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Life isn't fair and I think politics has a duty to reflect that. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:05 | |
Rory Bremner is Britain's best-known political impressionist. | 0:00:06 | 0:00:10 | |
I wouldn't do that if I were you. | 0:00:10 | 0:00:12 | |
But there's a side to Rory that the public doesn't see. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:15 | |
For as long as I can remember, I've had a really active brain. | 0:00:15 | 0:00:18 | |
The trouble is... Sorry. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
BLEEP! BLEEP! | 0:00:20 | 0:00:21 | |
-Back again, back again. Once more, let's go. -BLEEP! | 0:00:22 | 0:00:25 | |
Come on. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:26 | |
For as long as I can remember, I've had a really active... | 0:00:26 | 0:00:29 | |
-BLEEP! -Distracted all the time. | 0:00:29 | 0:00:31 | |
Constant distractions. | 0:00:31 | 0:00:33 | |
OK. | 0:00:33 | 0:00:34 | |
For as long as I can remember... | 0:00:34 | 0:00:36 | |
For as long as I can remember, I've had a really active brain, | 0:00:38 | 0:00:41 | |
but that's a good thing. The trouble is... | 0:00:41 | 0:00:43 | |
HE GROANS BLEEP! | 0:00:43 | 0:00:46 | |
Stop trying to get it right. Come on. | 0:00:46 | 0:00:48 | |
Come on! | 0:00:48 | 0:00:49 | |
-For as long as I can remember... -BLEEP! | 0:00:50 | 0:00:53 | |
Rory has suspected for some time that he may have ADHD - | 0:00:55 | 0:00:59 | |
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. | 0:00:59 | 0:01:02 | |
Because I get distracted, I think about too many things, | 0:01:02 | 0:01:06 | |
I get overwhelmed. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:07 | |
So, he's on a mission to find out more about ADHD. | 0:01:07 | 0:01:11 | |
What causes it? | 0:01:13 | 0:01:14 | |
Genes are not everything that there is - | 0:01:14 | 0:01:17 | |
there's also the environment. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:18 | |
And why does it exist at all? | 0:01:19 | 0:01:22 | |
People with ADHD would have been more the pathfinders. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:25 | |
BOY SCREAMS | 0:01:25 | 0:01:27 | |
ADHD can shatter lives and families... | 0:01:27 | 0:01:29 | |
..and push some into a world of crime. | 0:01:31 | 0:01:33 | |
After years of uncertainty, | 0:01:36 | 0:01:38 | |
Rory will find out whether or not he has the condition himself. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:41 | |
And he'll try a unique experiment for Horizon. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:45 | |
Wish me luck. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:46 | |
Ladies and gentlemen, | 0:01:46 | 0:01:48 | |
please put your hands together for Rory Bremner. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:50 | |
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE | 0:01:50 | 0:01:52 | |
Thank you. | 0:01:54 | 0:01:56 | |
Thank you very much indeed. | 0:01:57 | 0:01:59 | |
LIVELY TUNE ON CLARINET | 0:02:02 | 0:02:04 | |
For as long as I can remember, I've had a really active brain. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:11 | |
The problem is, when it gets too active, | 0:02:11 | 0:02:13 | |
it jumps around all over the place, gets distracted | 0:02:13 | 0:02:15 | |
by a million and one things, when I'm supposed to be concentrating. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:18 | |
I used to think that was just what it was like to be me, | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
but recently I've come to suspect | 0:02:21 | 0:02:23 | |
that it's what it's like to have ADHD. | 0:02:23 | 0:02:26 | |
So what does it feel like? | 0:02:33 | 0:02:34 | |
It's like having a brain like a pinball machine. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:37 | |
PINBALL MACHINE BELLS DING | 0:02:37 | 0:02:38 | |
See, a normal person might look that | 0:02:38 | 0:02:39 | |
and see a whole load of different breads, but I'm just drawn to the labels. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:42 | |
-They say "spelt loaf" and I think, why's it spelt like that? -HE LAUGHS | 0:02:42 | 0:02:45 | |
It's like seeing a whole row of doors | 0:02:45 | 0:02:47 | |
and you want to go through each door | 0:02:47 | 0:02:49 | |
and each one leads to another door. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:51 | |
Knock knock. Who's there? Focaccia. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:53 | |
Focaccia who? Focaccia doing that again, you're in deep trouble. | 0:02:53 | 0:02:56 | |
In the meantime... | 0:02:56 | 0:02:57 | |
