Episode 4 Autumnwatch


Episode 4

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LineFromTo

I tell you what I want, what I

really, really want, what I really,

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really want is a massive glorious

dollop of fantastic autumnal natural

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history.

It may be our final show

but we are going to spice it up! We

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have...

Batty spice.

Foxy spice.

Bunny spice.

Old spice.

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Welcome to Autumnwatch.

Zig-azig-a.

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Hello! Welcome to Autumnwatch 2017.

Very sadly, the last show of the

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year. Coming to you live from the

natural Trust Sherbourne Park estate

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in Gloucester. Our mission as ever

is to bring you the very best of

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British wildlife throughout the

course of the week and we started

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our shows with a mouse a badger, but

let's go live now to a brown rat.

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Oh, yes!

The tail of a brown rat

even.

Look, let's not diss the rat.

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It's a non-native species but we

have to agree they're an important

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part of our ecosystems because so

many things eat them. Foxes, owls,

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pole cats, all these other animals

have become dependent upon them.

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They're not popular, they did spread

the playing but it was a long time

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ago.

We have to forgive them.

Forgive and forget, that's what I

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say! It's not all about rats. During

the day we have been watching one of

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the animals that might feed on them,

our barn owls. This is the pair that

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were breeding here in springtime.

They've been roosting outside.

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That's are definitely the adults.

They've been spending most of their

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day ensuring their feathers are in

tip-top condition for hunting at

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night. But look at that one on the

left. You will see there is a small

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feather sticking out of its face.

That is one of its stiff ear

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feathers that is moulting.

There we

go.

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I love that. I find that relaxing to

watch and I love all the texture and

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colours. It's the sort of thing I

would love to put up on the wall

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above my desk in the office and

every time I am stressed look at it

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and the stress would disappear.

Yeah!

I am not selling that to you.

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In fact, it's better to go out and

go for a walk as we said a couple of

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days ago. That will get rid of the

stress. Let's try another one of our

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live cameras. I have to be honest we

have not been successful...

We just

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got a rat.

Exactly, we have not been

successful. Let's go to a live

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camera now. This is the garden-cam.

Look at that, it's a bunch of

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apples.

You say that, hold on, there

is a slug on one there.

How excite

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something that.

That's a slug, live,

on BBC Two and that's what we pay

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our licence fee for!

Yeah. A slug on

an apple. We can do better than

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that. We have had a lot of action on

that camera. Yesterday we had a

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tawny owl. It was back last night

perched on its favourite perch,

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which is the top of our camera.

Interesting, then we started to

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rotate the camera and the owl took

absolutely no notice. It was

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completely chilled. But this sort of

reminds me of Chitty Chitty Bang

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Bang. # You would see a owl on a

music box... This badger, this night

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looked like any old badger going to

get some apples. But this is a

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comedy badger, Chris. Just stop and

listen.

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Isn't that brilliant. That is just

like someone eating an apple right

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by your ear. I find it highly

irritating.

Yeah. Or munching

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cornflakes first thing in the

morning in a hotel sat opposite you.

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Or popcorn right next to you.

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I promise you, that was the noise it

was making. Brilliant. Don't give me

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worms on apples, Chris, because a

munching badger making a heck of a

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noise, that's what you pay your

licence fee for!

It's such a hpy

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badger.

Brilliant, I love that. It's

my highlight of the series.

Martin.

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Chris, I am down here on the

Sherbourne brook and the brook runs

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into the windrush river, very Wind

in the Willows. It's beautiful here.

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It's here we have had an unexpected

lot of wildlife throughout the whole

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of Autumnwatch. We have a live

camera, the thermal camera looking

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up the river. Let's go live to that

camera to see what we can see.

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Now, you can see the birds there.

Above the birds what do you think

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they are? They're bats. That's live

now. We have seen something very

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interesting a few minutes ago up

there.

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Here are the bats, a lot more bats.

Then we saw this. An owl, a tawny

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owl, and it actually comes down and

I think it's trying to hunt the

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bats.

That is an amazing... I never dreamt

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that tawny owls would hunt bats

live. So, there we go. The thermal

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camera reveals another bit of

interesting natural history. During

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the day this brook is home to one of

our most beautiful little birds.

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It's a grey wagtail. It's nearly

always found in summer anyway near a

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river. You can just see it down

there on the right side.

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Look at that beautiful lemon yellow

bottom. Don't know why it's called

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grey wagtail, it's gorgeous. Here it

is feeding. Typical behaviour.

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Actually saw them nesting down here

in spring. Look at this in slow

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motion. Look at the agility. It

leaps up, catching insects out of

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the air. It's lovely to see it. So

graceful. A turn on a sixpence

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there. That's the grey wagtail. I am

also down here, also at Sherbourne

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we have another sort of wagtail,

these are less sort of exciting.

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They're more sort of black and

white. But what they'll do is

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they'll migrate from here into our

towns and cities. Quite often right

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in the middle of cities you might

find a wagtail roost. I found one in

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the middle of Bristol. You may

sometimes see a grey wagtail as well

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mixed in. Something to look out for.

Let's go down...

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Most of the exciting stuff with that

takes place about 20 metres from

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where I am now. Let's go live to it

and see if anything's going on now.

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Anything going on? A few bats again.

But it's very quiet, unlike last

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night, something very extraordinary

happened there. Here we are. Same

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camera. Look at this. It's a deer,

obviously. Look at that upside down

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black horseshoe on its bottom, that

tells you it's a fallow deer.

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Coming in there, probably having a

bit of a drink. These would have

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been about 20 metres from where I am

standing now, these super secretive

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deer. Lovely to see. This camera has

shown us all sorts of things that we

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didn't expect down here.

You can just see its legs. Remember,

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this is all in the pitch darkness.

