Browse content similar to Water: The Fountain of Youth. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Line | From | To | |
---|---|---|---|
Early alchemists wrote of a Fountain of Youth, | 0:00:02 | 0:00:04 | |
and for centuries kings and explorers searched | 0:00:04 | 0:00:07 | |
for this legendary spring that would restore the youth | 0:00:07 | 0:00:09 | |
to anyone who drank from it. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
Does such a place even exist? | 0:00:14 | 0:00:16 | |
And, if it does, what incredible elements | 0:00:16 | 0:00:18 | |
might we find in its waters? | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
Join us in the search for the Fountain of Youth. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:23 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:00:41 | 0:00:44 | |
Many people searched for the Fountain of Youth, | 0:00:56 | 0:00:59 | |
but one of the most famous was the 16th Century Spanish explorer | 0:00:59 | 0:01:03 | |
Juan Ponce de Leon, who spent his life | 0:01:03 | 0:01:05 | |
trying to hang onto his good looks. | 0:01:05 | 0:01:07 | |
And legend has it that he found the Fountain in Florida. | 0:01:07 | 0:01:12 | |
Local people claimed this miraculous spring could even restore | 0:01:12 | 0:01:16 | |
frail old men to perfect health | 0:01:16 | 0:01:19 | |
and, incredibly, the spring is still there. | 0:01:19 | 0:01:21 | |
On the screen now we can see the workers | 0:01:21 | 0:01:24 | |
filling bottles from this Fountain of Youth | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
And they've sent us a sample by airmail. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:33 | |
Here we have our Fountain of Youth. I can't wait. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:42 | |
Right, let's have a look. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:44 | |
"It's on the shelf." OK. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:50 | |
Right, so here it is. They've put it over here. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
So here is the Fountain of Youth. | 0:01:54 | 0:01:56 | |
It really has come all the way from Florida | 0:01:56 | 0:01:58 | |
which is quite exciting, but we need somebody to try it. | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
Do I have a volunteer? Some hands went up... | 0:02:01 | 0:02:03 | |
I'm afraid I can't give it to anyone down the front. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
You're far too young already. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:08 | |
If I gave you this, who knows what might happen. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:10 | |
We need somebody slightly more mature, | 0:02:10 | 0:02:13 | |
slightly more advanced in years. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:15 | |
I'm looking at the top, actually, and... | 0:02:15 | 0:02:18 | |
Oh, yes, there's a chap right on the end. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:20 | |
-What's your name, please? -Tim. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:22 | |
Tim. And you'd like to try some of the Fountain of Youth? | 0:02:22 | 0:02:24 | |
-I'll give it a go. -You'll give it a go. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:26 | |
That's very good of you. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:28 | |
I think we've arranged for some to be brought up to you. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:30 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:02:30 | 0:02:32 | |
Goodness me. Is it safe? | 0:02:32 | 0:02:35 | |
DR WOTHERS LAUGHS | 0:02:35 | 0:02:37 | |
Well... | 0:02:37 | 0:02:38 | |
Don't drink it all! Save some for later! | 0:02:43 | 0:02:47 | |
-So, are you feeling any younger? -Not yet. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:49 | |
-Not yet? No wrinkles lost yet? -Don't know. -Don't know. OK. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:53 | |
We'll come back to you later and see how it is going, | 0:02:53 | 0:02:57 | |
but you were very good. You must be a chemistry teacher. | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
You did ask, "Is it safe to drink?" | 0:03:00 | 0:03:01 | |
You shouldn't be drinking in the chemistry lab, so well done there. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:04 | |
Thank you very much. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:06 | |
A round of applause for Tim for trying our water. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:08 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:03:08 | 0:03:10 | |
This year's Royal Institution Christmas Lectures | 0:03:14 | 0:03:17 | |
are all about the elements. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:19 | |
My name is Dr Peter Wothers, | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
and I'm a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
The ancient Greeks thought | 0:03:24 | 0:03:26 | |
there were just four elements that made up everything around them. | 0:03:26 | 0:03:29 | |
These are the elements earth, air, fire and water. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
Last time we looked at the elements in the air, | 0:03:32 | 0:03:36 | |
and tonight we're going to be looking at the elements in a glass of water, | 0:03:36 | 0:03:40 | |
in fact, the water that Tim has just drunk, to be precise. | 0:03:40 | 0:03:44 | |
To help me, we're going to be using our periodic table. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:46 | |
Periodic table. Look at that. Excellent. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:49 | |
Very good, everyone's here. Marvellous. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:52 | |
We now know, of course, that we've got over 100 different elements. | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
Together, we're going to see what elements we can find in our water | 0:03:56 | 0:04:01 | |
and maybe we're going to find something quite miraculous | 0:04:01 | 0:04:04 | |
in our glass of water, the water that Tim's just drunk. | 0:04:04 | 0:04:07 | |
OK. Right, I need to put on my coat, ready for action now. | 0:04:07 | 0:04:12 | |
So, thank you, periodic table. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:14 | |
Excellent. Oh, you're so well-trained, really! Excellent. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:18 | |
That's perfect, look at that. | 0:04:18 | 0:04:21 | |
So, our periodic table, we saw that there's over 100 elements. | 0:04:21 | 0:04:25 | |
And yet, water, of course, isn't one of these elements. We know this now. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:29 | |
But this was only first realised about 200 years ago, just over. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:33 | |
So, why was that? Well, partly because nobody had ever done this. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:39 | |
BOOMING EXPLOSION | 0:04:41 | 0:04:42 | |
ALL GASP AND GIGGLE | 0:04:42 | 0:04:44 | |
Well! | 0:04:44 | 0:04:46 | |
That seemed to bring the house down! | 0:04:46 | 0:04:48 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:04:48 | 0:04:50 | |
That was certainly rather dramatic! | 0:05:02 | 0:05:04 | |
But what we actually did there is just make some water. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:07 | |
The balloon was filled with hydrogen... | 0:05:07 | 0:05:10 | |
which, of course, when we light it... | 0:05:10 | 0:05:13 | |
combines with the oxygen from the air... | 0:05:13 | 0:05:16 | |
to form water. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:17 | |
OK. Now, that was rather violent, | 0:05:19 | 0:05:22 | |
and we couldn't see any of the water that we made | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
because as soon as it was made, all that energy that was released there | 0:05:25 | 0:05:28 | |
vaporised it and disbursed all the droplets into the lecture theatre. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:32 | |
But we can do this in a more controlled way, | 0:05:32 | 0:05:35 | |
so we can actually see some of the water being formed. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:39 | |
And, well, this is the apparatus that we're just bringing on now. | 0:05:39 | 0:05:42 | |
OK, so... | 0:05:42 | 0:05:45 | |
We're going to combine our hydrogen and oxygen | 0:05:45 | 0:05:48 | |
in this carefully designed apparatus. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:51 | |
And we're passing pure oxygen through this, | 0:05:52 | 0:05:55 | |
and Mark is just going to pass me a tube with some hydrogen. | 0:05:55 | 0:06:00 | |
And let's just light that. Ah, beautiful. | 0:06:03 | 0:06:05 | |
It's very difficult to see this flame sometimes | 0:06:05 | 0:06:07 | |
because hydrogen burns with more or less a colourless flame. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:10 | |
I think there's a few impurities in the glass there, | 0:06:10 | 0:06:13 | |
but you can see it's definitely lit, it's definitely going. | 0:06:13 | 0:06:16 | |
I'm just going to insert this into the apparatus. | 0:06:16 | 0:06:19 | |
I hope I don't catch fire to our little things there! | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
There we are, look at that, beautiful, right. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:25 | |
So, just insert this. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:26 | |
In fact, as it's going in, the flame gets much hotter, | 0:06:26 | 0:06:31 | |
because this is an oxygen-rich environment in this apparatus. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
And it's just beginning to vaporise some of the glass. | 0:06:34 | 0:06:37 | |
And this yellow colour that you see now | 0:06:37 | 0:06:39 | |
is excited sodium atoms from the glass. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
But I'd like everyone to keep an eye on this during the reaction. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:45 | |
This is like our little Olympic flame. | 0:06:45 | 0:06:47 | |
If this goes out, please let me know during the course of the reaction, | 0:06:47 | 0:06:51 | |
I'm trying to generate enough water to maybe taste it later. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:54 | |
We'll have to see, we're using very pure gases here. | 0:06:54 | 0:06:57 | |
The important thing that we can see is that we've got our flame, | 0:06:57 | 0:07:01 | |
it's clearly very hot, but we are generating water. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:05 | |
You can see that this is misting up now at the top here, | 0:07:05 | 0:07:07 | |
and we're beginning to get some water and it's dribbling down here. | 0:07:07 | 0:07:12 | |
So this is actually showing us that water is not an element after all. | 0:07:12 | 0:07:16 | |
It's made up of these two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. | 0:07:16 | 0:07:20 | |
This, as we are forming these bonds here, is releasing a lot of energy. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:24 | |
This is, as we're making new bonds | 0:07:24 | 0:07:26 | |
between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, | 0:07:26 | 0:07:28 | |
forming our droplets of water, that are beginning to collect now. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:32 | |