..another thought pops into your head. | 0:02:58 | 0:03:00 | |
This is a chorus line, isn't it? | 0:03:00 | 0:03:02 | |
-Just pulling your leg, sorry! -HE GROANS | 0:03:02 | 0:03:05 | |
As a comedian, I kind of welcome that, because you want that freedom, | 0:03:06 | 0:03:10 | |
you want to be... | 0:03:10 | 0:03:11 | |
It's all the associations. It jumps, it's a leap of the imagination, | 0:03:12 | 0:03:16 | |
it's breaking the rules, if you like, | 0:03:16 | 0:03:17 | |
and breaking the rules is really good fun. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:19 | |
Until it's not. | 0:03:22 | 0:03:24 | |
ADHD is, of course, primarily a problem | 0:03:24 | 0:03:28 | |
for both Rory and his family. | 0:03:28 | 0:03:30 | |
ADHD can make you hate yourself. | 0:03:36 | 0:03:39 | |
I'm sure I'm very hard to live with... | 0:03:39 | 0:03:42 | |
..because I will drift off when I'm supposed to be... | 0:03:43 | 0:03:49 | |
..paying attention. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:52 | |
I'll forget things that I've been asked to do. | 0:03:52 | 0:03:54 | |
In the middle of a meeting, | 0:03:56 | 0:03:58 | |
I'll just go out and start swinging a golf club | 0:03:58 | 0:04:00 | |
or walking around the garden | 0:04:00 | 0:04:02 | |
when I'm supposed to be taking part in a... | 0:04:02 | 0:04:04 | |
..a meeting with a builder or a plumber or something because I'm just bored. | 0:04:05 | 0:04:08 | |
It's almost like there's a little devil inside you that goes, | 0:04:10 | 0:04:13 | |
"Ha-ha-ha, let's see how we can cock this up." | 0:04:13 | 0:04:17 | |
It's as an adult that Rory's come to suspect he has ADHD. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
But typically, symptoms are strongest | 0:04:27 | 0:04:30 | |
and most visible in children. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:32 | |
Now can you see my face? | 0:04:34 | 0:04:35 | |
Jayden is five years old. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:37 | |
JAYDEN SCREAMS | 0:04:37 | 0:04:38 | |
He's an extreme case and was diagnosed with ADHD aged just three. | 0:04:38 | 0:04:43 | |
All day and every day, Jayden shows the core symptoms of ADHD. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:50 | |
Inattentiveness... | 0:04:52 | 0:04:53 | |
This is boring. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:56 | |
..impulsive behaviour... | 0:04:56 | 0:04:58 | |
Liar! | 0:04:58 | 0:04:59 | |
..and hyperactivity. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:01 | |
Not everyone with ADHD shows all these symptoms. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:07 | |
But Jayden does. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:08 | |
His mum, Emily, has tried all the parenting techniques... | 0:05:10 | 0:05:13 | |
-No. -Let me go! | 0:05:13 | 0:05:14 | |
..including the naughty step. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:17 | |
All have failed. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:19 | |
So, she's had to take drastic measures. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:23 | |
So, we have to... | 0:05:23 | 0:05:25 | |
We have a door alarm on Jayden's door for his own safety | 0:05:25 | 0:05:28 | |
so that we know where he is at all times. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:31 | |
If we didn't have this, he gets up in the middle of the night or in the | 0:05:31 | 0:05:34 | |
early hours of the morning and will just do whatever he wants. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:37 | |
He has been known to leave the house. | 0:05:37 | 0:05:39 | |
ALARM BEEPS | 0:05:39 | 0:05:41 | |
So, that when he opens the door... | 0:05:41 | 0:05:44 | |
ALARM BEEPS | 0:05:44 | 0:05:45 | |
Straight away. | 0:05:45 | 0:05:46 | |
So that's quite fun. | 0:05:50 | 0:05:51 | |
So this is Jayden's bedroom. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
We've lived here six months and he's already put a hole in the wall. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:57 | |
He did that about three weeks after we moved in. | 0:05:57 | 0:06:01 | |
He lost his temper. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:03 | |
He's scribbled all over the walls. | 0:06:03 | 0:06:05 | |
There's a hole in the floor. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:09 | |
We had to put a lock on the window the night that we moved in. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:14 | |
I woke up at three o'clock in the morning with this feeling, | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
came running in here to see what he was doing | 0:06:17 | 0:06:19 | |
and he'd tied his bedsheet | 0:06:19 | 0:06:21 | |
