everyone.

He's a maniac!

The ground crew's day starts well before sunrise.

They must reach the den before the dogs wake up or they will lose them.

Yesterday, they caught us napping.

They went out earlier than we expected and we spent three hours trying to catch up with them.

So we'll try not to do that today.

Sure enough, the dogs are already up and about.

The ground crew must keep on their tails until it's light enough

for the chopper squad to take off.

The dogs seem oblivious to the filming vehicle

and to the helicopter flying high above them.

DIALOGUE INDISTINCT

The dogs are starting to hunt.

'Pull back slightly... Hang on, they might be on to something.'

Don't do anything, Michael.

-Nothing rash.

-'There's two stalking.'

-Just hold still.

'Hopefully, they'll dart out of these trees, so get ready.'

This could be Martin's only chance.

'I reckon it's 10 seconds they'll go.'

Going, going, going.

'And they're off.'

That's nice. Just keep that going. That's a nice shot.

This is a unique perspective on the dog hunt -

a revelation even to local experts.

He's fled out on the path after that impala.

Oh, no!

I can't believe it.

That was so close. Oh!

For the chopper crew, it's a short ride back to their landing pad in the bush.

The ground crew still have a two-hour journey.

Back at camp, there's a worrying turn of events.

There has been an accident, and a tent has caught fire.

The camp staff are on to it straight away.

Put sand on, put sand on. OK. All right.

If that had gone near the fuel and the chopper,

we would have had an explosion

that is just not even worth imagining.

And it's got the heli-gimble attached to it as well.

-SHE LAUGHS

-I don't want to think about it, I really don't want to think about it.

With chopper and heli-gimble still intact, the aerial team embark on

a gruelling 10-day stint.

They set off every morning and evening, but after 50 hours of flying,

they're making little headway with filming a hunt.

We've still got tomorrow. We've still got tomorrow morning.

We will get it tomorrow morning.

We will.

There we have it. Sunrise over the Okavango Delta.

7 o'clock dead.

It's looking promising. The dogs are already onto something.

'Hold that.

'That's nice, just keep that going.

'All moving as a group. That's a nice shot.

'Yeah, feels like a real pack hunt.

'Nice shot. If I could see them from the chopper...

'There they go. They're racing. They're racing.

'They're at 3 o'clock. There they go. Three or four dogs, they've all spread out.

'Tighten up, tighten up as much as you can.

'That's good. Stay with him, stay with him, he's almost got him.

'Stay with him, stay with him.

'He's heading towards the water.

'Now the guy's prompting away.

'Still a nice shot, though.

'Ah, he's given... Oh! He's in the water.

'The croc's going to get that impala.'

-Go for the impala.

-'The croc's going to get that impala.'

'The dogs are all surrounding this impala.

'You'll see these dogs grab him when he comes out.'

Let's get close to the impala, so when he comes out...

With lunch seemingly in the bag, the dogs frustrate the chopper crew with a mysterious exit.

-'These dogs...'

-I can't believe these dogs!

That was close. He was so close to that guy.

-The closest I have ever...

-'So determined.'

-I thought it was in the bank.

-'He was closing in on him so well.'

I know, he was.

The air crew think they've failed again,

but soon catch up with the dogs and call in the ground crew.

They're on a kill somewhere in front of us.

The helicopter's above us, filming.

We're trying to get through the thick stuff. Duck!

We're trying to get the thick stuff to get some ground shots.

At last, after two weeks of near misses, the whole sequence has come together

in the final hour, both from the ground and the air.

A complete wild dog hunt, as it's never been seen before.

That's amazing. That is absolutely amazing.

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd, 2006

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