But I'd like to show you another reaction that clearly generates | 0:07:32 | 0:07:36 | |
a lot of energy, a lot of heat as molecules are coming together, | 0:07:36 | 0:07:40 | |
as bonds are being formed, and this one is quite miraculous. | 0:07:40 | 0:07:44 | |
This is one of my favourite reactions, | 0:07:44 | 0:07:46 | |
because it really does look like magic. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:48 | |
What we've got here is a tube just of cold water. | 0:07:48 | 0:07:51 | |
Everyone knows what temperature water freezes at, don't we? | 0:07:51 | 0:07:55 | |
What temperature does it freeze at? | 0:07:55 | 0:07:57 | |
-ALL: Zero. -Zero, exactly. | 0:07:57 | 0:07:58 | |
So here it's coming, this is a test tube full of cold water. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:03 | |
Thank you very much. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:04 | |
-What temperature is this water at? -Minus three. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:07 | |
Minus three, this one. So this is actually at minus three. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:11 | |
And yet, of course, we know that water SHOULD be ice at minus three, | 0:08:11 | 0:08:16 | |
and yet it isn't. OK? | 0:08:16 | 0:08:18 | |
Now, watch what happens when I add just a tiny little crystal of ice. | 0:08:18 | 0:08:22 | |
This is now freezing. OK? | 0:08:22 | 0:08:26 | |
So you can see that this water is turning into ice. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:31 | |
In fact, the ice is all the way down to here now. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:34 | |
So we know that water should be ice at minus three degrees, | 0:08:35 | 0:08:39 | |
and it is now becoming ice at minus three degrees. OK? | 0:08:39 | 0:08:44 | |
In fact, let me see if I can actually turn this upside down. | 0:08:44 | 0:08:46 | |
Can I do that? There's a little bit dribbling out, | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
but there we are, it is in fact solid ice there. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:53 | |
That's pretty impressive, I think. Let's hand that out, thank you. | 0:08:53 | 0:08:56 | |
Now... How can we...? | 0:08:59 | 0:09:01 | |
So, how can we do this? | 0:09:03 | 0:09:05 | |
We need to be very careful, it's like trying to balance this pen. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:08 | |
I was trying it with a pencil earlier and it didn't work. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:11 | |
I can balance a pen on its end there. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:13 | |
If we're careful, we can do this, | 0:09:13 | 0:09:15 | |
but just give it a small jolt and it falls over. | 0:09:15 | 0:09:17 | |
Now, we can really cool down our water very slowly, | 0:09:17 | 0:09:20 | |
very carefully, we can get it to those temperatures | 0:09:20 | 0:09:23 | |
if it's very, very slowly cooled, really pure water. | 0:09:23 | 0:09:26 | |
But just give it a small jolt, | 0:09:26 | 0:09:28 | |
it starts off this process of being how it should be. | 0:09:28 | 0:09:31 | |
The question now is, what do you think happens to the temperature? | 0:09:31 | 0:09:34 | |
Do you think it stays the same? | 0:09:34 | 0:09:36 | |
Do you think it gets hotter, or do you think it gets colder? | 0:09:36 | 0:09:39 | |
We're going to have a vote. So who thinks it stays the same? | 0:09:39 | 0:09:42 | |
OK, quite a few. Who thinks it gets colder when freezes? | 0:09:42 | 0:09:45 | |
Quite a few of you. And who thinks it gets hotter? | 0:09:47 | 0:09:49 | |
It's a bit of a mix, I think. Let's see what happens. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:53 | |
I need to take this very, very carefully. | 0:09:53 | 0:09:55 | |
And here we can see that the temperature is indeed at -3.7. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:01 | |
This is really pretty good, | 0:10:01 | 0:10:04 | |
in this huge tube here. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:06 | |
I might need some ice, but I'm just going to give this... | 0:10:06 | 0:10:08 | |
Look at that, just moving it has set this off. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:11 | |
Look what's happening to the temperature. It has shot up. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:15 | |
It was at -3.7, it's now just... Well, it's actually, | 0:10:15 | 0:10:20 | |
this top part is now above zero. And again, it's freezing. | 0:10:20 | 0:10:24 | |
This is because as the water molecules... | 0:10:24 | 0:10:26 | |
They were moving around in the liquid, | 0:10:26 | 0:10:29 | |
but as they're locked into place in the ice | 0:10:29 | 0:10:31 | |
we're forming bonds between the water molecules | 0:10:31 | 0:10:35 | |
and the temperature goes up. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:36 | |
That's really beautifully done, it's incredibly difficult to do, | 0:10:36 | 0:10:40 | |
and I think we should thank Fiona for preparing this all day. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:43 | |
Thank you, Fiona. OK, thank you. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:46 | |
So the formation of bonds releases energy. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:57 | |
This is a very important thing. | 0:10:57 | 0:10:59 | |
Now, actually, we can show this in another way. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:01 | |
If you look under your seats, you'll find a little hand warmer. | 0:11:01 | 0:11:05 | |
Now, for those of you, of course, watching at home, I'm afraid, | 0:11:07 | 0:11:10 | |
if you look under your seats, you probably won't find a hand warmer | 0:11:10 | 0:11:13 | |
unless you remembered to put it there earlier, | 0:11:13 | 0:11:16 | |
in which case, well done! | 0:11:16 | 0:11:17 | |
OK, looks like people are finding their hand warmers. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:22 | |
Your hand warmer contains a solution | 0:11:22 | 0:11:25 | |
and it has salts dissolved in this. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
But actually, again, it's an unstable situation. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:30 | |
There are more salts dissolved than there should be. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:33 | |
So if we just give this a click, if you haven't done this already, | 0:11:33 | 0:11:36 | |
you just click the little bit of metal in the corner. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:38 | |
That's it, I can hear lots of clicking going on. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:40 | |
That's just starting this reaction now. | 0:11:40 | 0:11:42 | |
EXCITED CHATTER | 0:11:42 | 0:11:45 | |
And it's resorted to exactly how it should be. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
We are forming bonds, the salts are precipitating out, | 0:11:55 | 0:11:59 | |
and as they're forming bonds, forming the solid here, | 0:11:59 | 0:12:02 | |
formation of bonds gives out energy and that's what you can feel. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:05 | |
That's what's warming up your hands now, which is rather nice. OK. | 0:12:05 | 0:12:10 | |
So the formation of bonds gives out energy. | 0:12:10 | 0:12:14 | |
And that's what's taking place with our little flame here, | 0:12:14 | 0:12:17 | |
our Olympic flame. | 0:12:17 | 0:12:18 | |
I think we might just turn up the hydrogen a bit, lovely. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:22 | |
So, here we are forming bonds between hydrogen and oxygen | 0:12:22 | 0:12:25 | |
and that's releasing energy. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:27 | |
And this is a really beautiful reaction here, | 0:12:27 | 0:12:30 | |
because the only by-product of this is water. | 0:12:30 | 0:12:33 | |
You may know, of course, when you burn petrol and other fuels, | 0:12:33 | 0:12:36 | |
you get carbon dioxide, this is a greenhouse gas. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:39 | |
The only by-product here is water | 0:12:39 | 0:12:40 | |
and there's a lot of energy being released. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
So maybe this could be an answer to the energy problems of the future. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
Well, have a look at this. | 0:12:47 | 0:12:49 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:12:57 | 0:13:00 | |
This is Nathan Chang from Valeswood Fuel Cells Ltd. | 0:13:02 | 0:13:05 | |
Nathan, can you tell us, what is this thing? | 0:13:05 | 0:13:08 | |
It looks like a normal road bike. You can put it on the road, can you? | 0:13:08 | 0:13:12 | |
It's a road legal scooter, | 0:13:12 | 0:13:14 | |
but we put the fuel cell and hydrogen on there. | 0:13:14 | 0:13:17 | |
This is lanthanum nickel hydride? | 0:13:17 | 0:13:20 | |
That's a nickel metal-based hydride. | 0:13:20 | 0:13:23 | |
-And it's absorbing the hydrogen... -Like a sponge. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:25 | |
Like a sponge, and gradually releasing it. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:28 | |
It's combining with the oxygen from the air. | 0:13:28 | 0:13:30 | |
That's giving you the energy to power this bike. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:32 | |
Yeah, that fuel cell generates electricity to power | 0:13:32 | 0:13:35 | |
-the motor and power the vehicle. -OK, this is great. | 0:13:35 | 0:13:38 | |
So you've just driven all the way through the RI. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:40 | |
Haven't you polluted everywhere, | 0:13:40 | 0:13:42 | |
is there oil dripping out of everything now? | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
-The only emission is water vapour. -It's just water vapour. | 0:13:45 | 0:13:48 | |
And the hydrogen comes from water. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:50 | |
The hydrogen itself comes from the water? | 0:13:50 | 0:13:52 | |
So you convert water to hydrogen, | 0:13:52 | 0:13:54 | |
the fuel cell converts hydrogen to water again. | 0:13:54 | 0:13:57 | |
So why don't we see more vehicles like this now? | 0:13:57 | 0:13:59 | |
-Why don't we see more hydrogen vehicles? -Yeah. | 0:13:59 | 0:14:03 | |
The hydrogen is still very expensive. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:05 | |
And, also, you have problems to store enough hydrogen for a bigger vehicle. | 0:14:05 | 0:14:10 | |
So you'd have to change your tank, would you, | 0:14:10 | 0:14:12 | |
if you wanted to get back to Birmingham? | 0:14:12 | 0:14:14 | |
-You'd need a bigger tank. -A slightly bigger tank. | 0:14:14 | 0:14:17 | |
That tank can power this vehicle for 70 miles. | 0:14:17 | 0:14:19 | |
70 miles, oh, pretty good then. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:21 | |
So, if we could get a better source of hydrogen, | 0:14:21 | 0:14:23 | |
-it would be cheaper, then we'd see more vehicles. -Yeah. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:26 | |
-Because it's non-polluting, it only produces water, yes? -Yeah. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:30 | |
Give Nathan a big round of applause, thank you very much coming in. | 0:14:30 | 0:14:33 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:14:33 | 0:14:35 | |