to the window arch and was trying to abseil down the side of the house | 0:06:21 | 0:06:25 | |
to get outside. He thinks that he can do anything. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:28 | |
He's invincible. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:30 | |
It's scary for us, really, | 0:06:30 | 0:06:31 | |
because he's constantly doing things like that, | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
the whole time. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:34 | |
This is my daughter Skylar's bedroom. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:39 | |
We had to put a combination lock on her bedroom door to stop Jayden | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
getting in. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:44 | |
It's like living in a prison. | 0:06:44 | 0:06:46 | |
It's normally much more tidy than this, but... | 0:06:49 | 0:06:51 | |
The damage on the wall. So whenever he can get in, if he gets a chance, | 0:06:52 | 0:06:56 | |
he will get in and break her things. | 0:06:56 | 0:06:58 | |
When he was about three or four, he would do things like urinate on her | 0:06:58 | 0:07:01 | |
clothes just to get back at her. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:03 | |
When he's angry, he doesn't care about other people. | 0:07:03 | 0:07:07 | |
And as his behaviour's become more extreme, she's become very quiet, | 0:07:07 | 0:07:11 | |
very reserved - depressed, I would say. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:14 | |
She's depressed. I think it's really hard for her. | 0:07:14 | 0:07:17 | |
At school, Jayden is also kept under lock and key. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
You're not allowed outside. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:23 | |
Because they're mean! | 0:07:23 | 0:07:25 | |
Mean teachers. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:27 | |
He isn't allowed out to play because they feared that he'd run off. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:31 | |
He's physically sort of locked into that room. | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
He has to have two people escort him to the toilet at all times. | 0:07:34 | 0:07:38 | |
Like, he cannot be left alone. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:39 | |
The impact on the whole family is profound. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:43 | |
I never get a break. | 0:07:45 | 0:07:47 | |
Me and my husband never, ever spend time together. | 0:07:47 | 0:07:51 | |
If we do, it's for very short periods of time. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:54 | |
Parents of children with ADHD | 0:07:54 | 0:07:56 | |
are three times more likely to divorce or separate. | 0:07:56 | 0:08:00 | |
Yes! | 0:08:00 | 0:08:01 | |
I feel trapped all the time. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:03 | |
There are days when I will just sit at the end of the day and cry... | 0:08:04 | 0:08:08 | |
and then you can go to sleep and it's a fresh start the next day. | 0:08:08 | 0:08:12 | |
I think I just live with the fact that it can't get much worse. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
HE LAUGHS | 0:08:18 | 0:08:20 | |
The number of people living with ADHD is surprisingly high. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:24 | |
An estimated 5% of children and 3% of adults in the UK. | 0:08:24 | 0:08:29 | |
Before Rory finds out if he has ADHD, | 0:08:35 | 0:08:38 | |
he wants to know why people with ADHD behave the way they do. | 0:08:38 | 0:08:41 | |
So, he's come to King's College in South London | 0:08:42 | 0:08:45 | |
to see if looking at their brains can provide any answers. | 0:08:45 | 0:08:48 | |
-Hi there. -Hi, Rory, very nice to meet you. -Good to see you. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:53 | |
Professor Katya Rubia has spent much of her working life | 0:08:53 | 0:08:56 | |
studying the ADHD brain. | 0:08:56 | 0:08:58 | |
So, what I'm really keen to find out is, is an ADHD brain different? | 0:08:59 | 0:09:03 | |
-Yeah. -How is it different? -Yeah, it is, in fact, very different, | 0:09:03 | 0:09:06 | |
both in the structure of the brain and the function of the brain. | 0:09:06 | 0:09:09 | |
So...you could say the hardware of the brain | 0:09:09 | 0:09:12 | |
and the software of the brain, | 0:09:12 | 0:09:14 | |
both is underdeveloped. | 0:09:14 | 0:09:16 | |
OK. So, what are we looking at here? | 0:09:16 | 0:09:19 | |
These are slices through the brain. | 0:09:19 | 0:09:20 | |
Are we looking at the top down, as if the camera's here? | 0:09:20 | 0:09:23 | |