You see that deer just jump out, it

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is pitch black. How did it know

where to jump? It obviously knew the

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way around. Now, earlier in the year

I went to the bird fair, a big

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gathering of people interested in

obviously birds and naturalists

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generally. One of my favourite bits

is the art tents. They have tents

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full of artists and the way people

interpret the natural world is

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fascinating. I went past one little

bit of this and I was rooted to the

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spot. It was so beautiful! These

delicate pictures of insects and I

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went in and got chatting to the

bloke called Richard. It turned out

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we were making a film about him.

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My name's Richard Lewington and I am

a wildlife illustrator, specialising

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mostly in insects, invertebrates,

butterflies, moths, dragonflies and

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anything that crawls and flies, I do

them.

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From an early age I used to go out

with my dad looking at birds and

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butterflies and then I would

immediately as soon as I got home I

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would start painting them and

drawing them and sketching them.

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I am Ian Lewington, I am a bird

illustrator, I illustrate field

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guides. The passion for illustrating

and birds was with my father from a

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young age, at four he used to take

me on nature walks and I gravitated

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to birds, was inspired by my brother

who was already a professional

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illustrator and I watched him and

thought that seems a good job, I

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will have a go at doing that.

We

both do our own thing and we don't

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cross paths. I would never take on a

book on birds and he would not be

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doing one on insects, I don't think.

The interesting bird was first, I

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was interested in trains Wye have

drawn trains, but I automatically

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wanted to draw what I was interested

in.

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My earliest moment of my brother

illustrating, when it was me I used

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to annoy him, he used to paint on

the dining table while he was

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attempting to do something very

detailed at one end of the table, I

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would be at the other end giving a

little jog just to be an annoying

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younger brother.

He used to irritate

me and he doesn't any more.

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So you really need to see the bird

in the field to produce something

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that's a good representation of the

species. Just the process of

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attempting to draw something in the

field makes you look a better

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observer.

When I decide on a

painting or illustration I usually

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try and accumulate as many

references as I can. So, if I have

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caught something interesting in the

moth trap, if I can take that into

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my room and paint it from life

that's the best thing. To actually

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have a specimen in front of to you

put under a microscope and count how

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many hairs on the tips of its

antennao or whatever, it's always

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better to have that to reference. I

think the basics when you are

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painting something is texture, form

and colour. Using those three things

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you can really describe your

subjects perfectly. If you take a

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ladybird which is shiny and almost

metallic in some cases, creating

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those highlights and that form,

compared to a dragonfly with its

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detailed wing formation or a moth

with its dusty wings, you can kind

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of create textures and three

dimensions when you are illustrating

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them.

I think I have always been obsessed

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with being accurate in always and as

I matured as a painter and

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illustrator and learned more about

the anatomy of birds and how

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different feather tracks acted, the

need to be accurate just grew. I

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think the most difficult to actually

physically paint are the iridenses

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of Kingfisher, that's combining

contrasts. I find birds with long

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legs and long necks the hardest to

get, the formations, patterns

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around.

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My brother was certainly

inspirational to me. As I grew up, I

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regarded illustrating for book

publication as a normal job. Shall I

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become a policeman or a fireman or

plumber or illustrator? It was

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normal. I didn't realise it was such

a specialised and unique and sort of

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quite unusual occupation.

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Ian tells me I was his inspiration,

but I don't know whether he is just

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saying that because he is my younger

brother and he is scared of me. But

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I believe him. But he also inspires

me. Some of the things I see of his

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are absolutely incredible and I

couldn't do them.

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I wouldn't want to try.

I don't consider myself an artist,

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because that implies some sort of

imagination which I don't think I

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have any. Art is subjective, I

consider myself an illustrator

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because I am trying to reproduce

precisely what's there in front of

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me with nothing of me in it. I will

never perfect nature. I am trying to

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get there as far as I can, but no,

that's an impossibility, nature's

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perfect.

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Not an artist? I beg to differ! If I

had an ounce of that artistic

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talent! Extraordinary.

I know, I've

been looking at their work all my

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life, I've got this book, and

Oldfield field guide I've got to

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butterflies of Europe which Richard

illustrated. I poured through the

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first edition of this in 1981,

enjoying all of his work.

Fantastic

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stuff. You'll never look at and I

debug the same way again the same

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way, you take the pictures for

granted, so much work and effort and

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talent has gone into every single

one.

If you've been watching this

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week you will know we invited you to

take part in an important piece of

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citizen science, sea bird watch. Sea

birds are in trouble. Doing centres

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can be difficult. We asked you to go

online and can sea birds on 61,000

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photographs which are posted on a

website. You've done quite well. I

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was a bit disappointed last night

with your endeavours but tonight I

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can champion them. 1600... 162,430

clicks. 137,068 birds have been

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performed by 16,693 people. The UK

data, those photographs taken in the

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UK, is 85% complete. Overall, the

whole set is now 58%. Not long to

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go. Top performers, Francis, 698

classifications. Marie Hanna: 444.

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Sue SJS 394. Let's hear it for them.

Still more work to be done.

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Congratulations to this lot. Doesn't

that warm the cockles of your heart.

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That is a school in Sheffield, the

whole school got involved.

The whole

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school?

That is a teacher who loves

wildlife, well done.

Absolutely

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fantastic. Best of all, it's

generating meaningful data. I've got

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some of that here. This has been

produced from your analysis this

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week. It shows the peak of

kittiwakes arriving at a colony in

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Ireland. The early part, hardly any,

then they gradually arrive on the

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cliff, and leave at this time. Blue

is the guillemots. During the mid

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winter period, some of the

kittiwakes appear to come back to

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the economy. I wonder what they are

doing that for. -- back to the

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colony. Those kittiwakes build

numbers to this, the peak of the

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season, then drift off, whereas

guillemots, hardly any, all of a

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sudden they are on the cliffs, all

of a sudden, all gone. Same with the

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winter peak. It's this sort of data

that will allow us to better inform

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our conservation efforts when it

comes to these birds. 42% are left,

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come on, you can do it by the end of

the week. Check out the website, BBC

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.co .uk slash Autumnwatch.