So we've got a bit of a challenge here. | 0:14:40 | 0:14:42 | |
I mean, hydrogen could be the ideal fuel of the future, | 0:14:42 | 0:14:45 | |
but the problem is, how do we get it in the first place? | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
And one way that we can get it would be to break up the water. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:53 | |
In fact, Nathan said that the hydrogen that they're using | 0:14:53 | 0:14:56 | |
does come from splitting up water. | 0:14:56 | 0:14:59 | |
But we can see that when hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
this gives out a lot of energy. If we want to split up our water | 0:15:03 | 0:15:07 | |
to generate hydrogen and oxygen, we need to put a lot of energy in. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
We can show this, this is another general thing of chemistry, | 0:15:10 | 0:15:14 | |
that if we want to break bonds, | 0:15:14 | 0:15:15 | |
we need to put energy into the system, | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
and we're going to show this first of all | 0:15:17 | 0:15:19 | |
by looking at interactions between water molecules. | 0:15:19 | 0:15:22 | |
I'd like some volunteers from the audience. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:25 | |
The back row, actually. That's it. | 0:15:25 | 0:15:26 | |
-Give them all a round of applause. -APPLAUSE | 0:15:26 | 0:15:30 | |
In this space, lovely. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:38 | |
Hold up your balloons so everyone can see. That's it. | 0:15:38 | 0:15:41 | |
Now, you're water molecules, OK? | 0:15:41 | 0:15:43 | |
And at the moment you're bonded together | 0:15:43 | 0:15:45 | |
to form the rigid structure of ice. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:47 | |
So, of course, you're going to be wiggling around, gently vibrating. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:51 | |
This is what ice looks like. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:52 | |
But if we give them more energy, we can break some of these bonds | 0:15:52 | 0:15:55 | |
that hold the water molecules together, and we get liquid. | 0:15:55 | 0:15:58 | |
Now you can start moving around. Just have a little walk. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:02 | |
This is our liquid. In fact, on the screen now, | 0:16:02 | 0:16:04 | |
we can see this is a very complicated calculation | 0:16:04 | 0:16:07 | |
carried out at the University of Cambridge from scratch. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:10 | |
This shows what happens when liquid water molecules get together. | 0:16:10 | 0:16:13 | |
They're jiggling around, | 0:16:13 | 0:16:15 | |
but they are sort of held more or less in place | 0:16:15 | 0:16:17 | |
with these dotted lines that you see there. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:20 | |
These are bonds called hydrogen bonds. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:22 | |
This is where the oxygen of one water molecule | 0:16:22 | 0:16:24 | |
is slightly negatively charged, and it sticks | 0:16:24 | 0:16:27 | |
to the slightly positively charged hydrogen of the other. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:30 | |
Keep walking around. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:31 | |
But what happens if we give you even MORE energy? | 0:16:31 | 0:16:35 | |
They start separating, | 0:16:35 | 0:16:36 | |
and we can get them to fly out into the audience here. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:39 | |
This is where we're making steam, all right? | 0:16:39 | 0:16:42 | |
-LAUGHTER -So lots more energy, | 0:16:42 | 0:16:44 | |
the water molecules are separated, and we've got steam. | 0:16:44 | 0:16:48 | |
So thank you very much, water molecules. | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
Please return to your seats. | 0:16:50 | 0:16:52 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:16:52 | 0:16:54 | |
So, all we've managed to achieve so far, then, | 0:16:58 | 0:17:01 | |
is pulling the water molecules apart from each other to generate steam. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:05 | |
But this raises a very interesting question - | 0:17:05 | 0:17:08 | |
how much more space does the steam now take up, | 0:17:08 | 0:17:11 | |
compared to the water? | 0:17:11 | 0:17:13 | |
So, in other words, if I took one millilitre of water, | 0:17:13 | 0:17:16 | |
how many millilitres of steam would I be able to get? | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
This piece of apparatus here is designed to try and show us | 0:17:19 | 0:17:23 | |
how much steam we can get from one millilitre of water. | 0:17:23 | 0:17:26 | |
And I need a volunteer for this one, please. Er... | 0:17:26 | 0:17:30 | |
yes, actually, in the white. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:31 | |
Would you like to come down to the front, please? | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
-OK. And your name is? -Connor. -Connor, OK, great. | 0:17:39 | 0:17:42 | |
Do you know how many millilitres of steam | 0:17:42 | 0:17:44 | |
we're going to get from 1ml of water? | 0:17:44 | 0:17:45 | |
Have a guess. You've got a scale here. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
You're going to be looking at this scale. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:49 | |
It goes from zero up to 100ml. How many do you think? | 0:17:49 | 0:17:52 | |
-50. -50 ml. | 0:17:52 | 0:17:54 | |
In the middle, OK. Who thinks more than 50? | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
Who thinks less than 50? | 0:17:58 | 0:18:00 | |
More than 50? | 0:18:00 | 0:18:01 | |
-Yes? -100. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:03 | |
100. Any advances on 100? | 0:18:03 | 0:18:04 | |
-Yes? -150. -Well, if it goes past 100... | 0:18:04 | 0:18:07 | |
150 is going to be past the dial. I want you to watch the dial. | 0:18:07 | 0:18:10 | |
I'm going to squirt the water in this end. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:13 | |
Here's my syringe. So this is going to be 1ml of water. | 0:18:13 | 0:18:16 | |
I'm hoping that this is all nice and hot. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:19 | |
So 1ml is not a lot. | 0:18:19 | 0:18:21 | |
If you see, that's just 1ml there. and you think 50, don't you? | 0:18:21 | 0:18:24 | |
And we've got all sorts of different guesses here. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:27 | |
So, right, I'm just going to turn this tap and put this in, | 0:18:27 | 0:18:31 | |
and I hope, fingers crossed, I squirt that in, | 0:18:31 | 0:18:34 | |
close the tap, and there we are. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:36 | |
Watch the thing. Let's see how far it's going to go... | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
Keep going. 50... oh, it's gone past your 50. | 0:18:39 | 0:18:42 | |
Still going. It's gone past 75. | 0:18:42 | 0:18:43 | |
Can we turn this on actually? Is that possible? | 0:18:43 | 0:18:46 | |
-To get this back up to temperature? -MACHINE WHIRS | 0:18:46 | 0:18:49 | |
Ah, brilliant! Yeah, I can see it boiling now. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:52 | |
So we're trying to get some heat back into this thing. | 0:18:52 | 0:18:55 | |
-How far have we gone so far? -225. | 0:18:55 | 0:18:58 | |
-Sorry? How many? -225. | 0:18:58 | 0:18:59 | |
225. Who said 225? | 0:18:59 | 0:19:01 | |
Oh, well done! | 0:19:01 | 0:19:02 | |
-Well, we've gone past that now! -LAUGHTER | 0:19:02 | 0:19:05 | |
Right, OK, it's still going. Got quite a lot of... | 0:19:05 | 0:19:07 | |
look down this end, actually. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:09 | |
Yeah, you can see the water in there. | 0:19:09 | 0:19:12 | |
Yeah, still quite a lot. Oh, you've missed the dial! | 0:19:12 | 0:19:15 | |
How's he doing? What's that? | 0:19:15 | 0:19:16 | |
-300. -300, OK. Good, keep going. | 0:19:16 | 0:19:18 | |
Still water there. It's still going, then. We're up to... | 0:19:18 | 0:19:21 | |
-What are we up to? -450. | 0:19:21 | 0:19:23 | |
450, OK. Not quite hot enough. | 0:19:23 | 0:19:24 | |
It's so difficult to do this. It needs to be SO hot. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
-Where are we up to now? -650. | 0:19:28 | 0:19:29 | |
650? We're still going. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:30 | |
There's still quite a bit of water there. | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
This is just our 1ml. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:36 | |
OK. And this is now... Where are we up to? | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
-900. -900. | 0:19:39 | 0:19:40 | |
So quite a few people said...oh, is that 1,000? | 0:19:40 | 0:19:43 | |
-Yeah. -That's 1,000, OK. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:45 | |
Now, it's still expanding. | 0:19:45 | 0:19:47 | |
We'll keep counting here. | 0:19:47 | 0:19:48 | |
But this is actually really quite important, this expansion here. | 0:19:48 | 0:19:53 | |
It's THIS expansion that drove, quite literally, | 0:19:53 | 0:19:56 | |
the Industrial Revolution. | 0:19:56 | 0:19:58 | |
It was the power here, as water is turned into steam, | 0:19:58 | 0:20:02 | |
driving pistons, driving our machinery. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
How are we up to so far? | 0:20:05 | 0:20:06 | |
-1,375. -1,375. Very precise! | 0:20:06 | 0:20:10 | |
You're a keen scientist, I can tell! | 0:20:10 | 0:20:12 | |
-Physicist. -Physicist! Ah! | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
-Almost as good as a chemist! -LAUGHTER | 0:20:14 | 0:20:16 | |
-Anyway, how are we doing now? This is coming up to... -1,650. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:19 | |
1,650. OK, we're going to have to stop this now. | 0:20:19 | 0:20:22 | |
There's a tiny bit there, but this is going to go to over 2,000ml. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
So, you're a physicist, and you said, what was it? 50ml?! | 0:20:26 | 0:20:31 | |
Well, anyway, thank you very much. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:33 | |
Give him a big round of applause for keeping track. Thank you. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:20:36 | 0:20:38 | |
So, we've converted our water into steam, | 0:20:40 | 0:20:42 | |
and we need to put quite a lot of energy in to do that, | 0:20:42 | 0:20:45 | |
but we still haven't actually made our hydrogen. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:47 | |
This is what we were trying to do. | 0:20:47 | 0:20:49 | |
To do that, to actually split apart the water molecules, | 0:20:49 | 0:20:52 | |
we need to put even more energy into them. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:55 | |
And, we're going to show this now with this apparatus. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:58 | |
So we've got some water in the tubes here, | 0:20:58 | 0:21:01 | |
and I'm just going to plug this in. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:02 | |
So this is connected to here, | 0:21:02 | 0:21:04 | |