Yes, this would be the top and then you go down. | 0:09:23 | 0:09:27 | |
So this is around the eye level and this is the lower part. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
-Oh, I see. -They are horizontal cuts through the brain. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:33 | |
It's an MRI image. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:34 | |
-It's like brain carpaccio. -This is based... | 0:09:34 | 0:09:37 | |
Yes, exactly. | 0:09:37 | 0:09:38 | |
What jumps out are the yellow areas. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:41 | |
What are we looking at there? | 0:09:41 | 0:09:43 | |
So the yellow areas are areas which are smaller in ADHD | 0:09:43 | 0:09:46 | |
compared to healthy controls. | 0:09:46 | 0:09:48 | |
And the areas we found are most consistently smaller | 0:09:48 | 0:09:52 | |
in structure are these frontal lobe regions, | 0:09:52 | 0:09:56 | |
which is in the frontal part of the brain, and the basal ganglia, | 0:09:56 | 0:09:59 | |
deep in the brain. The frontal lobe and the basal ganglia are connected. | 0:09:59 | 0:10:03 | |
OK, so what do those parts of the brain actually do? | 0:10:03 | 0:10:07 | |
These parts of the brain, they mediate many functions | 0:10:07 | 0:10:09 | |
which are very important for mature adult behaviour. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:13 | |
For example, the ability to self-restrain yourself, | 0:10:13 | 0:10:15 | |
to inhibit yourself. | 0:10:15 | 0:10:17 | |
And ADHD patients, they have problems with self-control. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:19 | |
-Impulsive. -Impulsive, yeah, exactly. | 0:10:19 | 0:10:22 | |
They're impulsive. They also mediate attention, | 0:10:22 | 0:10:25 | |
they also have problems with timing behaviour. | 0:10:25 | 0:10:27 | |
For example, you know, if you are impulsive, | 0:10:29 | 0:10:32 | |
you do things prematurely, too early in time, | 0:10:32 | 0:10:35 | |
and you don't consider the consequences of your act | 0:10:35 | 0:10:38 | |
so you act on the spur of the moment and later you think. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:41 | |
It's like having a filter, really, | 0:10:41 | 0:10:43 | |
something that will stop you from doing something inappropriate | 0:10:43 | 0:10:46 | |
-or saying something out of turn or interrupting. -Yes, exactly. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:51 | |
The degree of inattention and impulsivity | 0:10:51 | 0:10:53 | |
will vary from person to person. | 0:10:53 | 0:10:55 | |
Just as the changes in brain structure will vary, too. | 0:10:55 | 0:10:58 | |
So, I have an example of a test | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
which we use to measure self-control in ADHD. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:05 | |
And this task, the performance on this test | 0:11:05 | 0:11:08 | |
is typically impaired in children with ADHD. | 0:11:08 | 0:11:11 | |
So, it's called the stop task. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:13 | |
-Do you want to try it? -Yeah, sure, absolutely. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:16 | |
OK, right. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:18 | |
If the arrow points left or right, | 0:11:23 | 0:11:26 | |
Rory must press the corresponding button. | 0:11:26 | 0:11:29 | |
But if the arrow points up, | 0:11:29 | 0:11:32 | |
he must hold back and resist the urge to press. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:34 | |
You see, I've cracked this. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:37 | |
Oh, no, I thought I'd just got that. Ugh! | 0:11:37 | 0:11:40 | |
It's a test of self-restraint. | 0:11:40 | 0:11:42 | |
Not something Rory finds easy. | 0:11:42 | 0:11:45 | |
-OK. -Getting better. | 0:11:45 | 0:11:47 | |
I have to say, Katya, you have the perfect voice for this | 0:11:48 | 0:11:50 | |
in the background saying, "No, you're not concentrating. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:53 | |
"Please try a little bit harder." | 0:11:53 | 0:11:56 | |
-IN STRONG ACCENT: -"That is ze point of ze exercise!" -Exactly. | 0:11:57 | 0:12:00 | |
"We are testing." | 0:12:00 | 0:12:02 | |
I'm so sorry, that was really very... | 0:12:02 | 0:12:04 | |
It was incredibly rude of me. | 0:12:08 | 0:12:10 | |
I know! Do people get upset with you? | 0:12:10 | 0:12:12 | |
Yes. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:13 | |
-SHE LAUGHS -But not for long. | 0:12:13 | 0:12:17 | |
-OK. -I'm not surprised. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:19 | |
See, it's impulsive behaviour. | 0:12:19 | 0:12:21 | |