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the week. Check out the website, BBC

.co .uk slash Autumnwatch.

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A lot of people are upset when the

show finishes, they say it's only on

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for four nights. Tomorrow night

between eight and nine, that is what

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you have to do, get on the website

and click. Earlier in the week

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Gillian was in Bournemouth testing

out urban foxes and their

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intelligence. She is with us tonight

to give us an update.

Yeah, if you

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were watching earlier in the week

you would have seen we ran an

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experiment to test the

problem-solving skills and

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intelligence of urban foxes. A few

of them engaged with our fox box

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experiment. But there was one

standout performer. Teardrop.

Phase

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one... Would he even approach the

experiment? Within hours, he quickly

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overcame his fear. Phase two. He

learned to pull a string to get a

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tasty rewards. Again and again.

Phase three, two strings, but only

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one reward. A problem he was soon

solving 100% of the time.

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What do you reckon, Chris?

Great

stuff, wasn't it? I've been enjoying

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the work you are doing down there I

have to say. Before we move on and

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we have a live fox. We can cut to

it. Oh, it's just gone, it's just

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gone, isn't that the story of our

lives? Let's move on. Teardrop was

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the star of the show. Why was it

that particular Fox?

Good question.

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Teardrop, we think, is male. A male

born this spring. One of the things

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that happened at this time of year,

autumn, is the sub adults start to

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disperse and leave the Natal

territory. The males especially

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leave. The females sometimes stay

but the males are the ones who go

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out in the world and they need to be

bold and curious. These are the

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characteristics that Teardrop

showed, this is why we think he was

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male and why he did so well with

this experiment. The other

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interesting thing to note, none of

the adult engaged with this

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experiment. You would expect adults

to be set in the airways. The sub

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adults, like teenagers, will be more

curious and experimental. As we

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started to build the complexity of

the tests we gave Teardrop, he kept

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up. It was interesting. As we got to

the final phase of the experiment,

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the Cross streams, something dogs

can't do, we wondered whether

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Teardrop would cope, let's see what

happened. Here is a cross string

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experiment. You see him give it ago,

pulled out a string, like he's been

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doing through whole experiment, but

he pulls at the wrong string. And

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doesn't get his food. He's back

again. He tugs at the string, goes

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to the jamjar lead where the chicken

would always be, but it isn't there.

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Then something really interesting

happens. He goes past our cross, he

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bypasses the cross, and pulls at the

right string, get his reward. Then

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does it again. And get his reward.

Absolutely amazing. I mean, we were

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really excited by this. Because he

didn't solve the experiment the way

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we thought he would. He did it his

way.

He used ingenuity.

It's

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amazing. We watched, observed for

several days after this. The more we

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watched him do this, the more we had

to ask ourselves, was he actually

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learning? Let's see what happens

next. Here he comes again, he has

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bypassed the cross, he's decided to

do this each time. But it's not the

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right string. Here he comes again,

does he get it right? Again, no, he

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doesn't. The more he tries, again,

the wrong string. Really by this

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point you see he gets really

frustrated with this experiment and

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trashes...

I know how he feels can I

get frustrated with certain computer

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games and I get frustrated and they

end up on the floor when I can't get

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past level 20 seven.

He had 17

attempts at this and failed 12

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times. The last nine attempts he

failed eight times. So at this final

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phase of the experiment the cross

strings, we had to accept it looked

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like he wasn't learning.

A bridge

too far. We were interested to know

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whether the Fox might be more

intelligent, if you like, than the

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dog, because we know dogs can't do

this. We know there is evidence from

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wild dogs that they are brighter.

Dingoes are better at solving a

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second stage trial ban dogs. If you

teach your dog to solve the puzzle,

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it solves it, then you enhance the

puzzle so it can't solve it, instead

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of trying it, it'll turn and look to

you because dogs have evolved to

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look to us to help them whereas

dingoes, while in Australia, still

0:23:080:23:13

have to solve it themselves. We know

dogs can't use lateral thinking.

0:23:130:23:18

They can learn a solution but what

they can't do is use that solution

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is to creatively solve a different

type of problem. Now we know.

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Teardrop still has this amazing

capacity to learn. What he was able

0:23:350:23:38

to do was join the dots. With a

straight line he could work his way

0:23:380:23:44

back to the food reward but when we

crossed it he couldn't build on that

0:23:440:23:48

learning. Still, clever fox.

Great

to watch, urban foxes, beautiful.

0:23:480:23:57

From urban foxes we go to a rather

more peculiar life form. That can

0:23:570:24:03

also make its home pretty much

anywhere.

0:24:030:24:05

This time of year, a walk in the

woods can open the door to another

0:24:100:24:14

kingdom. A kingdom of organisms that

surge up from the underworld. The

0:24:140:24:22

kingdom of fungi. Ruled by bizarre

beings with a myriad of forms.

0:24:220:24:30

Neither planned nor animal, the

fungi branched out over one and a

0:24:300:24:36

half billion years ago on their own.

And in terms of variety, they

0:24:360:24:45

outnumber plants by at least 10-1.

And can be found right across the

0:24:450:24:51

planet. So how have fungi

infiltrated our world so

0:24:510:24:56

successfully? Their secret weapon is

their spores. Microscopic and in

0:24:560:25:08

millions, the familiar parasol of a

fungal fruiting body is actually an

0:25:080:25:15

elevated launch pad. Mushrooming up

from the soil to release its spores

0:25:150:25:19

onto the wind. Some fungi fire their

spores vertically. Whilst others,

0:25:190:25:28

like both stars, use raindrops to

propel their progeny into the air.