and this is a generator. | 0:21:04 | 0:21:07 | |
So if I hop on the bike, | 0:21:07 | 0:21:09 | |
I should be able to drive the little generator at the back like this. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:15 | |
We can begin to see some bubbles. | 0:21:15 | 0:21:17 | |
It's quite hard work here, trying to split up the water, | 0:21:17 | 0:21:20 | |
so I'm going to get somebody else to do all the hard work, I think. | 0:21:20 | 0:21:23 | |
Actually, we need quite a lot of hydrogen, | 0:21:23 | 0:21:26 | |
so I'd like you to welcome, please, | 0:21:26 | 0:21:28 | |
Paralympic gold medallist, Mark Colbourne. | 0:21:28 | 0:21:31 | |
Thank you very much, Mark. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:33 | |
APPLAUSE AND CHEERING | 0:21:33 | 0:21:36 | |
-Thank you for joining us. -Thank you very much. | 0:21:37 | 0:21:40 | |
LOUD APPLAUSE AND CHEERING | 0:21:43 | 0:21:47 | |
Some great warmth from the audience here. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:53 | |
You've obviously done a fantastic job. | 0:21:53 | 0:21:55 | |
Before you get onto this thing, tell us a little bit about yourself. | 0:21:55 | 0:21:58 | |
You had an accident paragliding, is that right? | 0:21:58 | 0:22:01 | |
I did, yes. May 2009. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:04 | |
So just over three and half years ago. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:06 | |
I broke my back in a near fatal paragliding crash in South Wales. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:09 | |
So I was very lucky to survive, yeah. | 0:22:09 | 0:22:12 | |
And clearly it's not affected your legs too much, | 0:22:12 | 0:22:15 | |
since you can cycle so well! | 0:22:15 | 0:22:17 | |
Yes, I've been left with lower leg paralysis. | 0:22:17 | 0:22:20 | |
So both my feet don't work, so I have to wear special ankle supports. | 0:22:20 | 0:22:24 | |
No hamstrings firing, no bum muscles firing, so it's all quads. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:28 | |
There's pretty big quads there, so that's pretty good! | 0:22:28 | 0:22:31 | |
-Now, this is what I'd like to see. -Yes! | 0:22:31 | 0:22:32 | |
Being a modern alchemist, this is some gold, is it? Some real gold? | 0:22:32 | 0:22:36 | |
Yes, what you have here is my very own Paralympic gold medal. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:41 | |
That's fantastic. | 0:22:41 | 0:22:43 | |
APPLAUSE AND CHEERING | 0:22:43 | 0:22:46 | |
This certainly feels pretty heavy. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:52 | |
Is this solid gold? | 0:22:52 | 0:22:53 | |
No, it's actually 390g of solid silver, | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
and then you have 22g of gold | 0:22:57 | 0:22:59 | |
obviously coated around the outside, | 0:22:59 | 0:23:02 | |
and, proudly, actually made in Llantrisant, in South Wales. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:05 | |
Oh, that's fantastic. Really good. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:07 | |
Nice to see a bit of gold in the studio, as well. | 0:23:07 | 0:23:10 | |
I think we've got a picture of you here, just crossing the line. | 0:23:10 | 0:23:13 | |
-How did it feel crossing the line? -Just euphoric. | 0:23:13 | 0:23:15 | |
It was almost like Christmas and birthdays rolled into one. | 0:23:15 | 0:23:18 | |
-And you got one of these, as well. Fantastic. -Very much so. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:21 | |
But have you ever split up any water molecules before? | 0:23:21 | 0:23:24 | |
-That's the real question. -No, not in this sense! | 0:23:24 | 0:23:27 | |
Obviously, lots of sweat when I'm training. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:29 | |
I think you need to give it a go. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:31 | |
If you'd like to hop on. I'll look after this for you. | 0:23:31 | 0:23:34 | |
OK, wonderful. Make sure he doesn't run away, OK? | 0:23:34 | 0:23:36 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:23:36 | 0:23:37 | |
Because I won't be able to catch him! | 0:23:37 | 0:23:39 | |
Yes, so, now then, Mark's on this bike here. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:44 | |
All his power is going to go into driving this little generator here, | 0:23:44 | 0:23:48 | |
and this really is just connected | 0:23:48 | 0:23:50 | |
to the water we've got in these tubes. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:53 | |
OK, take it away then. That's great. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:55 | |
So we've got two electrodes here. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:57 | |
On the negative electrode, | 0:23:57 | 0:23:59 | |
this is where the hydrogen atoms are collecting. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:02 | |
So, remember, the hydrogen in the water is slightly positive, | 0:24:02 | 0:24:05 | |
the negative electrode is giving them electrons, | 0:24:05 | 0:24:08 | |
forming hydrogen atoms, and forming hydrogen molecules. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:11 | |
On the positive electrode, the oxygen atoms, | 0:24:11 | 0:24:13 | |
which are slightly negative in the water, | 0:24:13 | 0:24:16 | |
are having those extra electrons ripped away | 0:24:16 | 0:24:18 | |
to form oxygen atoms and, eventually, oxygen molecules. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:21 | |
But the interesting thing here, as Mark's pedalling away... | 0:24:21 | 0:24:24 | |
Go on, faster! | 0:24:24 | 0:24:26 | |
The interesting thing is that we can clearly see | 0:24:26 | 0:24:28 | |
that we're getting twice as much hydrogen gas | 0:24:28 | 0:24:31 | |
as we are getting oxygen gas. | 0:24:31 | 0:24:33 | |
So this clearly shows, then, | 0:24:33 | 0:24:35 | |
that water is made up of twice as much hydrogen as oxygen. | 0:24:35 | 0:24:38 | |
Oh, I think you've broken it! Go slower! | 0:24:38 | 0:24:40 | |
Has it gone again? Sorry! | 0:24:40 | 0:24:42 | |
Pretty tiring, isn't it? Don't you think? | 0:24:42 | 0:24:44 | |
-Pretty tough. -Yeah, thank you very much. | 0:24:44 | 0:24:47 | |
I think a big round of applause there for Mark. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:49 | |
APPLAUSE AND CHEERING | 0:24:49 | 0:24:52 | |
Perhaps...can I offer you a drink afterwards? | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
-Do you need a drop of water after that? -Yes, definitely. | 0:24:57 | 0:24:59 | |
-Lots of water. -Would you want this? | 0:24:59 | 0:25:01 | |
This is our Fountain of Youth. | 0:25:01 | 0:25:03 | |
In fact, we've got a guinea pig trying this. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:05 | |
Tim, how's it going? | 0:25:05 | 0:25:07 | |
-How's your Fountain of Youth? -Just the same. | 0:25:07 | 0:25:09 | |
-Don't feel any different at all. -No wrinkles gone yet? | 0:25:09 | 0:25:12 | |
-No, still there! -OK, we'll come back. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:15 | |
We'll give it a chance later. But, anyway, thank you very much. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:18 | |
I'll give that one to you. Thank you for coming. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:20 | |
Thank you. Cheers. | 0:25:20 | 0:25:21 | |
APPLAUSE AND CHEERING | 0:25:21 | 0:25:24 | |
So, we've seen, then, that we need to put energy in | 0:25:28 | 0:25:31 | |
to split up our water. | 0:25:31 | 0:25:32 | |
And a lot of energy is needed there, | 0:25:32 | 0:25:34 | |
and I don't think that using Olympic cyclists... | 0:25:34 | 0:25:37 | |
Even Britain doesn't have enough Olympic gold medal cyclists | 0:25:37 | 0:25:41 | |
to power all the vehicles in the future using hydrogen. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:44 | |
But there is another way of doing this. | 0:25:44 | 0:25:46 | |
Our plants here use the energy from sunlight to split up water. | 0:25:46 | 0:25:51 | |
They spit out oxygen during the daytime, of course, | 0:25:51 | 0:25:53 | |
but they're using the hydrogen | 0:25:53 | 0:25:55 | |
to build up the molecules they're made from. | 0:25:55 | 0:25:57 | |
So maybe we can learn from nature. | 0:25:57 | 0:25:59 | |
Now, Professor Akihiko Kudo from the Tokyo University of Science | 0:25:59 | 0:26:05 | |
has worked on a catalyst here. | 0:26:05 | 0:26:08 | |
This is really quite remarkable stuff. This is quite cutting edge. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:11 | |
This is a catalyst that can use | 0:26:11 | 0:26:13 | |
the energy of light to split up water. | 0:26:13 | 0:26:17 | |
And the catalyst is made of... | 0:26:17 | 0:26:19 | |
Well, actually, if we can just have our periodic tables up for a moment. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:22 | |
Very good, periodic tables! | 0:26:22 | 0:26:24 | |
OK, this catalyst is made up of the element sodium. | 0:26:24 | 0:26:27 | |
Sodium, give us a little wave! | 0:26:27 | 0:26:29 | |
There we are. Very good, sodium. | 0:26:29 | 0:26:31 | |
OK, can you see sodium there? | 0:26:31 | 0:26:32 | |
And we've got tantalum, right in the centre. Very good, tantalum. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:36 | |
And oxygen up there. So this is sodium tantalate, | 0:26:36 | 0:26:39 | |
and it's doped with lanthanum. Where's lanthanum? | 0:26:39 | 0:26:42 | |
There's lanthanum. Very good. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:43 | |
Give us a little wave at the top there. | 0:26:43 | 0:26:45 | |
So this is the catalyst that he's developed, | 0:26:45 | 0:26:48 | |
and this will convert the energy from light | 0:26:48 | 0:26:51 | |
and use this energy to split up water. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:53 | |
So, at ease, periodic tables! | 0:26:53 | 0:26:55 | |
Back down, thank you very much. | 0:26:55 | 0:26:57 | |
-OK, so are we ready? -Yep. | 0:26:57 | 0:26:59 | |
OK, now, we're just going to put this on, then. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:03 | |
OK, now, so this is the catalyst, | 0:27:04 | 0:27:07 | |
sodium tantalate doped with lanthanum, | 0:27:07 | 0:27:10 | |
and we're shining UV light on this, | 0:27:10 | 0:27:14 | |
and, yes, I can see some bubbles. | 0:27:14 | 0:27:17 | |
There are some bubbles in the upper part of the chamber there. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:21 | |
If we just move up, we can see some. There we are. | 0:27:21 | 0:27:23 | |
This is bubbles forming. So, as I say, this is quite remarkable. | 0:27:23 | 0:27:27 | |
This is using light energy to catalytically split up, | 0:27:27 | 0:27:32 | |
so this is not changing the catalyst, | 0:27:32 | 0:27:34 | |
but it's splitting up water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. | 0:27:34 | 0:27:39 | |
So we can see these bubbles here. | 0:27:39 | 0:27:41 | |
Now, unfortunately, the slight snag with this one | 0:27:41 | 0:27:44 | |
is that it's using ultraviolet light and not just visible light. | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
The plants, of course, use visible light. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:50 | |
But scientists all round the world | 0:27:50 | 0:27:52 | |
are trying to work on developing a catalyst | 0:27:52 | 0:27:55 | |