OK, the task is now finished. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:24 | |
Despite Rory's efforts, it's not a test he can win. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:28 | |
He's simply having a go at the task Katya uses during imaging studies. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:34 | |
So, the task which you've just done, | 0:12:34 | 0:12:36 | |
this is the typical task we do in an MRI scanner with children with | 0:12:36 | 0:12:40 | |
ADHD and normal children, | 0:12:40 | 0:12:42 | |
and then we compare the activity in the brain. | 0:12:42 | 0:12:45 | |
So I can show you how it looks like. | 0:12:45 | 0:12:46 | |
This is the results. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:50 | |
What you see here is the activity in the brain of the healthy adolescent. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:56 | |
So they activate, again, the frontal part of the brain | 0:12:56 | 0:12:59 | |
and the basal ganglia. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:00 | |
So, these connections are important for stopping your behaviour. | 0:13:00 | 0:13:04 | |
These areas are less activated. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:06 | |
They are activated in the healthy adolescents, | 0:13:06 | 0:13:10 | |
but they're not activated in ADHD. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:12 | |
So, you see, this is empty. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:14 | |
-So, the part of the brain that would inhibit... -Yeah. | 0:13:15 | 0:13:19 | |
..you from doing something wrong is simply missing. | 0:13:19 | 0:13:23 | |
It's simply missing. Well, it's less activated, is less recruited. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:27 | |
And that's why they are not good in the task. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:30 | |
-MIMICS DONALD TRUMP: -That's a big assumption, by the way. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
But I do find you very attractive, so that's OK. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:36 | |
That was me in character. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
-You're such a good Trump. Isn't he? -Yeah. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:42 | |
-You should do a Trump one on TV. -AS TRUMP: -There's a line we have to draw. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
I do it all the time, by the way. So... OK. | 0:13:45 | 0:13:50 | |
So, I think what really struck me there | 0:13:56 | 0:14:00 | |
was I was expecting to see in an ADHD brain, | 0:14:00 | 0:14:03 | |
I was expecting to see all sorts of activity - | 0:14:03 | 0:14:07 | |
you know, all the fun and all the Catherine wheels and all that, | 0:14:07 | 0:14:12 | |
and being able to say that, "Do you know what, actually, | 0:14:12 | 0:14:14 | |
"we're so much more clever and we have so much more fun," | 0:14:14 | 0:14:19 | |
uh, and instead, there was kind of like a silence, | 0:14:19 | 0:14:23 | |
saying, "Well, where is it? Where's all that stuff we need? | 0:14:23 | 0:14:27 | |
"Where are the networks? | 0:14:27 | 0:14:29 | |
"Where're all these things that typical people have? | 0:14:29 | 0:14:33 | |
"Where is it?" | 0:14:33 | 0:14:35 | |
These same questions about the fundamental origins of ADHD | 0:14:36 | 0:14:41 | |
have puzzled scientists for years. | 0:14:41 | 0:14:43 | |
So, Rory's come to Germany | 0:14:49 | 0:14:50 | |
because it was here that some of the earliest | 0:14:50 | 0:14:53 | |
efforts to understand ADHD were made. | 0:14:53 | 0:14:56 | |
The very first-known description of ADHD | 0:15:00 | 0:15:03 | |
appeared in a German textbook in 1775. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:07 | |
But shortly after, there came a more entertaining version. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
In the 1840s, | 0:15:11 | 0:15:12 | |
a celebrated German physician called Heinrich Hoffmann wrote and | 0:15:12 | 0:15:16 | |
illustrated what became a very famous German children's book called | 0:15:16 | 0:15:20 | |
Shockheaded Peter, bursting with weird and wonderful characters | 0:15:20 | 0:15:23 | |
based on his patients. | 0:15:23 | 0:15:24 | |
Like Johnny Head-in-Air, Cruel Frederick, and this one, | 0:15:24 | 0:15:28 | |
Zappel-Philipp - Fidgety Philip. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:30 | |
I wonder if there's any merit in reading it like Alan Bennett? | 0:15:30 | 0:15:35 | |
It goes like this, "Let me see if Philip can be a little gentleman. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:40 | |
"Let me see if he is able to sit still for once at t'table. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:44 | |
