Seasonal Forests Planet Earth


Seasonal Forests

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Trees. Surely among the most magnificent of all living things.

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Some are the largest organisms on Earth, dwarfing all others,

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and these are the tallest of them all.

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The deciduous and coniferous woodlands

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that grow in the seasonal parts of our planet

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are the most extensive forests on Earth.

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Their sheer extent stuns the imagination.

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The barren snows of the Arctic.

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A thousand miles from the North Pole and heading south.

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This is the very first place that trees can grow.

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To begin with, the conifers are sparse,

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but soon, they dominate the land.

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This is the taiga forest.

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There are as many trees here as in all the world's rainforests combined.

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The taiga circles the globe

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and contains a third of all the trees on Earth.

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It produces so much oxygen

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that it refreshes the atmosphere of the entire planet.

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At the taiga's northern extent,

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the growing season can last for just one month a year.

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It can take 50 years for a tree to get bigger than a seedling.

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It's a silent world, where little stirs.

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But there are occasional signs of life -

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stories written in the snow.

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The prints of an Arctic fox,

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and the hare it might have been stalking.

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A female polar bear and her two cubs.

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Some animals are so difficult to glimpse

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that they are like spirits.

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One could live a lifetime in these woods and never see a lynx.

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The cat must roam hundreds of miles in search of prey

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and may never visit the same patch of forest twice.

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It's the very essence of wilderness.

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With so few prey animals here,

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life for a hunter is particularly hard.

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Creatures are scarce because few can eat conifer needles.

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The moose is an exception.

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Growth is so difficult

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that conifers protect their precious leaves by filling them with resin.

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That reduces water loss but it also makes them very distasteful.

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At least the conifers' seeds are edible,

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but they're protected within armour-plated cones,

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and it takes a specialist to reach them.

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The crossbill's extraordinary beak can prise apart the scales,

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so that its tongue can extract the seeds.

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Birds are fortunate.

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When the seasonal crop is gathered, they can fly south.

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But one animal is so expert at survival in this frozen forest

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that it stays here and is active all year long.

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In local folklore, the wolverine is a link to the spirit world

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and a cross between a bear and a wolf.

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In reality, it's a huge weasel.

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Its bulk helps to conserve body heat, and also broadens its menu.

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It's so big and powerful it can even bring down an adult caribou.

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For its size, it's said that the animal can eat more in one sitting than any other...

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which is why it's also known as "the glutton".

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WOLVERINE GROWLS AND GRUNTS

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Being gluttonous here is a very effective strategy.

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It's wise to eat all you can, when you can.

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And when even a glutton can't eat more,

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it stores what's left for later in the surrounding deep freeze.

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Spring in the ice forest.

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The capercaillie can also digest conifer needles,

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but feeding is not its priority at the moment.

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Like gladiators, the males square up for a battle.

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CLICKING AND SNAPPING OF BEAKS

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Each may have just a single chance to impress a female.

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Neither can afford a lapse in concentration.

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The injured loser may not survive.

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The inhabitants of this great wilderness

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may live and die without ever having contact with humanity.

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Long may it be that way.

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The northern forests may be the largest on Earth,

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but to see coniferous trees that have reached their full potential,

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you must travel 1,000 miles south of here.

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The Pacific coast of North America.

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The land of hemlock, Douglas fir and giant redwood.

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Here, water is never locked up in ice.

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And even if rains fail, the needles can extract moisture

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from the fogs that roll in from the sea.

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The sun's energy powers these forests - not for one month, as it does in the taiga -

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but for half the year.

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These conifers grow at ten times the rate of those near the Arctic,

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and they live for thousands of years.

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One grove of redwoods in California

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contains three of the tallest trees on Earth.

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This one is over 100 metres high - the size of a 30-storey building.

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These forests were growing here long before humans walked the Earth.

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They were in their prime 20 million years ago,

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and existed before the Swiss Alps or the Rocky Mountains were even raised.

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There is more living matter in a forest of giant conifers

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than in any tropical rainforest,

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but it's all contained within the trees.