0:25:280:25:36

Sting:s attract flies that carry

their spores away. -- stink horns.

0:25:360:25:42

Spores seep and explode relentlessly

through autumn in constant search

0:25:420:25:46

for new areas to colonise. As they

land, the spores send out feeding

0:25:460:25:56

tubes. They lose a cocktail of

enzymes to rot and digests

0:25:560:26:03

putrefying organic matter. These

grow and divide, creating a web of

0:26:030:26:14

hungry fingers probing for

sustenance. A living, creeping,

0:26:140:26:22

recycling machine, hyphae.

0:26:220:26:25

It is this a web of hyphae, not the

mushrooms themselves, that form the

0:26:280:26:34

mothership of the fungus. The

mycelium. A living network under our

0:26:340:26:39

feet. Concealed, it attaches itself

to plant roots in an engulfing

0:26:390:26:49

embrace, reaching out precious

sugars. But in an unlikely alliance,

0:26:490:26:54

the mycelium actually feeds the

plant in return. Fungi trade

0:26:540:27:05

nitrogen, phosphorus and water that

the plants need is for energy rich

0:27:050:27:08

sugar. This unique relationship is

so important that 90% of our plans

0:27:080:27:19

are utterly reliant on fungi for

survival. By breaking down Deadwood,

0:27:190:27:25

cleaning the soil, and recycling

nutrients through the most intimate

0:27:250:27:31

relationship with living plants,

fungi are vital to life on Earth.

0:27:310:27:40

Warm, wet, autumnal days are the

best time to catch a glimpse of this

0:27:400:27:44

overly underworld. Before the

kingdom of the fungi retreats once

0:27:440:27:49

more back into the earth from where

it came.

0:27:490:27:54

Fungi are vital to life on earth yet

a lot of people know so little about

0:27:580:28:02

fungi. I think we need to start

appreciating it. In fact this is a

0:28:020:28:07

brilliant autumn to do that, it's an

unusually long season for fungi,

0:28:070:28:13

started early, it's still going, so

you can go out in the woods and

0:28:130:28:16

really enjoyed it. Many of you have

and have sent photos. Let's have a

0:28:160:28:21

look at them. No, this is a

beefsteak fungus from wonder model.

0:28:210:28:32

This is from James Emerson. Look at

the texture.

Wonderful, I've never

0:28:320:28:37

seen those.

That is your typical

toadstool. You expect to have a

0:28:370:28:46

little fairy sitting on the top of

that. Fantastic. Get out and enjoy

0:28:460:28:51

them, they are brilliant.

The

Cotswold fungus group have collected

0:28:510:28:54

this tray we have in front of us,

there is a great diversity of form.

0:28:540:28:58

This is called dirty tale, a type of

Brecon fungus. This is one of those

0:28:580:29:06

fly agaric mushrooms. Those spots

wash off in the rain. Lastly we have

0:29:060:29:10

got this one, one of the sceptre

species that has gone past its best.

0:29:100:29:15

It is popular for people to go out

and eat. We are concerned about over

0:29:150:29:19

picking to eat. If you pick for your

own pot it is fine but if you clean

0:29:190:29:24

up entire woodlands to satisfy the

restaurant trade and make pennies,

0:29:240:29:27

maybe you should think twice because

it'll have a negative impact on this

0:29:270:29:31

fantastic group of organisms. That

might be fabulous looking but this

0:29:310:29:37

one is interesting.

This is a honey

fungus, I know it doesn't look like

0:29:370:29:40

much. You find them in the UK. In

Oregon, America, one was found where

0:29:400:29:47

the mycelium which you saw in the

film, that goes underneath the earth

0:29:470:29:51

from tree to tree, spreads out,

spread out 2.4 miles over an area of

0:29:510:29:59

3.7 square miles. And it's thought

that is largest living organism on

0:29:590:30:05

the planet. They think, they don't

know, but they think it could be

0:30:050:30:12

8000 years old.

Isn't that

incredible? That is remarkable,

0:30:120:30:15

isn't it?

It doesn't look much there

but that is really impressive in

0:30:150:30:19

Oregon.

From one extraordinary thing

to another. Not Martin Hughes-Games,

0:30:190:30:24

but the bat he's about to look for!

0:30:240:30:30

You are quite right, I am down by

the brook, trying to investigate

0:30:300:30:33

bats. My mission to investigate the

autumnal wildlife of Sherbourne

0:30:330:30:39

continues, as Chris said we are

batting. I have an extraordinary

0:30:390:30:43

device here which is trying to pick

up calls, it even tells us... Yes,

0:30:430:30:49

it's picking up the calls of the

bats behind me.

It's even telling me

0:30:490:30:53

what species they are.

We have had

three species so far. We have

0:30:530:31:02

another one. Amazing. We are

surrounded by bats. Let's have a

0:31:020:31:06

look on the thermal camera to see if

we can see the bats.

0:31:060:31:12

Some in the distance. Again flitting

over the water. Lots and lots of

0:31:120:31:19

different species here.

0:31:190:31:20

Batting is very exciting. What we

did after Springwatch we managed to

0:31:230:31:28

find a lesser horse

0:31:280:31:34

Lesser horseshoe. Let's have a look

inside a maternity roost of the

0:31:390:31:46

lesser horseshoe bat. You can see

there they are, quite a large group.

0:31:460:31:52

It's likely these are all females.