"But Fidgety Phil, he won't sit still, | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
"he wriggles and giggles and then, | 0:15:47 | 0:15:49 | |
"I declare, swings backwards and forwards and tilts up his chair. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:53 | |
"Down upon the ground they fall, | 0:15:53 | 0:15:55 | |
"glasses, plates, knives, forks and all. | 0:15:55 | 0:15:57 | |
"How Mama did fret and frown when she saw them tumbling down | 0:15:57 | 0:16:01 | |
"and Papa made such a face. Philip is in sad disgrace." | 0:16:01 | 0:16:05 | |
Scientists have been chasing an explanation for what causes ADHD | 0:16:07 | 0:16:11 | |
for hundreds of years. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:12 | |
But with 21st-century technology, they are now catching up. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:21 | |
Rory has travelled to the Netherlands | 0:16:24 | 0:16:26 | |
to meet someone who is searching for the fundamental cause of ADHD - | 0:16:26 | 0:16:31 | |
by trying to identify the genes involved. | 0:16:31 | 0:16:33 | |
Good to meet you. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
Nice to meet you. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:37 | |
To do that, Professor Barbara Franke has turned to an animal | 0:16:37 | 0:16:41 | |
that's rather easier to handle than humans. | 0:16:41 | 0:16:44 | |
My lab is trying to understand the pathways | 0:16:44 | 0:16:46 | |
that lead from genetics to ADHD | 0:16:46 | 0:16:49 | |
and we are using, among others, flies for that. | 0:16:49 | 0:16:52 | |
-Flies?! -Yes. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:53 | |
-Seriously? -Yeah. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:55 | |
Flies have ADHD? | 0:16:55 | 0:16:57 | |
Well, they can have aspects of ADHD, yes. | 0:16:57 | 0:16:59 | |
-Wow, this I must see. -OK, I'm going to show you. | 0:16:59 | 0:17:03 | |
So, this is the fly lab, | 0:17:06 | 0:17:08 | |
so we have to put a lab coat on in here. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:11 | |
Ooh, I now become an expert. | 0:17:11 | 0:17:14 | |
Right, trust me, I'm a doctor. | 0:17:14 | 0:17:16 | |
So, here we are. | 0:17:18 | 0:17:19 | |
This is the lab where we do our experiments. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:24 | |
-Wow! -These are the flies. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:25 | |
So... It looks like a spice rack. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:28 | |
-What have we got here? -These are all Drosophila melanogaster. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:32 | |
-This is the fruit fly. -So these are all flies? | 0:17:32 | 0:17:35 | |
-Yes. -Are they alive flies? | 0:17:35 | 0:17:37 | |
They are all alive, yeah. If you have a look. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
These are the little buggers you see in summer in your kitchen. | 0:17:41 | 0:17:47 | |
They have some food down here and they stay there... | 0:17:47 | 0:17:51 | |
-There's a very distinct smell in here. -Yeah. | 0:17:51 | 0:17:53 | |
I was thinking it's not your perfume. What is it? | 0:17:53 | 0:17:56 | |
-It's yeast. -It's yeast. -That's what they feed on. | 0:17:56 | 0:17:59 | |
So, why flies? | 0:17:59 | 0:18:01 | |
Because they are excellent models for genetic studies. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:05 | |
So, the basic mechanisms of how the body works are very much overlapping | 0:18:05 | 0:18:11 | |
between flies and humans. | 0:18:11 | 0:18:13 | |
Do they...? | 0:18:13 | 0:18:14 | |
Do they have an attention deficit | 0:18:14 | 0:18:16 | |
or are you introducing it to them or are you taking a gene out? | 0:18:16 | 0:18:19 | |
What are you doing to make this analysis? | 0:18:19 | 0:18:23 | |
So, from the studies in humans, | 0:18:23 | 0:18:25 | |
we know several of the genes that contribute to ADHD. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:30 | |
What we're doing is to alter their expression in the fruit fly | 0:18:30 | 0:18:34 | |
so we can dial up the activity | 0:18:34 | 0:18:36 | |
or we can dial down the activity of this gene. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
Is it a particular...always the same...? | 0:18:39 | 0:18:41 | |
Is it a particular genetic variation? | 0:18:41 | 0:18:43 | |
No, so there are probably several thousands of genes | 0:18:43 | 0:18:47 | |
that contribute to ADHD and we now know perhaps 20 to 30 of those. | 0:18:47 | 0:18:53 | |
OK. So then, knowing that, | 0:18:53 | 0:18:56 | |
you then manipulate that gene in a fly and analyse the behaviour? | 0:18:56 | 0:19:03 | |