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These are as inedible as those in the taiga,

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so animals are still scarce, but they are present.

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A pine marten.

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It's spring, the best time of year for a marten to find food.

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Birds' eggs are a seasonal snack,

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and for a short time there's plenty of them.

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Sometimes, perhaps, too many!

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But to live here permanently,

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the marten needs a more reliable food source.

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Squirrels fit the bill.

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They thrive here on the pine cones, and although these are also seasonal,

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they can be stored and eaten throughout the year.

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The squirrels are busy mating.

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Good news for the hunter.

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A distracted squirrel is a vulnerable squirrel.

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But this time the amorous couple are safe.

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There is a loner stocking his larder who will be the easier target.

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SHRIEKING

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SQUAWKING

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Early summer, and great grey owl chicks are fledging.

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Adults can only raise young here

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in years when the seasonal vole crop is big enough to support them.

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The moment has arrived for their first flight.

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Leaping from the world's tallest trees is not for the faint-hearted.

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If you're going to fall here,

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it's quite a good idea to do it in stages!

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OWL SQUAWKS

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The ground is no place for an owl.

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If he's to climb to the top of his class, he'll need to persevere.

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So now, let's have another go.

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The American conifer forests may not be the richest in animal life,

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but their trees are extraordinary.

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This giant sequoia, a relative of the redwood,

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is the largest living thing on Earth.

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Known as General Sherman, it's the weight of ten blue whales.

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Higher up in the nearby mountains, bristlecone pines -

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the oldest organisms on the planet.

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Some have been here for 5,000 years.

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They were alive before the Pyramids were built,

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and were already 3,000 years old when Christ was born.

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Across the Equator, in the Southern Hemisphere,

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there are forests that mirror those of the North.

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Here in South America, Araucaria trees or "monkey puzzles"

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are like the conifers of the taiga.

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They have waterproof scales instead of needles,

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and their cones look a little different,

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but the principles are the same.

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Slender-billed parakeets, rather than crossbills, extract their seeds.

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Where the growing season is longer,

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there are alerce trees - the "redwoods of the South".

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As in the frozen north,

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the Valdivian forests of Chile support very few animals.

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But that is the end of the similarity.

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This is a bizarre world of miniature creatures.

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The pudu, the world's smallest deer,

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feeds on the giant leaves of the gunnera plant.

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The female is just 30cm high at the shoulder,

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and her infants are hardly bigger than kittens.

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The male must stay alert.

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There are hunters here who would snatch his young.

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Another miniature - the kodkod cat.

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It's the smallest cat in all the Americas,

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and a young pudu would be a feast for it.

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But with the male on guard, the kodkod must lower his sights.

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Moths are hatching.

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They are the last of the summer.

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The tiny cat should be able to score with these.

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No-one knows why the creatures here are so small,

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but at least they can survive on meagre rations.

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You might call this a game of cat and moth...

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As winter approaches in Chile,

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spring is arriving in the Northern Hemisphere.

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These are the deciduous forests of home.

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Dormant throughout the winter,

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they now undergo one of the most magical transformations in the natural world.

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By late spring, the landscape is wrapped in a vibrant, fresh green.

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Here, instead of conifers, there are broad-leaved trees

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and that makes the character of this forest entirely different.

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Being broad, these leaves trap much more light than needles,

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but they are also thin, soft...and edible.

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And others can eat the leaf-eaters.

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It's spring in the great broad-leaved forests

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of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia.

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The mandarin ducks are courting.

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The female mandarin nests in a tree hole,

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and when it's time for everyone to leave, she leads the way.

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The ducklings are only 24 hours old.

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It's a long drop, and a few calls of encouragement are required.

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Two down, seven to go.

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DUCK CALLS

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There are still two missing.

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All present and correct.

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But they won't be safe until they reach water,

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and the forest pool is almost a mile away.

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By June, the days are at their longest,

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and all across the Northern Hemisphere

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the broad leaves are hard at work.

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On the east coast of North America,

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it seems like any other summer's evening.