If you look really closely, where

0:31:520:31:57

the wings are wrapped around the

bodies there are other little wings

0:31:570:32:01

there, that's because they have

babies. They're all carrying babies

0:32:010:32:05

close to their bodies. They're

mammals so they'll be suckling those

0:32:050:32:09

babies. Tiny baby bats. Twitching

all the time, aren't they?

0:32:090:32:14

Fascinating thing is when the bats

start to grow up they stretch their

0:32:140:32:17

wings and practise to fly. Of course

they'll drop off if they... Mum

0:32:170:32:27

holds on to them by their feet as

they practise. The mother will have

0:32:270:32:31

to hunt for food, she carefully

makes sure the baby is attached to

0:32:310:32:36

something like that beam and will

then go off and start hunting. I am

0:32:360:32:43

told that the little babies don't

echo locating they'll have to learn.

0:32:430:32:48

What a wonderful sight. That was

early on in the summer when they had

0:32:480:32:53

the typy babies in the maternity --

tiny babies in the maternity roost.

0:32:530:32:59

As the babies started to grow up, we

went back weeks later. It has got

0:32:590:33:04

more crowded in there as you can

see, obviously, because the babies

0:33:040:33:07

are now almost indistinguishable

from the adults. This is speeded up,

0:33:070:33:11

but the question is how does an

individual get back into the pack?

0:33:110:33:16

Like penguins, it will just ease its

way in there. Squeeze its way in to

0:33:160:33:22

that snug warm little group. Here is

a thing, if you are a bat and you

0:33:220:33:26

are upside down, how do you go to

the lavatory? This bat wants to have

0:33:260:33:33

a poo, it's moved out of the crowd.

It's a television first, folks! It's

0:33:330:33:40

a lesser horseshoe bat pooing. It

still feels it needs to go to the

0:33:400:33:46

lavatory a bit more, a wee-wee. How

does it do it? It's out of the pack.

0:33:460:33:51

There it is. A lesser horseshoe bat

weeing almost live on telly,

0:33:510:33:58

brilliant stuff. Absolutely

fascinating to go right inside the

0:33:580:34:05

maternity roost. Bats change around

all the time, the roost they'll

0:34:050:34:10

spend in for the maternity will be

different from the one they'll high

0:34:100:34:15

bern Nate in later in the year. They

move about, in fact the mothers will

0:34:150:34:19

teach the young, the young will

follow the mothers to suitable

0:34:190:34:26

roosts, they learn where to go when

it starts to get cold and winter

0:34:260:34:30

comes. So those bats, most of them

will have gone from there now but

0:34:300:34:34

where are they now?

0:34:340:34:38

I am about a mile away from the

studio now, this is a limestone

0:34:400:34:45

mine, and I wonder... Come on.

0:34:450:34:50

Ow! It's pitch black in here. So we

switch to infra-red light. Although

0:34:510:34:57

we are licensed to enter the mine,

we want to keep the disturbance to

0:34:570:35:03

an absolute minimum. Oh, yes! We are

in luck. There they are. A couple of

0:35:030:35:16

lesser horseshoe bats. Like little

hairy plums hanging on the ceiling.

0:35:160:35:25

They send to stick together in

family groups, but these are on

0:35:250:35:29

their own so I suspect they're males

and setting up a territory here.

0:35:290:35:32

That's what happens, the males set

up a small little territory. The

0:35:320:35:36

females will fly in and will mate

with one of the males or actually

0:35:360:35:39

more than one of the males. Here is

the fascinating thing, what makes

0:35:390:35:45

that male more attractive than that

male? Nobody knows. It could be that

0:35:450:35:49

they produce some scent or it could

be that they fly in an exciting way

0:35:490:35:54

or even they kind of sing a song

that the females find attractive.

0:35:540:35:58

But that's what I love about

science, there's always more to find

0:35:580:36:03

out.

0:36:030:36:06

So, we had seen a few bats. But now

it was time to listen in to them as

0:36:070:36:14

they began to wake up. This is

absolutely fascinating.

0:36:140:36:18

You can see this screen is changing

all the time. That's because we have

0:36:180:36:24

a microphone deep inside the cave

here. It's beginning to record the

0:36:240:36:28

echo location as the bats are

starting to move around, it's

0:36:280:36:32

getting darker, though. The echo

location, you can see it happening.

0:36:320:36:37

There it is, right up here. That's

about 110kilohertz. Oh, look at that

0:36:370:36:47

down there!

That is echo location. But this

0:36:470:36:52

flickering down here, that might be

social calls. Bats don't just use

0:36:520:36:57

sound to echo locate. They also talk

to each other. Fascinating. Now,

0:36:570:37:05

what sort of things might the bats

be saying to each other? I have to

0:37:050:37:08

tell you, this is right in the van

guard of science. This is very

0:37:080:37:13

actively being researched right now.

It's quite difficult, it's an active

0:37:130:37:18

area, we can't be definitive but

with the help of Maggie Andrews and

0:37:180:37:24

also Paul Hollywooden leech we think

we can actually delve into the

0:37:240:37:27

social world of bats. What we are

going to do is play some recordings,

0:37:270:37:32

they're slowed down 20 times. You

are going to see a sonogram, a

0:37:320:37:38

representation of that sound. First

of all, we will play the sound of a

0:37:380:37:42

bat just the regular echo location

as a baseline. Listen to this.

0:37:420:37:47

OK. So that's just the echo

location. That's not what we are

0:37:530:37:56

listening for. We are listening for

the social calls. Listen to this

0:37:560:38:01

call.

0:38:010:38:06

That was recorded in our maternity

roost, we recorded that and it's

0:38:090:38:15

called a bellow call. Margaret told

us that is an annoyed bat, angry

0:38:150:38:20

aggressive sound. It could be a

female saying you are standing on my

0:38:200:38:24

foot or I don't like you, you are

too close or clear off. That is

0:38:240:38:29

undoubtedly an aggressive social

call. This next one is not a

0:38:290:38:36

horseshoe bat, it's and this is a

distress call.