that will work very efficiently with visible light instead. | 0:27:55 | 0:27:58 | |
And if you can do that... | 0:27:58 | 0:28:00 | |
Well, maybe somebody from the audience | 0:28:00 | 0:28:02 | |
will be the scientist that actually finds a catalyst | 0:28:02 | 0:28:05 | |
that will work with visible light. | 0:28:05 | 0:28:06 | |
And if you can do that, you're going to be very rich, | 0:28:06 | 0:28:09 | |
and you will help to solve the world's energy problems. | 0:28:09 | 0:28:13 | |
Right, so, I think it's time that we actually checked the water, | 0:28:13 | 0:28:18 | |
after all this time making it. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:20 | |
So we had to take a lot of precautions here, | 0:28:20 | 0:28:22 | |
to ensure that this really is extra pure. | 0:28:22 | 0:28:24 | |
This is something you should NEVER normally do | 0:28:24 | 0:28:27 | |
during any science experiment. | 0:28:27 | 0:28:28 | |
You shouldn't drink the products of the reaction. | 0:28:28 | 0:28:31 | |
But this apparatus has been specially designed for this. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:33 | |
We've used extra pure oxygen, medical oxygen, | 0:28:33 | 0:28:36 | |
we've used extra pure hydrogen here. | 0:28:36 | 0:28:38 | |
So I am actually going to just try a few drops of this. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:42 | |
Actually, it doesn't taste too nice, to be honest! | 0:28:47 | 0:28:49 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:28:49 | 0:28:51 | |
But it's basically just pure water. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:53 | |
And Tim was using the Fountain of Youth water. | 0:28:53 | 0:28:56 | |
If we look on the bottle of the Fountain of Youth water, | 0:28:56 | 0:28:59 | |
we see there are other minerals dissolved in it. | 0:28:59 | 0:29:01 | |
This is, of course, because water is a very good solvent - | 0:29:01 | 0:29:04 | |
things dissolve in it - | 0:29:04 | 0:29:05 | |
and, well, look at all the other components in our water. | 0:29:05 | 0:29:08 | |
We've got, for instance, there's a lot of calcium, | 0:29:08 | 0:29:11 | |
there's quite a lot of calcium there. | 0:29:11 | 0:29:13 | |
There's quite a bit of sodium in this, as well. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:16 | |
So, sodium, what's your symbol? | 0:29:16 | 0:29:17 | |
-SODIUM: -Na! | 0:29:17 | 0:29:19 | |
-OK, and do you have -Na -idea where this comes from? | 0:29:19 | 0:29:23 | |
Where does this symbol come from? | 0:29:23 | 0:29:25 | |
Any ideas? No? No? OK. | 0:29:25 | 0:29:26 | |
Well, I'm going to show you. | 0:29:26 | 0:29:28 | |
Hold the sign up, please, so we can all see. That's it. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:31 | |
So, Na, where does this come from? | 0:29:31 | 0:29:32 | |
Well, actually, I have a book here. | 0:29:32 | 0:29:34 | |
Thank you. Now, in the book, | 0:29:34 | 0:29:36 | |
we can see that this is a chap... | 0:29:36 | 0:29:40 | |
This book is from 1557, | 0:29:40 | 0:29:43 | |
and this man here, he's making piles of compound here, | 0:29:43 | 0:29:46 | |
and this is actually sodium carbonate. | 0:29:46 | 0:29:49 | |
They called it natron or niter. And this is... | 0:29:49 | 0:29:51 | |
He's taking Nile water here, so this is water from the Nile, | 0:29:51 | 0:29:55 | |
and this is why it's called niter, from the Nile water. | 0:29:55 | 0:29:58 | |
This corrupted into natron, | 0:29:58 | 0:30:00 | |
and this is the word that gives us the symbol for sodium. | 0:30:00 | 0:30:03 | |
Na comes from the Latin version of this, natrium. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
But it was first discovered in water. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:08 | |
OK, thank you. So, periodic table, at ease. | 0:30:08 | 0:30:11 | |
Thank you. Now, how was this detected? | 0:30:11 | 0:30:14 | |
Because we can't see any of these substances in water, | 0:30:14 | 0:30:18 | |
because they're present in such small quantities, | 0:30:18 | 0:30:21 | |
we have to use a chemist's technique called spectroscopy. | 0:30:21 | 0:30:24 | |
And this looks at how energy interacts with electrons in atoms. | 0:30:24 | 0:30:28 | |
Give them some energy, they move up, and as they drop back down again, | 0:30:28 | 0:30:31 | |
they can give out this energy as light. | 0:30:31 | 0:30:33 | |
And each element has its own unique, characteristic, unique colours. | 0:30:33 | 0:30:38 | |
It has its own spectrum, like a rainbow barcode for each element. | 0:30:38 | 0:30:43 | |
And we're going to show this now with all these symbols here. | 0:30:43 | 0:30:46 | |
These are the symbols from group 1 elements. | 0:30:46 | 0:30:48 | |
Can we have group 1 only, please? That's it. Put them up. | 0:30:48 | 0:30:51 | |
Hydrogen, well, you are, of course, a component of water. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:54 | |
You're not really IN water, dissolved in it, | 0:30:54 | 0:30:57 | |
so you can put your card down. | 0:30:57 | 0:30:58 | |
Francium, I'm afraid you're too radioactive, | 0:30:58 | 0:31:01 | |
so there's going to be no francium in our water, | 0:31:01 | 0:31:03 | |
so you can put your card down, as well. | 0:31:03 | 0:31:05 | |
But these other group 1 elements, well, here they are here. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:08 | |
We've actually taken some symbols here | 0:31:08 | 0:31:11 | |
and soaked each of these symbols with salts. | 0:31:11 | 0:31:13 | |
With compounds of the appropriate elements. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:16 | |
And watch what happens when we light them. | 0:31:16 | 0:31:18 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
We can certainly see that the sodium and lithium are very different, | 0:31:47 | 0:31:50 | |
but these ones look rather similar. | 0:31:50 | 0:31:52 | |
But, actually, they're not. | 0:31:52 | 0:31:53 | |
If we were to look very closely | 0:31:53 | 0:31:55 | |
at the colours of light coming down here, | 0:31:55 | 0:31:57 | |
if we split them up using a spectroscope, | 0:31:57 | 0:32:00 | |
we would see they have slightly different colours. | 0:32:00 | 0:32:02 | |
The exact frequencies of light coming out | 0:32:02 | 0:32:05 | |
are unique to these elements. | 0:32:05 | 0:32:07 | |
Now these two elements, caesium and rubidium, | 0:32:07 | 0:32:09 | |
were also first discovered in water. | 0:32:09 | 0:32:13 | |
And they were discovered by Robert Bunsen. | 0:32:13 | 0:32:16 | |
This is Bunsen of Bunsen burner fame, of course - | 0:32:16 | 0:32:20 | |
not to be confused with | 0:32:20 | 0:32:21 | |
Bunsen Honeydew from the Muppets, shown here! | 0:32:21 | 0:32:24 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:32:24 | 0:32:26 | |
But Robert Bunsen took litres of mineral water, evaporated this, | 0:32:26 | 0:32:31 | |
and he found these new elements in the water using spectroscopy. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:35 | |
And, in fact, he named these elements | 0:32:35 | 0:32:37 | |
from the appearance of their spectra - | 0:32:37 | 0:32:40 | |
caesium from the sky blue lines in its spectra, | 0:32:40 | 0:32:42 | |
and rubidium from two very distinct red lines in its spectrum. | 0:32:42 | 0:32:47 | |
OK, so, how do we find these elements, though? | 0:32:47 | 0:32:50 | |
They appear in compounds in water, not as their elements. | 0:32:50 | 0:32:53 | |
All of you, all you group 1 elements, | 0:32:53 | 0:32:56 | |
you're actually metals. | 0:32:56 | 0:32:58 | |
We certainly don't find metals in water. | 0:32:58 | 0:33:00 | |
And that's because all of these metals actually react with water. | 0:33:00 | 0:33:04 | |
And this is what we're going to show you now. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:06 | |
So we have here a tank, | 0:33:06 | 0:33:08 | |
and I'm going to add a tiny little piece of sodium to the tank. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:12 | |
Let's have this one. A little piece of sodium. | 0:33:12 | 0:33:14 | |
A little tiny piece. I'm going to drop it into the water. | 0:33:14 | 0:33:17 | |
There it is, dancing around the surface. | 0:33:17 | 0:33:19 | |
So it's lighter than water, floating on the top, | 0:33:19 | 0:33:22 | |
but it's actually reacting with the water. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:24 | |
We can see it's reacted there. | 0:33:24 | 0:33:26 | |
It's giving out hydrogen gas. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:28 | |
The sodium is giving up its electron to the water, | 0:33:28 | 0:33:31 | |
to the hydrogen in the water, forming hydrogen gas, OK? | 0:33:31 | 0:33:34 | |
It's rather disappointing to see that one, though. | 0:33:34 | 0:33:37 | |
There's not a lot there. | 0:33:37 | 0:33:38 | |
I think we need, actually, a bigger tank, and a bigger piece of sodium. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:44 | |
So let's try this. | 0:33:44 | 0:33:45 | |
OK, this is certainly a bigger piece of sodium. | 0:33:47 | 0:33:50 | |
Now, of course, when this reaction is done at school, | 0:33:50 | 0:33:53 | |
the teacher is always instructed | 0:33:53 | 0:33:55 | |
to not use a piece larger than the size of a pea. | 0:33:55 | 0:33:58 | |
And, well, I thought I'd show you why. | 0:33:58 | 0:34:00 | |
So we've got a piece that IS a bit larger than the size of a pea. | 0:34:00 | 0:34:04 | |
Now then, we're going to add this piece of sodium, then, to the water. | 0:34:04 | 0:34:08 | |
Are you ready? And, step back. | 0:34:08 | 0:34:10 | |
So it's floating on the surface there... | 0:34:12 | 0:34:14 | |
EXPLOSION AUDIENCE GASPS | 0:34:14 | 0:34:17 | |
-HE LAUGHS -There's certainly quite a lot of smoke! | 0:34:17 | 0:34:20 | |
APPLAUSE AND CHEERING | 0:34:20 | 0:34:24 | |
Well, you can certainly see why | 0:34:32 | 0:34:34 | |
you shouldn't add a piece larger than the size of a pea! | 0:34:34 | 0:34:37 | |
LAUGHTER COUGHING | 0:34:37 | 0:34:40 | |
Oh, dear! I've poisoned the audience! | 0:34:40 | 0:34:43 | |
-It's chemistry! -COUGHING | 0:34:43 | 0:34:46 | |
Right, now... | 0:34:46 | 0:34:47 | |
But it's not just water that sodium can give its electron to. | 0:34:47 | 0:34:52 | |
We can also... It can give its electron to oxygen. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:59 | |
So here is a piece of sodium | 0:34:59 | 0:35:00 | |
and I'm just going to cut this now | 0:35:00 | 0:35:03 | |
and chop it right down the middle. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:06 | |
There we are. | 0:35:06 | 0:35:08 | |
So this is beautiful, silvery metal. | 0:35:09 | 0:35:11 | |
So this is what sodium normally looks like. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:14 | |
But just as it's left here, exposed to the air, | 0:35:14 | 0:35:17 | |
it's reacting with the oxygen in the air. | 0:35:17 | 0:35:20 | |
It's actually giving up its electron to oxygen. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:23 | |
OK, we can see it's changing. | 0:35:23 | 0:35:25 | |
It's actually got a sort of white crust | 0:35:25 | 0:35:28 | |
developing over the surface. | 0:35:28 | 0:35:29 | |
But, actually, if we just have | 0:35:29 | 0:35:31 | |
our periodic table up for the moment, | 0:35:31 | 0:35:33 | |
and I want to focus on group 1 again. | 0:35:33 | 0:35:36 | |