Yep. Absolutely. | 0:19:03 | 0:19:05 | |
You're doing a really valuable job. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:07 | |
-RORY IN HIGH-PITCHED COMIC VOICE: -Yeah, sure. Thanks very much. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:11 | |
Barbara and her colleagues are trying to identify | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
which of the known ADHD genes | 0:19:18 | 0:19:20 | |
is associated with precisely which aspect of ADHD behaviour. | 0:19:20 | 0:19:24 | |
Such as hyperactivity or inattention. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:28 | |
So, they take groups of flies, each with a single gene altered, | 0:19:29 | 0:19:34 | |
and see how that affects their behaviour. | 0:19:34 | 0:19:36 | |
So, this is an experiment | 0:19:40 | 0:19:42 | |
where we can measure distractibility in flies. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:46 | |
I'll just get my head around THAT concept! | 0:19:46 | 0:19:49 | |
So, flies can be... They have an attention span? | 0:19:49 | 0:19:52 | |
-Oh, yes. -I know they've got a wingspan, | 0:19:52 | 0:19:54 | |
-but an attention span? -Yes, they absolutely have. | 0:19:54 | 0:19:57 | |
Attention is a very basic behaviour and you need it to survive. | 0:19:57 | 0:20:02 | |
We're seeing if the gene that's been modified is actually responsible... | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
Yeah, causing... | 0:20:05 | 0:20:07 | |
So, what we see here is a maze in which flies have to decide | 0:20:07 | 0:20:11 | |
to go left or right. | 0:20:11 | 0:20:12 | |
We put the flies in here and then they are attracted by the light | 0:20:12 | 0:20:17 | |
over here, so light is a very strong stimulus attracting flies, | 0:20:17 | 0:20:21 | |
and they walk through the maze towards this attractor. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:25 | |
But because we have a monitor here with stripes moving to one side... | 0:20:25 | 0:20:29 | |
..some of them will get distracted, and the more they are distracted, | 0:20:30 | 0:20:34 | |
the more they will move to the side where the stripes go. | 0:20:34 | 0:20:37 | |
So, the impulse will always be to get toward the light. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:40 | |
Yeah. | 0:20:40 | 0:20:41 | |
As the flies move through the maze, | 0:20:44 | 0:20:47 | |
some exit more to the left | 0:20:47 | 0:20:49 | |
and some more to the right, | 0:20:49 | 0:20:51 | |
and a machine counts how many take each path. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:54 | |
-RORY IN COMIC VOICE: -I like to look at the white light. | 0:20:54 | 0:20:56 | |
Oh, white light. Oh, green stripes. | 0:20:56 | 0:20:58 | |
Green stripes on the floor. | 0:20:58 | 0:21:00 | |
He does look very confused, this fly. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:02 | |
Green stripes are pretty, pretty. Follow the green stripes. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:05 | |
-RORY AS NORMAL: -So, what's the difference? | 0:21:05 | 0:21:07 | |
How does a very distracted fly behave in this experiment? | 0:21:07 | 0:21:10 | |
A distracted fly would follow this stimulus that moves to the left more | 0:21:11 | 0:21:18 | |
than a non-distracted fly. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:21 | |
-Oh, because that's the direction that the stripe is going in? -Yeah. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:24 | |
But I see the fly's point, in a sense, | 0:21:24 | 0:21:27 | |
it's like the floor beneath your feet is going off. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:30 | |
I find my eyesight is constantly just going... | 0:21:30 | 0:21:32 | |
-I'm always, yes... -Yep. -Distractible me. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:35 | |
Barbara has already found one strain of flies | 0:21:37 | 0:21:39 | |
who are significantly more distractible. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:42 | |
Which means she's successfully confirmed at least one gene | 0:21:42 | 0:21:46 | |
that can contribute to ADHD. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:48 | |
-I could stand around here watching all day, but I must fly. -BARBARA LAUGHS | 0:21:48 | 0:21:52 | |
-That was extraordinary. -OK. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:55 | |
So, we've identified, or think we've identified | 0:21:56 | 0:21:59 | |
some of the genes responsible. | 0:21:59 | 0:22:01 | |
Does that mean that I could be | 0:22:01 | 0:22:03 | |
or anyone could be genetically tested for ADHD? | 0:22:03 | 0:22:07 | |
I wish that was the case, but... | 0:22:07 | 0:22:09 | |