0:38:360:38:41

That's a distress call. Why would a

bat emit a distress call? Sometimes

0:38:480:38:52

it's to warn other bats there is

potentially a predator around or

0:38:520:38:57

sometimes they'll get other bats to

cluster around and help them. They

0:38:570:39:01

can mob like birds mob a bird, a

bird of prey. Also, sadly, sometimes

0:39:010:39:08

a bat might get into your cold water

tank and will emit the distress

0:39:080:39:11

call. Other bats will join them.

They'll get struck and they'll all

0:39:110:39:15

die. That's a distress call.

Finally, we don't know what this

0:39:150:39:19

call is but we recorded it with our

lesser horseshoe bats. Listen to

0:39:190:39:23

this.

0:39:230:39:26

Here it comes.

What is that all about? Kind of

0:39:390:39:44

sounds like whale song or something.

This is right in the front line of

0:39:440:39:47

bat research. So, probably in a few

years we might be able to interpret

0:39:470:39:53

that and talk bat back to bats.

Fascinating stuff. Now, we are going

0:39:530:39:58

to leave Sherbourne now and go up to

Scotland to a beautiful but slightly

0:39:580:40:04

unsettling film by cameraman Raymond

Becen.

0:40:040:40:08

Growing up in Orkney it was the

first wild animal I learned to

0:40:260:40:31

approach and photograph. I would

spend hours on the cliff honing my

0:40:310:40:38

film-making skills but trying to

follow their graceful flight. As I

0:40:380:40:41

did, I came to love these birds like

no other.

0:40:410:40:50

I love its heritage. Although the

gull part is misleading, they are

0:40:500:41:02

cousins of albatrosses. Albatrosses

Their strong musky odour is

0:41:020:41:12

unmistakable in the breeze. To me

they're still stunning birds with

0:41:120:41:17

biz around nostrils primed to catch

the scent of pray across the open

0:41:170:41:21

seas. -- prey.

And their faithful too. They're

0:41:210:41:29

wedded to one another, reaffirming

bonds year after year.

0:41:290:41:32

Some of these pairs have been

together for almost as long as I

0:41:320:41:35

have been coming to these cliffs.

I love listening to their courtship

0:41:350:41:42

vocalisations, a mixture of cackling

and chuckling calls.

0:41:420:41:50

I have watched them feeding, and

they'll take fish, squid, pretty

0:41:500:41:55

much anything and everything is on

their menu. They're real

0:41:550:42:01

opportunists and over the years

they've fared well alongside fishing

0:42:010:42:04

vessels, following them for scraps

and earning the nickname the flying

0:42:040:42:10

dustbins of the ocean. This

opportunism means each year the

0:42:100:42:15

cliffs play host to 90,000 pairs.

0:42:150:42:21

I have learned of a new relationship

with humans that has serious

0:42:220:42:28

side-effects.

Plastic pollution. Now and then a

0:42:280:42:36

dead one turns up on the shore in

Orkney.

0:42:360:42:41

And over the past decade I have been

trying to find out more about what's

0:42:410:42:46

killed my birds.

0:42:460:42:49

My inquiries have led me to a doctor

in the Netherlands who uses them for

0:42:520:42:59

the health of the ecosystems. He

tells me 93% of the North Sea have

0:42:590:43:04

some form of plastic in their

stomachs.

0:43:040:43:07

Amazingly, they can survive with

what is the human equivalent of a

0:43:070:43:10

lunchbox full of plastic inside

them.

0:43:100:43:15

Larger pieces block their stomachs,

leading to starvation. Chemicals

0:43:150:43:21

could also prove toxic.

As well as some natural prey like

0:43:210:43:31

squid beaks, the analysis shows the

bird has three plastic fragments as

0:43:310:43:35

well as foam in the stomach.

Staggeringly, the average North Sea

0:43:350:43:41

full mesh has 30 such particles,

making this a relatively clean bird.

0:43:410:43:46

Although it turns out that my bird

didn't die from plastic in the

0:43:460:43:51

stomach, it is still shocking to

know that it is normal to find so

0:43:510:43:55

much manmade debris inside these

wild ocean wanderers.

0:43:550:44:04

Back on Orkney I try to clean the

local beach as much as I can. And

0:44:050:44:11

whilst it can seem overwhelming with

new plastic on each tide, I feel I

0:44:110:44:16

have to try.

It's relatively easy to clean up

0:44:160:44:21

larger pieces but looking closer

reveals a more difficult problem.

0:44:210:44:24

Although I know there's been new

legislation to reduce refuse at sea,

0:44:240:44:28

the problem is that plastic doesn't

so much break down as break up.

0:44:280:44:33

It creates a kind of soup, tiny bits

of plastic mixed in with the sand

0:44:330:44:39

and organic matter, easier to see

how it's mistaken for food.

0:44:390:44:45

The crisis seems insurmountable but

Jan told me there is hope. The

0:44:450:44:52

massive plastics found now seems to

be dropping in fulmers. Public

0:44:520:44:56

awareness about this global issue is

greater now than it's ever been but

0:44:560:45:01

there is still a lot we can do as

individuals to take responsibility

0:45:010:45:03

for the use of our own plastic.

My hope is that these Orkney fulmers

0:45:030:45:12

will one day be plastic-free. For

now, even small steps can help to

0:45:120:45:17

making their environment a cleaner

place.

0:45:170:45:28

There is hope, but the problem is

still shockingly bad. I mean there

0:45:280:45:33

is absolutely no room for

complacency. On average a dead

0:45:330:45:37

fulmar in the North Sea has 30

pieces of plastic in its stomach.