So others, down. Just group 1 up. | 0:35:36 | 0:35:38 | |
So we have sodium here, | 0:35:38 | 0:35:40 | |
and the key thing here is this outermost electron sodium has. | 0:35:40 | 0:35:43 | |
I think we have a graphic to show this. | 0:35:43 | 0:35:45 | |
This is the atomic structure of sodium. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:47 | |
We have one outermost electron there. | 0:35:47 | 0:35:49 | |
This is the thing that's very easily given in chemical reactions. | 0:35:49 | 0:35:53 | |
But as we come down the group, | 0:35:53 | 0:35:54 | |
you've all got this one outermost electron, | 0:35:54 | 0:35:57 | |
but if we look at, say, caesium, right at the bottom, | 0:35:57 | 0:35:59 | |
so here's caesium, and has lots more electrons, | 0:35:59 | 0:36:02 | |
but, again, there's one outermost electron, | 0:36:02 | 0:36:05 | |
and this is even more easily lost than it is for sodium. | 0:36:05 | 0:36:08 | |
And, well, we have some here. | 0:36:08 | 0:36:11 | |
This is caesium in this vessel. | 0:36:11 | 0:36:14 | |
The problem was, we need to store it under argon, | 0:36:14 | 0:36:17 | |
and we had a slight problem. | 0:36:17 | 0:36:19 | |
We sealed it up so well, we can't get it out! | 0:36:19 | 0:36:22 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:36:22 | 0:36:24 | |
So, I think the simplest thing to do | 0:36:24 | 0:36:26 | |
is actually to hit it with a hammer, | 0:36:26 | 0:36:29 | |
which is what I'm going to do. | 0:36:29 | 0:36:31 | |
-HAMMERING -Oh, well, that did it! | 0:36:31 | 0:36:33 | |
This is such a reactive element | 0:36:33 | 0:36:35 | |
that is soon as it comes into contact with the air... | 0:36:35 | 0:36:38 | |
in fact, if you have the lights down, | 0:36:38 | 0:36:40 | |
you might be able to see some of the sparks that are... | 0:36:40 | 0:36:43 | |
ooh, yes, look at this. | 0:36:43 | 0:36:45 | |
This is SO reactive that as soon as... | 0:36:45 | 0:36:47 | |
Ooh, dear! Lots of sparks! | 0:36:47 | 0:36:48 | |
..as soon as it as it comes into contact with the air, it's gone off. | 0:36:48 | 0:36:52 | |
It WAS a nice, shiny metal. It was a sort of silvery colour. | 0:36:52 | 0:36:55 | |
Sometimes it has a slight golden colour, | 0:36:55 | 0:36:57 | |
but when comes into contact with air, it forms this black oxide. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:00 | |
So, the caesium is incredibly reactive | 0:37:00 | 0:37:03 | |
and it's given its electron to the oxygen. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:06 | |
But there are other things that can take the electron away | 0:37:06 | 0:37:10 | |
from these group 1 elements, | 0:37:10 | 0:37:12 | |
and one of them is contained in this, in bleach. | 0:37:12 | 0:37:15 | |
Does anyone know what element is in this? | 0:37:15 | 0:37:17 | |
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Chlorine! | 0:37:17 | 0:37:19 | |
Chlorine! Where's chlorine? | 0:37:19 | 0:37:21 | |
Yes, you're in bleach. This gives the bleach its colour. | 0:37:21 | 0:37:24 | |
You're a really poisonous, nasty element, I'm afraid. | 0:37:24 | 0:37:27 | |
You were used in World War I as a toxic gas. | 0:37:27 | 0:37:30 | |
Not very nice! | 0:37:30 | 0:37:32 | |
But you're very efficient, though, at taking electrons from things. | 0:37:32 | 0:37:36 | |
OK, we're going to see some chlorine in just a moment, | 0:37:36 | 0:37:38 | |
but before I show you that, I want to show you something else. | 0:37:38 | 0:37:41 | |
This is a really, really remarkable book. | 0:37:41 | 0:37:44 | |
This is from the archives in the Royal Institution here. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:48 | |
And this was from a lecture | 0:37:48 | 0:37:51 | |
that was delivered exactly 200 years ago, in 1812. | 0:37:51 | 0:37:54 | |
And the lectures were four lectures, | 0:37:54 | 0:37:56 | |
being part of a course on the elements of chemical philosophy, | 0:37:56 | 0:38:00 | |
delivered by Sir Humphrey Davy exactly 200 years ago. | 0:38:00 | 0:38:04 | |
Sir Humphrey Davy was the first person to isolate, | 0:38:04 | 0:38:07 | |
among other elements, sodium and potassium, | 0:38:07 | 0:38:10 | |
and he also named chlorine over there. | 0:38:10 | 0:38:12 | |
And these lectures were written down during the lecture course | 0:38:12 | 0:38:15 | |
by a young Michael Faraday, | 0:38:15 | 0:38:17 | |
who was sitting in the audience, exactly where you are now. | 0:38:17 | 0:38:21 | |
Davy was so impressed with these notes | 0:38:21 | 0:38:23 | |
that Faraday wrote up of the lectures, | 0:38:23 | 0:38:26 | |
that he gave him a job. | 0:38:26 | 0:38:27 | |
He got a job here at the Royal Institution | 0:38:27 | 0:38:29 | |
and became one of the world's most famous scientists ever. | 0:38:29 | 0:38:33 | |
Now, I'm certainly no Humphrey Davy, | 0:38:33 | 0:38:35 | |
but who knows, sitting in this audience | 0:38:35 | 0:38:37 | |
there may well be the next Michael Faraday. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:40 | |
Now, this is what I wanted to show you, though. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:43 | |
In this book, Experiments Belonging To The Lecture On Chlorine, | 0:38:43 | 0:38:46 | |
it says, "Mr Davy exhibited a specimen of chlorine gas. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:51 | |
"It was in a clean glass tube." | 0:38:51 | 0:38:53 | |
OK, now, we actually have that original sample of chlorine gas. | 0:38:53 | 0:38:59 | |
Here it is. This is the one that Davy exhibited back in 1812, | 0:38:59 | 0:39:04 | |
which is quite remarkable. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:06 | |
So chlorine gets its name, Davy gave it its name, | 0:39:06 | 0:39:09 | |
from the Greek, "chloros" meaning "green", | 0:39:09 | 0:39:12 | |
because of this greeny colour that it has. | 0:39:12 | 0:39:14 | |
We even have a sample of the original sodium, | 0:39:14 | 0:39:18 | |
and this is Davy's original sodium, | 0:39:18 | 0:39:21 | |
prepared here at the Royal Institution. | 0:39:21 | 0:39:24 | |
This is the metal, floating, protected in oil, | 0:39:24 | 0:39:27 | |
because, as we've seen, it goes off in air very quickly. | 0:39:27 | 0:39:31 | |
So, we've got sodium and we've got chlorine. | 0:39:31 | 0:39:34 | |
Well, what happens when you mix the two? | 0:39:34 | 0:39:36 | |
Well, you get some sodium chloride. | 0:39:36 | 0:39:38 | |
Now, they would kill me if I did this, of course, with these, | 0:39:38 | 0:39:41 | |
so I'm not going to use the original samples of sodium and chlorine. | 0:39:41 | 0:39:45 | |
But we do have some other samples here. | 0:39:45 | 0:39:48 | |
Here's our sodium, here's our chlorine. | 0:39:48 | 0:39:51 | |
And you can see this beautiful green colour now of the chlorine, | 0:39:51 | 0:39:55 | |
you can see the beautiful silvery colour of the sodium. | 0:39:55 | 0:39:58 | |
We've taken all the air out of this side, | 0:39:58 | 0:40:00 | |
because we know that sodium reacts very violently with air, | 0:40:00 | 0:40:04 | |
so there's no air here. | 0:40:04 | 0:40:05 | |
I'm just going to pop my goggles on, if I can do that one-handedly. | 0:40:05 | 0:40:09 | |
There we go. And I'm now going to let the chlorine from this side | 0:40:09 | 0:40:13 | |
into this side, and see what happens. | 0:40:13 | 0:40:15 | |
So let's have a look. | 0:40:15 | 0:40:17 | |
Look at that. This is sodium meets chlorine, | 0:40:17 | 0:40:20 | |
and the silver mirror has disappeared, | 0:40:20 | 0:40:23 | |
and we've got this white crust forming all the way round here. | 0:40:23 | 0:40:27 | |
It's gone white, looks like salt, and, well, | 0:40:27 | 0:40:31 | |
that's because what we've made here is salt - | 0:40:31 | 0:40:33 | |
it's sodium chloride. | 0:40:33 | 0:40:35 | |
So the chlorine reacts with the sodium, | 0:40:35 | 0:40:38 | |
the chlorine takes the electron from the sodium, | 0:40:38 | 0:40:41 | |
to form white sodium chloride. | 0:40:41 | 0:40:43 | |
This is just the sort of thing you would put on your chips. | 0:40:43 | 0:40:46 | |
The chlorine itself is poisonous. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:47 | |
It reacts by taking electrons from your body and poisons you. | 0:40:47 | 0:40:51 | |
The sodium is poisonous. It gives its electron to you. | 0:40:51 | 0:40:53 | |
But once they've reacted, | 0:40:53 | 0:40:55 | |
we've got sodium chloride and you eat it. | 0:40:55 | 0:40:58 | |
OK, thank you very much. | 0:40:58 | 0:41:00 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:41:00 | 0:41:03 | |
But there are actually different sorts of salt. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:11 | |
Sodium chloride is just one salt. There are others. | 0:41:11 | 0:41:14 | |
And if we have our halogens up for a moment... | 0:41:14 | 0:41:17 | |
OK, all of you are very good at forming salts, | 0:41:17 | 0:41:20 | |
especially with group 1. Can we have group 1 up, as well, please? | 0:41:20 | 0:41:23 | |
OK, any mixtures of you would form salts. | 0:41:23 | 0:41:25 | |
Not only could we have sodium chloride, | 0:41:25 | 0:41:27 | |
we could have potassium bromide, potassium chloride, or so on. | 0:41:27 | 0:41:31 | |
In fact, all of you halogens... | 0:41:31 | 0:41:33 | |
Do you know what the name "halogen" actually means? Does anyone know? | 0:41:33 | 0:41:37 | |
Does anyone know anywhere? | 0:41:37 | 0:41:39 | |
It means "salt-former". | 0:41:39 | 0:41:42 | |
So you're all really good forming salts. | 0:41:42 | 0:41:45 | |
In fact, that's how, as a group, you get your name. | 0:41:45 | 0:41:48 | |
So salts, though, have very different properties | 0:41:48 | 0:41:50 | |
when they're dissolved in the water. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:52 | |
The water itself is completely different. | 0:41:52 | 0:41:55 | |
Seawater is not the same as normal water, | 0:41:55 | 0:41:57 | |
and, well, we have some seawater here to show you. | 0:41:57 | 0:42:00 | |
Thank you very much, periodic tables. If you go down for a moment. | 0:42:00 | 0:42:03 | |
So I was fortunate enough to visit the Dead Sea. | 0:42:03 | 0:42:06 | |
In fact, this is me floating in the Dead Sea up here. | 0:42:06 | 0:42:09 | |
-LAUGHTER -So while I was floating, | 0:42:09 | 0:42:11 | |
I was thinking, "Well, what would it be like? | 0:42:11 | 0:42:14 | |
"What sort of things could we get to float on the Dead Sea?" | 0:42:14 | 0:42:18 | |
Well, I need a volunteer, actually, to help out with this. | 0:42:18 | 0:42:21 | |
And we'll have somebody from... | 0:42:21 | 0:42:23 | |
Yes, yes. If you'd like to come down. Lovely. | 0:42:23 | 0:42:26 | |
-APPLAUSE -Thank you very much. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:28 | |
If you'd like to face the front here. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:30 | |
-What's your name, please? -Katie. | 0:42:30 | 0:42:32 | |
Right, good. We need to put some protective clothing when you, | 0:42:32 | 0:42:35 | |
so just come over here and put on some protective clothing. | 0:42:35 | 0:42:38 | |
I've got a block of metal here. | 0:42:38 | 0:42:41 | |
Now, what do you think to this block of metal? | 0:42:41 | 0:42:43 | |
If you just hold this. What do you think? | 0:42:43 | 0:42:46 | |
-It's really heavy. -It's really heavy, yes? | 0:42:46 | 0:42:49 | |