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But tonight is special.

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After 17 years underground, creatures are stirring.

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OWL HOOTS

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The nymphs of the periodical cicada have been biding their time -

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now they march like zombies towards the nearest tree,

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and start to climb.

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At first, there are merely thousands,

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but soon, more than a billion swarm all over the forest -

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the biggest insect emergence on the planet is underway.

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They invade the upper branches,

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where they climb out of their external skeletons

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and assume their adult, winged form.

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At first, they are white and soft,

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but they have until dawn to complete their transformation.

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LOUD BUZZ OF INSECTS

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After an absence of 17 years, the forest is now overrun by cicadas.

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The adults are clumsy, and very edible.

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For turtles and other inhabitants of the forest,

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this is a feast they are lucky to see once in their lifetime,

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and they gorge themselves while they can.

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Times have never been so good!

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The cicadas have no defences

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and virtually offer themselves to their attackers.

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The stream of insects is so relentless

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that soon all the predators are full to the point of bursting.

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And still the cicadas come.

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With the predators overwhelmed, the survivors can achieve their purpose.

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After mating, the adults lay their eggs and then their job is done.

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In just a few days, they will all die

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and the forest will fall silent.

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The cicadas here will not be heard again for another 17 years.

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Having fed the predators, the cicadas leave one final gift -

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for the forest itself.

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The nutrients in a generation of cicadas

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are returned to the soil all at once,

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and the trees enjoy a marked spurt in growth.

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This may be the single largest dose of fertilizer in the natural world.

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In the great broad-leaved forests of Eastern Europe,

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the days are beginning to shorten

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and a primeval sound heralds the onset of autumn.

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STAG ROARS

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Male red deer are starting their rut.

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The air is heavy with the scent of females.

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STAG ROARS IN THE DISTANCE

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STAG ROARS

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The rules are simple - winner takes all.

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Across the Northern Hemisphere, the deciduous forests are changing.

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Leaves that have provided food and shelter since the spring are now shed.

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In the broad-leaved forests of Russia,

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winter is particularly severe.

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But there will always be some who benefit from hardship.

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Black vultures scavenge from the carcass of a sika deer

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that has died of cold, or starvation.

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These endangered birds are visitors.

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They have come down from the north to escape the even colder conditions in Siberia.

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An Amur leopard - the rarest cat on Earth.

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Winter is a difficult time for this hunter.

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There are no leaves for cover, and no young prey animals.

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This female has the added pressure of having to provide for her one-year-old cub.

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It will be another 12 months before he will be able to fend for himself.

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The bickering vultures have abandoned the carcass.

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It's a valuable discovery for the leopards...

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..but the cub doesn't share its mother's sense of urgency.

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The vultures have left behind plenty of good meat,

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but it's stiff with frost.

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The mother works to open the hide

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and make feeding a little easier for her cub.

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There are only 40 Amur leopards left in the wild,

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and that number is still falling.

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The harshness of the winter here hinders their increase in numbers.

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It takes one of these females longer to raise her young to independence

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than it does a leopard in Africa.

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If the mother can sustain her cub for a few more weeks,

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spring will bring an increase in prey and her task will lighten.

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For all the inhabitants of this seasonal forest,

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the long, cold wait is nearly over.

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Spring in a deciduous woodland is special.

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With no leaves overhead,

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the rays of the sun strike the forest floor directly

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and their warmth rouses plants from their winter sleep.

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The ground-living plants are in a hurry -

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before long, the trees above will come into leaf and steal their light.

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Their flowers decorate the forest floor

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as they advertise their sweet nectar to the newly emerged insects.

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The spring blooms of the deciduous woodlands have no equivalent

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in either the great conifer forests or the tropical jungles.

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Within a matter of weeks, the canopy has closed

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and only a few wheeling shafts of light penetrate the woodland.

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In the tree-tops, the broad leaves rapidly expand to their full size

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to make the most of summer while it lasts.

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Then, after a few months, the days begin to shorten again

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and the trees must shut down and shed their leaves

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in preparation for the cold, dark time ahead.