0:45:370:45:42

0.31 g. If we scale that up to a

human stomach, that is 31 grams of

0:45:420:45:49

plastic. Which is that much. Imagine

that in your stomach. We wouldn't

0:45:490:45:56

stand a hope of surviving with that.

That is average. The most found was

0:45:560:46:04

20 grams and scaled up that is two

kilograms of plastic. Imagine that,

0:46:040:46:08

Chris. No room for complacency. This

stuff takes for ever to break down.

0:46:080:46:17

We're still making it come in fact

since we started producing plastic

0:46:170:46:21

we've produced 8.3 billion metric

tonnes of non-biodegradable plastic

0:46:210:46:25

and every year 8 million metric

tonnes finds its way into the ocean.

0:46:250:46:33

It is unjust into fulmar but

albatrosses, kills chicks before

0:46:330:46:36

they fledge, gets into whales and

dolphins. Turtles, too. They swim

0:46:360:46:41

around the sea, the plastic bag,

think it's a jellyfish, eat it, they

0:46:410:46:45

accumulate and it kills them. The

plastics break down into

0:46:450:46:50

micro-plastics and you can see how

small these things are here. This is

0:46:500:46:53

the head of a needle. Micro plastics

are pieces of plastic smaller than

0:46:530:46:59

five millimetres. Clothing fabrics

washed out to sea when we wash

0:46:590:47:05

clothes, paint dust, tire dust,

microbeads, it all ends up there.

0:47:050:47:10

Sadly it can become part of a food

chain. Doctor Richard Kirby has sent

0:47:100:47:16

us this. This is a mass of plankton

and in amongst it you can see those

0:47:160:47:20

red and blue fibres. That is plastic

amongst the plankton. The plankton

0:47:200:47:28

sometimes eat the plastic which is

potentially fatal. Even if they pass

0:47:280:47:33

it through it is a waste of energy

because they are not getting

0:47:330:47:36

sustenance. Even more insidiously,

sometimes plastics in the sea are

0:47:360:47:43

trapped, toxic chemicals stick to

the plastic then get ingested and

0:47:430:47:47

build-up in the body of the

planktonic animals. They are tangled

0:47:470:47:52

up in it. If not eating it, disabled

by it. A very small fish eating a

0:47:520:47:59

tiny piece of plastic. This is the

bottom of the food chain. We know

0:47:590:48:03

therefore plastic works its way up

the food chain. Other staggering

0:48:030:48:08

stats to leave you with. Every day

when humpback whales feed on

0:48:080:48:12

plankton they can ingest 300,000

pieces of micro-plastic. And if we

0:48:120:48:18

eat fish ourselves during the course

of the year we humans because we are

0:48:180:48:21

at the top of the food chain can

ingest 11,000 pieces of

0:48:210:48:26

micro-plastic. So far there is no

evidence, no scientific work being

0:48:260:48:32

done, to understand what impact this

has on human health.

Shocking

0:48:320:48:39

statistics. What can we do? We've

already started to change habits.

0:48:390:48:45

Since the 5p thing was introduced on

throwaway plastic bags in

0:48:450:48:49

supermarkets we've dramatically

reduced the amount of plastic bags

0:48:490:48:51

we take by 83% since 2014.

Fantastic.

This year the government

0:48:510:49:00

have declared they're planning to

ban rents of micro-plastics in

0:49:000:49:07

facial scrubs, that is really

positive, but we can do so much

0:49:070:49:10

more. We have to reduce the amount

of single use plastic we consume.

0:49:100:49:15

Things like plastic bottles, those

things you clean your ears with,

0:49:150:49:20

these are dreadful, these plastic

straws, I see so many of them on the

0:49:200:49:24

beach. Go to a beach and clean-up,

these are things you can do, all

0:49:240:49:28

ideas on our website. Go to the

website. Very simple, you go along,

0:49:280:49:34

click, click on the bit above, help

our oceans. There are lots of ideas.

0:49:340:49:40

Positive, practical ideas.

We've got

to remind you coming up on Sunday,

0:49:400:49:44

BBC One, 8pm, blue planet two.

Probably worth a watch, I don't

0:49:440:49:51

know!

This is worth a watch. Get

your popcorn ready because this is

0:49:510:49:56

the conclusion of yesterday's top

third starring Martin Hughes-Games,

0:49:560:50:01

Chris Packham, a swan and abuse.

First up in the speed test was

0:50:010:50:06

Maisie the goose who took one minute

and 36 seconds to fly one mile of

0:50:060:50:09

runway. Look at that!

Keep going,

Maisie, good girl.

Now it is time

0:50:090:50:17

for Earth are the swan, will she fly

faster to stay in the competition

0:50:170:50:21

for top bird??

0:50:210:50:32

Look at that, what a magnificent

sight, I love the sense of rhythm.

0:50:380:50:41

And the head. Held gyroscopic Luso

still in the air.

A very powerful

0:50:410:50:52

bird I'm slightly nervous, I must

confess.

0:50:520:50:55

Very obviously I've never been this

close to a flying bird. Think of all

0:51:030:51:09

the physiology going on inside that

bird, it's lungs, its air sacs, all

0:51:090:51:13

those muscles, the beautiful

rotation of the wings which are so

0:51:130:51:17

evident here.

They're taking their

time, 40 seconds. They're not going

0:51:170:51:25

to make it here in a minute. Come

on, swan, come on. Oh yes.

0:51:250:51:34

This is going to be tight.

The

finishing line is in the site, come

0:51:360:51:40

on.

146, only ten seconds difference

in it. Anyway, Chris will have to

0:51:400:51:48

eat his hands now.

Yes, difficult to

read his face at this point.