OK, really heavy. What do you think? How heavy? | 0:42:49 | 0:42:52 | |
Quite heavy, yeah. | 0:42:52 | 0:42:53 | |
So this IS solid metal. This is actually... | 0:42:53 | 0:42:55 | |
You're looking very good in those! Very fetching! | 0:42:55 | 0:42:58 | |
We've got a step here, which was a very good thing! | 0:42:58 | 0:43:00 | |
If you'd like to stand on this step. | 0:43:00 | 0:43:02 | |
OK, this is some salty water. This is essentially seawater. | 0:43:02 | 0:43:06 | |
I'm going to put on my gloves, as well. | 0:43:06 | 0:43:08 | |
You haven't held this yet. If you just hold that. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:11 | |
Just stand there for a moment. | 0:43:11 | 0:43:12 | |
Right, what you think of that? Quite heavy? | 0:43:12 | 0:43:15 | |
Yeah! Quite heavy, actually! | 0:43:15 | 0:43:17 | |
Yes, it is quite heavy. | 0:43:17 | 0:43:18 | |
Right, do you think it's going to float in the Dead Sea, | 0:43:18 | 0:43:21 | |
or sink in the Dead Sea? | 0:43:21 | 0:43:23 | |
What you think? 50-50. | 0:43:25 | 0:43:26 | |
-Float or sink? Ask the audience? -Float. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:29 | |
-Ah, float, OK. Float in the Dead Sea. -Maybe. It's quite heavy. | 0:43:29 | 0:43:32 | |
Covering your bets there. | 0:43:32 | 0:43:33 | |
OK, it is quite heavy, though, isn't it? | 0:43:33 | 0:43:35 | |
Let's see, shall we? We're going to drop it in. | 0:43:35 | 0:43:37 | |
You take that side. That's it. | 0:43:37 | 0:43:39 | |
And you put that in the water. | 0:43:39 | 0:43:41 | |
Lower it in gently, you don't want to splash it everywhere. | 0:43:41 | 0:43:44 | |
That's it. OK, very good. And just let go. | 0:43:44 | 0:43:47 | |
-And... -Oh, no! | 0:43:47 | 0:43:49 | |
Aw! Well, it sinks. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:50 | |
It did sink, yes! It sank pretty quickly. | 0:43:50 | 0:43:53 | |
It was quite heavy, wasn't it? | 0:43:53 | 0:43:55 | |
It did sink pretty quickly there. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:57 | |
I'll see if I can fish it out for you. | 0:43:57 | 0:43:59 | |
I'll do this, I've got longer gloves. | 0:43:59 | 0:44:01 | |
-And...ooh, not that long! -LAUGHTER | 0:44:01 | 0:44:03 | |
Anyway, right, out comes the magnesium here. | 0:44:03 | 0:44:07 | |
This is a block of pure magnesium. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:08 | |
It is actually quite heavy, you're right! | 0:44:08 | 0:44:11 | |
OK, there we are. Now, we've got some other water here. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:14 | |
So this one contains sodium salts, | 0:44:14 | 0:44:16 | |
but this one contains caesium salts. | 0:44:16 | 0:44:18 | |
And if we just have our group 1 up again for a moment. | 0:44:18 | 0:44:21 | |
Oh, very good! Very efficient! | 0:44:21 | 0:44:22 | |
Sodium right at the top there, | 0:44:22 | 0:44:24 | |
and as we go down, we get to caesium. | 0:44:24 | 0:44:26 | |
And, so, caesium is actually heavier than sodium. | 0:44:26 | 0:44:29 | |
And, now, how quickly do you think this is going to sink in this one? | 0:44:29 | 0:44:33 | |
-Er, maybe a bit longer. -Take a bit longer to sink? | 0:44:33 | 0:44:35 | |
Yep, OK, all right. So shall we try this one? | 0:44:35 | 0:44:38 | |
I'm just going to put this in the water. | 0:44:38 | 0:44:40 | |
Are you ready? Do you want to hold it there, as well? | 0:44:40 | 0:44:42 | |
Just gently let go. And, ready? | 0:44:42 | 0:44:44 | |
After three. 1, 2, 3, go! | 0:44:44 | 0:44:46 | |
AUDIENCE GASPS | 0:44:48 | 0:44:50 | |
Ooh! | 0:44:50 | 0:44:52 | |
LAUGHTER | 0:44:52 | 0:44:55 | |
-Watch out for your gloves! -LAUGHTER | 0:44:55 | 0:44:58 | |
No, so it's not actually going to sink. | 0:44:58 | 0:45:00 | |
It actually floats in the water. So I'll just fish that out, | 0:45:00 | 0:45:03 | |
and I think you should get a big round of applause | 0:45:03 | 0:45:06 | |
-for your help there. -APPLAUSE | 0:45:06 | 0:45:08 | |
Thank you. | 0:45:08 | 0:45:09 | |
We'll just take those off you. That's it. Lovely stuff. | 0:45:09 | 0:45:12 | |
Thank you very much indeed. | 0:45:12 | 0:45:14 | |
Yes, the block of metal actually floats in the caesium salts, | 0:45:14 | 0:45:17 | |
and that's because caesium itself is a heavier atom than sodium is. | 0:45:17 | 0:45:22 | |
We can get other salts, though, from the Dead Sea, for instance. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:26 | |
It's not just sodium chloride. In fact, in the Dead Sea | 0:45:26 | 0:45:29 | |
it's quite rich in another salt. | 0:45:29 | 0:45:31 | |
If we have our halogens back, please. | 0:45:31 | 0:45:33 | |
OK, we have bromine in the Dead Sea, as well. | 0:45:33 | 0:45:36 | |
It's not as bromine itself, not as the element. It's as bromide. | 0:45:36 | 0:45:39 | |
This is where it's taken an electron from something | 0:45:39 | 0:45:41 | |
and formed a negative bromide ion. | 0:45:41 | 0:45:43 | |
So we'd get things like potassium bromide, sodium bromide, | 0:45:43 | 0:45:46 | |
if we evaporated our Dead Sea water. | 0:45:46 | 0:45:48 | |
And, actually, I can demonstrate this | 0:45:48 | 0:45:51 | |
with some of the Dead Sea water. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:53 | |
I've got some concentrated Dead Sea water. | 0:45:53 | 0:45:56 | |
I brought this back from the Dead Sea. | 0:45:56 | 0:45:58 | |
Just the sort of thing you normally bring back, I suppose, | 0:45:58 | 0:46:00 | |
if you're a chemist! | 0:46:00 | 0:46:02 | |
Right, here we are. Here's my Dead Sea water. | 0:46:02 | 0:46:04 | |
And I'm just going to add some bleach to that. | 0:46:04 | 0:46:08 | |
Of course, the bleach has chlorine atoms in it. | 0:46:08 | 0:46:11 | |
Watch what happens, just give it a bit of a... | 0:46:11 | 0:46:13 | |
AUDIENCE GASPS | 0:46:13 | 0:46:16 | |
OK. This, the colour that you now see... | 0:46:16 | 0:46:19 | |
And we haven't cheated in any way, | 0:46:19 | 0:46:20 | |
this really is just Dead Sea water that I brought back. | 0:46:20 | 0:46:23 | |
We just concentrated it a bit by removing some water. | 0:46:23 | 0:46:26 | |
This is just bleach. | 0:46:26 | 0:46:27 | |
The colour that you see now is bromine. | 0:46:27 | 0:46:30 | |
So with our halogens, we've got bromide here, | 0:46:30 | 0:46:33 | |
and I've just added some chlorine that was in the bleach. | 0:46:33 | 0:46:36 | |
So what we have there, the bromide reacts with the chlorine, | 0:46:36 | 0:46:39 | |
chlorine takes the electron from bromide, | 0:46:39 | 0:46:42 | |
and forums bromine element and leaves chloride ions. | 0:46:42 | 0:46:45 | |
But chlorine, look behind you. Who's behind you? | 0:46:45 | 0:46:48 | |
Fluorine! | 0:46:48 | 0:46:50 | |
Fluorine, exactly! | 0:46:50 | 0:46:51 | |
No fluorine is even better at taking electrons away, | 0:46:51 | 0:46:55 | |
and fluorine can take the electron away from chloride. | 0:46:55 | 0:46:58 | |
OK, fluorine, in fact... | 0:46:58 | 0:46:59 | |
That's right, give us a little wave! | 0:46:59 | 0:47:01 | |
Fluorine, you are THE most reactive non-metal | 0:47:01 | 0:47:04 | |
in the entire periodic table. | 0:47:04 | 0:47:06 | |
You will steal an electron from every other element | 0:47:06 | 0:47:09 | |
in the entire periodic table, with the slight exception | 0:47:09 | 0:47:12 | |
of the very inert noble gases sitting next to you. | 0:47:12 | 0:47:14 | |
But everything else, you will react with. Very, very violent. | 0:47:14 | 0:47:17 | |
Fluorine is probably THE most reactive element | 0:47:17 | 0:47:20 | |
in the entire periodic table. | 0:47:20 | 0:47:22 | |
Certainly the most reactive non-metal. | 0:47:22 | 0:47:24 | |
Even as a chemist, I had never seen any fluorine, | 0:47:24 | 0:47:27 | |
and I thought, for these lectures, | 0:47:27 | 0:47:30 | |
it would be really nice to bring some fluorine into the lectures | 0:47:30 | 0:47:34 | |
and I needed to find a specialist to do this. | 0:47:34 | 0:47:36 | |
So, would you please welcome, from the University of Leicester, | 0:47:36 | 0:47:40 | |
Professor Eric Hope, a fluorine chemist. | 0:47:40 | 0:47:42 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:47:42 | 0:47:45 | |
Eric, thank you for coming along. | 0:47:46 | 0:47:48 | |
So, Eric is a fluorine specialist. | 0:47:48 | 0:47:50 | |
Fluorine is incredibly reactive. | 0:47:50 | 0:47:52 | |
-It reacts with just about everything, doesn't it? -Indeed. | 0:47:52 | 0:47:55 | |
So, the question everyone wants to ask is, how do you store it? | 0:47:55 | 0:47:58 | |
Doesn't it react with the container you put it in? | 0:47:58 | 0:48:01 | |
It does react with the container. | 0:48:01 | 0:48:02 | |
You can store it in metal containers, stainless steel, | 0:48:02 | 0:48:05 | |
or we hold it in nickel containers in Leicester. | 0:48:05 | 0:48:08 | |
And what happens is the fluorine reacts | 0:48:08 | 0:48:10 | |
with a coating of the metal, | 0:48:10 | 0:48:11 | |
you get nickel difluoride, a very few microns thick, | 0:48:11 | 0:48:14 | |
protects the rest of the nickel metal, | 0:48:14 | 0:48:16 | |
and you get an impervious layer. | 0:48:16 | 0:48:18 | |
So it HAS reacted, and what it's formed is pretty inert afterwards. | 0:48:18 | 0:48:22 | |
Indeed, yes. | 0:48:22 | 0:48:23 | |
But fluorine is incredibly reactive and dangerous, isn't it? | 0:48:23 | 0:48:26 | |
If you control and handle it under appropriate conditions, | 0:48:26 | 0:48:29 | |
then it is dangerous, but it's not THAT dangerous. | 0:48:29 | 0:48:32 | |
-It's very reactive, isn't it? -It'll react, as you said, | 0:48:32 | 0:48:35 | |
with virtually every element in the periodic table. | 0:48:35 | 0:48:38 | |
When I contacted Eric, I thought, fluorine, really reactive, | 0:48:38 | 0:48:42 | |
it would be very great if we could bring some of this into the RI. | 0:48:42 | 0:48:45 | |
But one reaction that I've always wanted to try | 0:48:45 | 0:48:48 | |
is the reaction between fluorine - | 0:48:48 | 0:48:50 | |
because, you know, it is one of THE most reactive non-metals - | 0:48:50 | 0:48:53 | |
I thought I'd like to try the reaction of fluorine | 0:48:53 | 0:48:56 | |
with THE most reactive metal in the periodic table, caesium. | 0:48:56 | 0:48:59 | |
Yes, you are best electron-giver! Very generous! | 0:48:59 | 0:49:01 | |
So this should be a really violent reaction. | 0:49:01 | 0:49:04 | |
I thought, I'd love to see this! | 0:49:04 | 0:49:06 | |
What did you think of this, when I said I wanted to try | 0:49:06 | 0:49:08 | |
the reaction of fluorine with caesium? | 0:49:08 | 0:49:11 | |
I thought it was the most outlandish thing I'd ever heard, | 0:49:11 | 0:49:14 | |
and it took me a good 24 hours to think about whether or not | 0:49:14 | 0:49:17 | |
it was feasible or possible to actually do. | 0:49:17 | 0:49:19 | |
OK. Yes, exactly, we did wonder whether we could actually do this. | 0:49:19 | 0:49:22 | |
Shall we just have the periodic table down? | 0:49:22 | 0:49:25 | |
We thought, "How could we do this safely?" | 0:49:25 | 0:49:27 | |
And we did have a practice | 0:49:27 | 0:49:28 | |
just to make sure we could do this safely. | 0:49:28 | 0:49:30 | |
In fact, the remarkable thing was, | 0:49:30 | 0:49:32 | |
as I say, I'm a chemist, and I've never actually seen... | 0:49:32 | 0:49:36 | |
I hadn't seen fluorine before, before I went up to Leicester, | 0:49:36 | 0:49:38 | |