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Great tracts of North America flush red as the season progresses.

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The effect is so spectacular and so extensive

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that it can be seen from space.

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The threat of winter frost

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is not the only reason for trees to shed leaves.

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These forests stand in the tropics.

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Here, day length never changes,

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but the dry season is so severe

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that the trees can't afford to lose the amount of water

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that would evaporate from their broad leaves, so the leaves must be shed.

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The forest resembles a European woodland in mid-winter.

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But the heat is overpowering, and its inhabitants unfamiliar.

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For the creatures of India's teak forests, these are desperate times.

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But salvation is at hand.

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The mahua tree is about to bloom.

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Its flowers are full of liquid, making them irresistible.

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The mahua is an oasis in a hot, dry desert.

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Those that fly or climb are not the only ones to get a share.

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Chital deer follow the langur monkeys,

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collecting the flowers that fall.

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The monkeys welcome the deer,

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for deer are unrivalled at spotting predators.

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If they are relaxed, it must be safe to come down to the ground

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and gather the food that lies there.

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But it's not wise to travel far from the sentinels.

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SNARLING

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Tropical Madagascar.

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The wet season.

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It is now that the baobab trees re-grow their leaves,

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and collect water to store in their huge trunks,

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ready for the dry season ahead.

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The prehistoric shape of these trees is rightly famous,

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but few have ever witnessed the baobabs' real magic,

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for that happens at night, and high in the tree tops.

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Flush with water,

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the baobab prepares itself for an unforgettable display.

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Once started, the foot-long flowers can open fully in less than a minute.

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As the flowers open, the creatures of the forest wake.

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The mouse lemurs have been hibernating throughout the dry season.

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With the return of rains, it's time to get busy.

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A dozen share this tree hole, but there's plenty of room.

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The world's smallest primate is no bigger than your hand.

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High in the branches above, the baobab's nectar is starting to flow.

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A drink of this sugary, energy-packed liquid

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is an ideal way for the lemurs to start their day.

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Liquid oozes from the flower's centre and trickles down the petals.

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But the nectar is not intended for lemurs.

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These giant hawk moths are the drinkers the tree needs to attract.

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As they sip, moving from tree to tree,

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so they transfer pollen and fertilise the flowers.

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Nectar was an excellent first course for the lemurs.

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But moths are the main dish.

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The moths are very important to the lemurs,

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for they will replenish the fat reserves

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that the lemurs need to survive the barren dry season.

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The lemurs might seem to be a pest for the baobab.

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They kill its pollinators and rob it of its nectar,

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but they do give something in return, for as they wrestle with the moths

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their fur inevitably becomes dusted with pollen,

0:46:560:47:00

so they too become pollinators.

0:47:000:47:03

As the alternation of wet and dry seasons

0:47:240:47:27

brings change to some tropical forests,

0:47:270:47:31

so the progression of summer to winter

0:47:310:47:34

dictates life in more temperate regions.

0:47:340:47:37

Whether trees have needles or broad leaves,

0:47:460:47:49

it is their ability to survive annual change

0:47:490:47:53

that has enabled them to cover such vast areas of the Earth,

0:47:530:47:58

and made the seasonal forests the greatest forests of all.

0:47:580:48:03

One of the biggest challenges facing the Forests team

0:48:270:48:31

was how to bring a static tree to life on screen.

0:48:310:48:34

The solution is usually to move the camera, but how did they do it?

0:48:340:48:39

The team's favourite tool was the cinebule, or film balloon,

0:48:470:48:52

here being readied by pilot and inventor Dany Cleyet-Marrel.

0:48:520:48:57

Yeah, the cinebule is the first

0:48:570:49:00

flying machine specifically designed for filming, yes.

0:49:000:49:04

Flying is my passion, sure,

0:49:050:49:08

but really in this kind of, er, place in Africa,

0:49:080:49:15

or in the north, or in South America,

0:49:150:49:18

everywhere round the world, yes, it's uh, my passion.