0:51:480:51:53

Slightly smug. Very smug. It's

getting smug. In fact his face is

0:51:530:52:00

getting so smug I'm going to have to

put my goggles on to try and filter

0:52:000:52:04

out some of the smugness.

I want you

to imagine there is a plate and a

0:52:040:52:09

lovely wobbly slice of humble pie

and it's ready for you to eat. It is

0:52:090:52:15

2-0 to the goose but only just, 1.40

six.

1.40 six.

Which surprises me,

0:52:150:52:23

only ten seconds difference in such

a heavy bird.

It's marginal really.

0:52:230:52:28

Such great thing to see.

Normally

they are up there are not right

0:52:280:52:33

beside you. It's magical.

You get a

real sense of migrating with them, I

0:52:330:52:39

almost felt like it is a wing man, I

was there.

Wing man? I see what

0:52:390:52:43

you've done there, mate.

The third

and final test, agility. The bird

0:52:430:52:48

that sticks closest of the car as it

weaves down the runway wins. She's

0:52:480:52:54

up for it.

I'm up for it, she said,

I'm up for it. Effortless, turning,

0:52:540:53:01

easy.

This is going to be hard to

beat, mate.

I think it will be a

0:53:010:53:09

little bit.

She's got following the

line of the car perfectly.

0:53:090:53:15

Impressive run from Maisie, now it

is time for Ertha to weave her

0:53:150:53:18

magic.

Pretty good.

Not bad.

Not bad

at all, I'm amazed. She can turn

0:53:180:53:28

surprisingly well. Here we go...

There is a bit of a lag. A bit of

0:53:280:53:39

understeer on this one.

She comes

right over as well.

Overshot but

0:53:390:53:48

gone completely.

That was a lag.

Still magnificent, but a lag.

Here

0:53:480:53:59

we are, one last turn. Come on,

Ertha.

Come on, Ertha, you can do

0:53:590:54:06

it.

But grudgingly it looks like

Martin's bird has won this test as

0:54:060:54:14

well. I've got to confess I'm not a

good loser. At all. I'm very, very

0:54:140:54:19

bad loser. It doesn't matter, it was

so enjoyable.

It was a fantastic,

0:54:190:54:24

being in the vehicle with the birds

right next door, power of their

0:54:240:54:28

wings, hitting you on the face.

I

loved the synergy of the movement

0:54:280:54:32

and the rhythm they had.

It made me

exhausted just watching it mate,

0:54:320:54:37

fabulous. However I have to say as

it was 50p per test you owe me £1

0:54:370:54:42

50.

£1 50?

£1 50, yeah.

Take a

cheque?

Or a postal order, mate. So

0:54:420:54:54

the top bird trophy goes to the

goose. There is no denying both of

0:54:540:54:59

these birds excel on their mammoth

migration. Can you imagine a flying

0:54:590:55:05

Fortress or Lancaster 's screaming

over our heads and Lansdowne there

0:55:050:55:09

with a puff of smoke.

Do you know

what, mate, that would take my

0:55:090:55:13

breath away.

0:55:130:55:15

Brilliant, love it.

I won, mate,

sorry, I won.

I intend to pay my

0:55:180:55:25

debt, I intend to pay you in harvest

mice. 2p pieces, mate. Here we are.

0:55:250:55:32

£1 50 of 2p pieces. I've got to tell

you, those ones do fly at 8000

0:55:320:55:38

metres in temperatures of -40

degrees.

Impressive but that wasn't

0:55:380:55:42

the test, you can't get out of it

like that.

When they leave Iceland

0:55:420:55:45

it only takes them 12 hours to get

the UK whereas it geese 15 hours.

0:55:450:55:50

You're loser, loser.

Give me the

money, I'm going straight down to

0:55:500:55:55

the local.

Have you seen this? A

heron and a weasel. Guess what

0:55:550:56:02

happens next... It escapes.

Did it,

amazing.

Look at this, this is

0:56:020:56:14

fallow deer, stags ratting. How does

it get it in the air like that?

0:56:140:56:20

Absolutely extraordinary, thanks so

much to everybody for sending in

0:56:200:56:24

such amazing pictures. Really great,

thank you for getting involved, we

0:56:240:56:29

really appreciate it.

That's about

all we've got time for so to keep

0:56:290:56:32

the spicy theme we started with,

time to stop right now and thank you

0:56:320:56:36

very much. So Young we've got to

thank the National Trust Sherborne

0:56:360:56:41

Park estate very much indeed, the

farmers that let us come here and to

0:56:410:56:47

the good people of Sherborne, we've

driven through their village and

0:56:470:56:49

made life interesting for them.

We're back at the end of January for

0:56:490:56:55

winter watch but in the meantime

stay in touch online, the website

0:56:550:56:58

and social media.

We've had a great

time, we hope you have too. We'll

0:56:580:57:02

leave you with the highlights of

Autumnwatch 2017. We'll be back for

0:57:020:57:08

winter watch. See you then. Goodbye.

0:57:080:57:11

I've lost my pipe! Welcome to

Autumnwatch 2017.

Open your eyes. Be

0:57:160:57:27

ready to be amazed.

It would

literally take your breath away.

I

0:57:270:57:33

want to see him working.

It's not

twerking, is it?

Defining the! This

0:57:330:57:46

is so exciting.

Look at this,

amazing. Good girl, Maisie.

0:57:460:57:55

Obviously I've never been this close

to a flying bird.

There's only one

0:57:550:58:02

word for the harvest mouse. I know

you hate it but it's cute.

I'm

0:58:020:58:07

introducing a ban on the C word.

It

is incredible to see them all

0:58:070:58:13

together like this.

The hedgehog's

digging in. Like a rugby scrum.

0:58:130:58:25

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