-and remarkably, well... -I've never seen caesium before! | 0:49:38 | 0:49:41 | |
Eric had never seen caesium! | 0:49:41 | 0:49:43 | |
So we thought we HAD to get together, really! | 0:49:43 | 0:49:46 | |
So I thought I'd bring my caesium along to Leicester, | 0:49:46 | 0:49:48 | |
and we did test things, | 0:49:48 | 0:49:50 | |
and we're going to try and do this for you now. | 0:49:50 | 0:49:52 | |
I'm actually just going to hold this in my hand. | 0:49:52 | 0:49:55 | |
Just holding this in my hand actually just melts the caesium. | 0:49:55 | 0:49:59 | |
So the bond between the caesium atoms here are so weak, | 0:49:59 | 0:50:03 | |
just holding it in my hand melts this. There we are. | 0:50:03 | 0:50:05 | |
We've certainly got some caesium at the bottom of this tube. | 0:50:05 | 0:50:09 | |
Right, we're going to try, then, | 0:50:10 | 0:50:12 | |
the reaction between caesium and fluorine. | 0:50:12 | 0:50:15 | |
The caesium is protected by this blanket of argon... | 0:50:15 | 0:50:21 | |
..which is heavier than air. | 0:50:23 | 0:50:26 | |
And we've seen that caesium reacts with the air. | 0:50:26 | 0:50:29 | |
And I'm just going to lower this on... | 0:50:32 | 0:50:35 | |
..like so, and push this down. | 0:50:40 | 0:50:43 | |
OK, and I think we're ready to try, then. | 0:50:46 | 0:50:48 | |
Ah! | 0:50:50 | 0:50:51 | |
AUDIENCE GASPS APPLAUSE | 0:50:51 | 0:50:54 | |
OK, so it's an incredibly violent reaction. | 0:51:08 | 0:51:10 | |
We're using tiny quantities. | 0:51:10 | 0:51:12 | |
Well, we used more caesium here, but a tiny quantity of fluorine. | 0:51:12 | 0:51:15 | |
We have to just use a tiny, tiny bit. It's in this tube here. | 0:51:15 | 0:51:18 | |
But it did react very, very violently with the caesium, | 0:51:18 | 0:51:22 | |
to form caesium fluoride. | 0:51:22 | 0:51:23 | |
OK, well, I think we need to give a big round of applause | 0:51:23 | 0:51:26 | |
to Professor Eric Hope. | 0:51:26 | 0:51:28 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:51:28 | 0:51:30 | |
So, once the caesium has reacted with the fluorine, | 0:51:33 | 0:51:36 | |
again, the caesium gives up its electron, | 0:51:36 | 0:51:39 | |
and it's no longer the reactive caesium metal that we started with. | 0:51:39 | 0:51:43 | |
And, of course, the fluorine, once it grabs the electron, | 0:51:43 | 0:51:45 | |
it's no longer the reactive fluorine we started with. | 0:51:45 | 0:51:48 | |
We've got fluoride ion. | 0:51:48 | 0:51:50 | |
And actually, remarkably, fluoride is something that, again, | 0:51:50 | 0:51:53 | |
you can find in every glass of drinking water you have. | 0:51:53 | 0:51:56 | |
This is actually added to our tap water | 0:51:56 | 0:51:59 | |
because it protects our teeth and prevents decay. | 0:51:59 | 0:52:02 | |
Now, talking of preventing decay, | 0:52:02 | 0:52:04 | |
I think we need to see how our Fountain of Youth volunteer got on, | 0:52:04 | 0:52:08 | |
and see how whether it really has worked after all. | 0:52:08 | 0:52:11 | |
So, Tim, how's it doing? | 0:52:11 | 0:52:14 | |
-Has it worked? -I feel a lot younger! | 0:52:14 | 0:52:17 | |
Tim, is that really you?! | 0:52:17 | 0:52:19 | |
Ah, I can see what they did there! | 0:52:20 | 0:52:23 | |
LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE | 0:52:23 | 0:52:26 | |
Tim, do you feel any different at all? | 0:52:30 | 0:52:32 | |
No different at all, I'm afraid. Just the same age. | 0:52:32 | 0:52:35 | |
OK, so it really looks like our Fountain of Youth water | 0:52:35 | 0:52:38 | |
perhaps isn't restoring Tim's youth to him. | 0:52:38 | 0:52:41 | |
But, nonetheless, water does play a very important role in our lives. | 0:52:41 | 0:52:45 | |
Without it, we'd all be dead. | 0:52:45 | 0:52:47 | |
And this is because water actually enables | 0:52:47 | 0:52:50 | |
chemical reactions to take place, | 0:52:50 | 0:52:52 | |
both inside the cells in your body and in other reactions. | 0:52:52 | 0:52:55 | |
And this is what we're going to demonstrate now. I have... | 0:52:55 | 0:53:00 | |
We've placed some magnesium powder and some silver nitrate. | 0:53:00 | 0:53:05 | |
Now, they are touching each other at the moment. | 0:53:05 | 0:53:08 | |
They're mixed up very intimately, but not quite intimately enough. | 0:53:08 | 0:53:11 | |
What they need is to get into really close contact, | 0:53:11 | 0:53:14 | |
and we do that by adding a drop of water. | 0:53:14 | 0:53:16 | |
OK, now, they've given me a glass of water and a pipette, | 0:53:16 | 0:53:21 | |
but I think I'm going to need the slightly longer pipette, please. | 0:53:21 | 0:53:25 | |
This is quite a violent... | 0:53:25 | 0:53:26 | |
Thank you, that's a better one. Right, now... | 0:53:26 | 0:53:29 | |
I'm going to take the lid off of this. | 0:53:30 | 0:53:33 | |
It's sitting here quite happily the moment, | 0:53:33 | 0:53:35 | |
nothing is taking place, | 0:53:35 | 0:53:37 | |
until we add a drop of water. | 0:53:37 | 0:53:40 | |
OK, I'm adding it now. | 0:53:40 | 0:53:43 | |
AUDIENCE GASPS | 0:53:44 | 0:53:47 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:53:47 | 0:53:50 | |
So this is an incredibly violent reaction that takes place, | 0:53:57 | 0:54:01 | |
but it didn't take place until we added the water. | 0:54:01 | 0:54:05 | |
So, maybe this gives us a method for slowing reactions down, | 0:54:05 | 0:54:08 | |
if we remove the water. | 0:54:08 | 0:54:10 | |
Well, I think, actually, it's getting time for my dinner, | 0:54:10 | 0:54:13 | |
and they've brought on some bananas! | 0:54:13 | 0:54:17 | |
Great! And these bananas have seen better days. | 0:54:17 | 0:54:20 | |
Now, these bananas, I know, are two weeks old, actually. | 0:54:20 | 0:54:25 | |
They've been sort of...eurgh! | 0:54:25 | 0:54:27 | |
AUDIENCE GROANS | 0:54:29 | 0:54:30 | |
It's actually a banana... | 0:54:30 | 0:54:33 | |
AUDIENCE GROANS LOUDLY | 0:54:33 | 0:54:35 | |
It's seen better days, I think. | 0:54:37 | 0:54:40 | |
But this banana... | 0:54:40 | 0:54:42 | |
..this banana, this one was two weeks old. | 0:54:42 | 0:54:45 | |
This banana here is actually six YEARS old. | 0:54:45 | 0:54:49 | |
-AUDIENCE GROANS -Yeah, if I was going to eat one, | 0:54:49 | 0:54:52 | |
I know which one I'd rather have! | 0:54:52 | 0:54:54 | |
Now, why has this one lasted so long? | 0:54:54 | 0:54:56 | |
Actually, what do you think? Have a look at this. | 0:54:56 | 0:54:58 | |
What do you think? What does it feel like? | 0:54:58 | 0:55:01 | |
-Scaly. -Scaly? Uh-huh. | 0:55:01 | 0:55:02 | |
What do you think? What do you think it feels like? | 0:55:02 | 0:55:05 | |
-Quite hard. -Quite hard, yes. | 0:55:05 | 0:55:08 | |
It IS quite hard. | 0:55:08 | 0:55:09 | |
And this is because we've removed all the water from this banana. | 0:55:09 | 0:55:13 | |
But this has actually preserved it. | 0:55:13 | 0:55:15 | |
It's stopped the reactions taking place, | 0:55:15 | 0:55:17 | |
the normal reactions where things go bad, | 0:55:17 | 0:55:19 | |
reactions taking place in the cells. | 0:55:19 | 0:55:21 | |
If we remove the water, they can't happen. | 0:55:21 | 0:55:23 | |
And, well, maybe this could be a way of preserving our good looks, | 0:55:23 | 0:55:26 | |
if we just remove the water? | 0:55:26 | 0:55:28 | |
Well, you could, and this is what you might look like. | 0:55:28 | 0:55:30 | |
-LAUGHTER -Well, this chap might not look too good, | 0:55:30 | 0:55:34 | |
but he is 800 years old, which is quite remarkable! | 0:55:34 | 0:55:38 | |
And the reason he's survived looking like this | 0:55:38 | 0:55:41 | |
is because all the water was removed when he died. | 0:55:41 | 0:55:44 | |
He died in the north coast of Peru. | 0:55:44 | 0:55:46 | |
It's very dry there, and removing the water | 0:55:46 | 0:55:48 | |
has actually preserved the cells of his body. | 0:55:48 | 0:55:51 | |
So maybe, then, this does give us a clue to eternal life - | 0:55:51 | 0:55:55 | |
Remove the water and you can live a long time - | 0:55:55 | 0:55:58 | |
well, looking like that - | 0:55:58 | 0:55:59 | |
but, of course, we need water for our reactions to take place, | 0:55:59 | 0:56:03 | |
and so, well, I certainly know which one I'm going to choose. | 0:56:03 | 0:56:07 | |
I think I'm going to stick to | 0:56:07 | 0:56:09 | |
keeping drinking the water and staying alive. | 0:56:09 | 0:56:12 | |
Mmm! Freshly synthesised water, delicious! | 0:56:12 | 0:56:14 | |
And I think, actually, it's time for you to all have some | 0:56:14 | 0:56:18 | |
freshly synthesised water, as well. | 0:56:18 | 0:56:21 | |
So you may have noticed that all around the lecture theatre | 0:56:21 | 0:56:25 | |
here is this very long tube. | 0:56:25 | 0:56:27 | |
This is over half a kilometre of tubing, | 0:56:27 | 0:56:30 | |
filled with hydrogen and oxygen in the right proportions to make water. | 0:56:30 | 0:56:34 | |
So we're going to synthesise some water now. | 0:56:34 | 0:56:37 | |
So I need the end of the tubes, please. OK, here they come. | 0:56:37 | 0:56:41 | |
Excellent. Thank you very much. | 0:56:41 | 0:56:43 | |
APPLAUSE | 0:56:43 | 0:56:45 | |
OK, now, the ends have some corks in | 0:56:50 | 0:56:52 | |
and we don't want to fire these into our audience, | 0:56:52 | 0:56:54 | |
so we're going to fire them into this bucket of water. | 0:56:54 | 0:56:57 | |
AUDIENCE: Aw! HE LAUGHS | 0:56:57 | 0:57:00 | |
No, don't say "Aw!" - you wouldn't want this! I can assure you! | 0:57:00 | 0:57:03 | |
Right, OK. But before I do this, though, | 0:57:03 | 0:57:06 | |
before we do this final thing here, | 0:57:06 | 0:57:08 | |
I hope you don't feel too disappointed | 0:57:08 | 0:57:10 | |
that we haven't found the secret to eternal youth. | 0:57:10 | 0:57:14 | |
But we have discovered a whole host of exciting elements | 0:57:14 | 0:57:17 | |
in that one glass of water. | 0:57:17 | 0:57:19 | |
Some of these elements were deadly toxic | 0:57:19 | 0:57:21 | |
and others were explosive metals. | 0:57:21 | 0:57:23 | |
In the next lecture, we're going to find out | 0:57:23 | 0:57:25 | |
how chemists are trying to extract exciting elements from the Earth. | 0:57:25 | 0:57:29 | |
These are elements that have been | 0:57:29 | 0:57:31 | |
trapped in rocks for billions of years. | 0:57:31 | 0:57:34 | |
And we'll also try to solve | 0:57:34 | 0:57:35 | |
the biggest alchemical mystery of them all, | 0:57:35 | 0:57:38 | |
how to turn lead into gold. | 0:57:38 | 0:57:40 | |
But before we finish, though, | 0:57:40 | 0:57:42 | |
I think it's time for everyone to get their freshly synthesised water. | 0:57:42 | 0:57:47 | |
So we'll have... | 0:57:47 | 0:57:48 | |
Yes, I need to move this from here! | 0:57:48 | 0:57:50 | |
OK, and we'll have a countdown from three when you're ready. | 0:57:50 | 0:57:54 | |
So we're just going to aim these. | 0:57:54 | 0:57:56 | |
And if we have the lights down? OK. | 0:57:56 | 0:57:58 | |
So, you might want to be looking up, rather than down at us. | 0:57:58 | 0:58:02 | |
OK, you look up at the pipe. | 0:58:02 | 0:58:04 | |
OK, so, three, two, one! | 0:58:04 | 0:58:06 | |
EXPLOSION SCREAMS | 0:58:07 | 0:58:10 | |
-HE LAUGHS -Thank you very much! | 0:58:10 | 0:58:12 | |
-APPLAUSE AND CHEERING -Good night, thank you! | 0:58:12 | 0:58:15 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:44 | 0:58:48 |