0:49:180:49:23

With Dany, Planet Earth took the cinebule to all corners of the globe,

0:49:230:49:27

but it was the trip to film baobab trees in Madagascar,

0:49:270:49:31

with cameraman Warwick Sloss, that was to prove the most memorable.

0:49:310:49:37

I've never, ever, ever been in anything like this before.

0:49:410:49:46

I must say I'm slightly nervous of it,

0:49:460:49:49

partly because it's basically a deckchair with a balloon on top,

0:49:490:49:53

and partly because I can see where my head's gonna be -

0:49:530:49:56

it's gonna be incredibly close to that burner.

0:49:560:49:59

I do have a fear of heights.

0:50:030:50:06

I mostly have a fear of falling through them onto the ground,

0:50:060:50:10

but I think I'm happier with this,

0:50:100:50:12

it's got a little seatbelt and everything,

0:50:120:50:14

and the BBC Health and Safety is always very good,

0:50:140:50:17

all the boxes are ticked, all signed off,

0:50:170:50:20

all the proper forms and everything, so I'm sure this will be fine.

0:50:200:50:26

Puzzled locals take the ringside seats,

0:50:260:50:30

and Warwick takes the seat no-one else wants.

0:50:300:50:35

Set for take off.

0:50:350:50:37

Oh, my giddy aunt!

0:50:480:50:50

Oh, finally, they're off!

0:51:040:51:06

At last, we've got the cinebule here and we've got fuel,

0:51:060:51:10

and as long as the wind stays good and they don't land in Mozambique,

0:51:100:51:15

we should be absolutely fine.

0:51:150:51:17

The sort of shots we're looking for are shots that really rotate around baobab trees,

0:51:190:51:24

and show their three-dimensional structure

0:51:240:51:26

and Warwick and Dany will need to communicate closely

0:51:260:51:29

to pull off shots like that, which will be interesting, cos you can hardly hear over the fan,

0:51:290:51:34

and Dany's English isn't that amazing. I think they'll have some interesting times up there.

0:51:340:51:39

How much control do we have at the moment?

0:51:390:51:44

-Not very much.

-Not much.

0:51:440:51:46

Dany's quite a flamboyant Frenchman and Warwick's reserved, sarcastic, rather English.

0:51:470:51:52

They're either gonna get on really well, or it's gonna be a disaster.

0:51:520:51:57

Buoyed by assurances of Dany's exemplary safety record,

0:51:570:52:01

Warwick frames up on his first baobab.

0:52:010:52:04

Oh, ohhhhh!

0:52:080:52:11

BLEEP!

0:52:130:52:14

BLEEP!

0:52:230:52:25

BLEEP!

0:52:250:52:27

I go down, sorry!

0:52:280:52:31

Luckily neither the tree nor the crew seem too damaged.

0:52:310:52:35

Ah, stupid, I am stupid!

0:52:350:52:38

-Are you OK?!

-Yeah, just.

-Check the gear for me.

0:52:410:52:43

Yeah I think so, just minor flesh wounds.

0:52:430:52:48

Miraculously, everything still works - another take-off is imminent.

0:52:480:52:53

We're just deciding which tree to try and crash land into,

0:52:530:52:57

preferably the hardest, spikiest one that's nearby.

0:52:570:53:01

That one looks quite good, it's got some sticking out thorns on it

0:53:010:53:05

and stuff to go into the shins and the hands and the face,

0:53:050:53:09

and the lens.

0:53:090:53:10

-Stupid me.

-One of those things.

-It's my fault.

0:53:100:53:13

It's the excitement of ballooning.

0:53:130:53:15

-Yes, no, I don't like that.

-OK.

0:53:150:53:20

-Very pioneering, that.

-Yeah, how was the adrenaline level, Warwick?

0:53:200:53:24

Oh, it's pretty high at the moment, could have been the coffee this morning.

0:53:240:53:29

-Warwick, no problem, it's OK, we go?

-Yeah. May as well.

0:53:290:53:33

After a moment's put-down, they're off again.

0:53:370:53:41

So this time if we try and go around them a bit?

0:53:410:53:44

-What?

-This time we'll try and go around the trees.

-Yes.

0:53:440:53:48

And that was one of the most heart-stopping moments I can ever remember.

0:53:490:53:53

Oh, I was so scared when I saw Warwick hit that tree and Dany go, "Oh, la la!"

0:53:530:53:57

I thought, "Oh, this is it," but they're OK, all that we suffered is a damaged propeller.

0:53:570:54:03

As long as the wind doesn't get up,

0:54:030:54:05

because now they've lost most of their steering ability, we should be fine.

0:54:050:54:09

Anyway, fingers crossed.

0:54:090:54:11

That doesn't sound good.

0:54:160:54:18

ENGINE STRAINS

0:54:180:54:20

Oh, God.

0:54:200:54:23

-Well, what's happened?

-I think it's the exhaust.

0:54:240:54:28

Oh, that's all right, then(!)

0:54:280:54:30

-Can we carry on or do we need to?

-Oh, no, no.

-OK.

0:54:330:54:36

Worried, Dany decides to land again, quickly.

0:54:360:54:42

Ah, today, God knows.

0:54:460:54:48

Ah, well, never mind.

0:54:530:54:54

So stupid what I have done this morning.

0:54:540:54:57

Oh, don't worry, mate, everyone makes mistakes.

0:54:570:55:00

-I'm just pleased to be alive.

-Yes.

-I thought I was gonna die.

0:55:000:55:05

I'm sorry I was rude to you.

0:55:050:55:08

Here they come.

0:55:120:55:13

Whoa!

0:55:130:55:16

Oh, Gawd!

0:55:170:55:19

Oh!

0:55:200:55:22

God!

0:55:220:55:24

-Was that OK?

-Yeah, I'm OK, are you OK? Oh.

0:55:240:55:28

Oh.

0:55:280:55:31

Oh, Lord.

0:55:310:55:33

We seem to be heading towards the lake - is that normal?

0:55:330:55:37

Probably is, it is for today.

0:55:370:55:39

Oh, so stupid this morning! Oh, ah.

0:55:390:55:42

-I don't like that.

-Exciting.

-No yes, for you, but...

0:55:420:55:46

Oh, it was astonishing.

0:55:460:55:49

It was great. It's great that you're OK.

0:55:490:55:53

I'm in a much better mood now that I'm down and not in a tree.

0:55:530:55:57

The post-mortem confirms Dany's fears.

0:55:570:56:01

Probably the exhaust it is broken.

0:56:010:56:04

-The exhaust is broken?

-Yes, it is why I said this is not my morning.

0:56:040:56:09

Ohhh!

0:56:120:56:14

The cinebule is in need of a major overhaul.

0:56:140:56:18

The repair is worryingly inexpensive.

0:56:300:56:34

One half of the propeller was snapped in the crash -

0:56:390:56:44

by shortening the other half, Dany hopes to restore balance.

0:56:440:56:47

It takes all night.

0:56:520:56:55

Uh...we're going the wrong way...

0:57:050:57:09

Sure, the only problem is that my propeller is shorter.

0:57:090:57:13

With half a propeller and a jerry-rigged exhaust,

0:57:130:57:16

the cinebule is harder to steer.

0:57:160:57:19

There's a good area,

0:57:190:57:21

-we're going straight through there.

-Yes.

0:57:210:57:23

Undeterred, the pair hit their stride.

0:57:230:57:28

That's nice.

0:57:350:57:36

That's great.

0:57:400:57:41

That's good, that's a nice, constant speed.

0:57:440:57:47

Lovely.

0:57:470:57:50

Many of Planet Earth's finest images would have been impossible

0:57:500:57:53

without passionate and devoted specialists like Dany.

0:57:530:57:58

May they always be out there.

0:57:580:58:01

Ah, here we go again, ahhhhhh!

0:58:010:58:04

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

0:58:150:58:19

E-mail [email protected]

0:58:190:58:23

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