-Oh. no. -..we cannot, we cannot, unfortunately. | 0:22:09 | 0:22:12 | |
So, as I said, we have hundreds of thousands of genes | 0:22:12 | 0:22:15 | |
that contribute and we know only a few of them yet. | 0:22:15 | 0:22:18 | |
But there's another layer of complexity. | 0:22:20 | 0:22:22 | |
Oh, dear. My brain's starting to hurt. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:25 | |
Well, somebody once said that genes are not dictators, | 0:22:25 | 0:22:28 | |
they are committees. So, genes are not everything that there is. | 0:22:28 | 0:22:32 | |
There's also the environment, | 0:22:32 | 0:22:34 | |
because the genes do not work in isolation, | 0:22:34 | 0:22:37 | |
they will be influenced by the environment. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:40 | |
So, we have environmental risk factors. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:42 | |
For example, birth complications... | 0:22:42 | 0:22:44 | |
..environmental toxins, maltreatment even, | 0:22:47 | 0:22:50 | |
that increase your risk for ADHD and particularly do so if you also have | 0:22:50 | 0:22:56 | |
genetic risk factors for ADHD. | 0:22:56 | 0:22:58 | |
This is called gene-environment interaction. | 0:22:58 | 0:23:00 | |
With so much science and yet so little certainty, | 0:23:03 | 0:23:07 | |
Rory's feeling confused. | 0:23:07 | 0:23:09 | |
I'm really struggling to understand all this, | 0:23:11 | 0:23:14 | |
because every time I think I get it, | 0:23:14 | 0:23:16 | |
it gets even more complicated. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:19 | |
Even the scientists admit that, and they're the experts. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:23 | |
But what do experts know? | 0:23:24 | 0:23:26 | |
So, I've learned there are differences in the structure and the | 0:23:42 | 0:23:46 | |
development of an ADHD brain, | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
but these can be different in different people. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:52 | |
Two people can have different abnormalities | 0:23:55 | 0:23:58 | |
and yet both still have ADHD. | 0:23:58 | 0:24:00 | |
And the same's true of symptoms. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:02 | |
These vary from person to person. | 0:24:02 | 0:24:03 | |
Some people are hyperactive, | 0:24:05 | 0:24:07 | |
others might be impulsive and some inattentive. | 0:24:07 | 0:24:10 | |
And then there are the genes. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:14 | |
There are hundreds, possibly thousands of genes involved in ADHD. | 0:24:14 | 0:24:19 | |
And different people can have totally different genes, | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
but still all have ADHD. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:24 | |
And on top of all that, | 0:24:27 | 0:24:29 | |
there's no specific test, which is really frustrating. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:33 | |
Rory needs some help. | 0:24:40 | 0:24:41 | |
So, he's back in London to meet up | 0:24:43 | 0:24:45 | |
with psychiatrist Professor Peter Hill | 0:24:45 | 0:24:48 | |
for a science lesson with a twist. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
So, Peter, this is all very confusing, or is it just me? | 0:24:55 | 0:24:58 | |
No, it's not you at all - it is complex. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:01 | |
It's a complicated interaction | 0:25:01 | 0:25:03 | |
between a number of issues and areas. | 0:25:03 | 0:25:05 | |
People used to think there was one cause of ADHD and we now know that | 0:25:05 | 0:25:10 | |
actually it's nothing like as simple as that. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:13 | |
There isn't a single gene that causes it. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:15 | |
There isn't a single neural network that isn't functioning. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:18 | |
It is indeed an interplay of multiplicities of all those things. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:23 | |
OK, so how can we simplify it? | 0:25:23 | 0:25:26 | |
I wonder if I could use a metaphor and do a bit of cooking just to show | 0:25:26 | 0:25:31 | |
you what might be going on. | 0:25:31 | 0:25:33 | |
HE CHUCKLES | 0:25:33 | 0:25:35 | |
Are you going to take ALL your clothes off? | 0:25:40 | 0:25:43 | |
Well, why not? That's your cue for the Naked Chef. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:45 | |
I'll do the jokes! | 0:25:45 | 0:25:47 | |
I'll go into my Antony Worrall Thompson mode. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:50 | |
Do you want some help tying that up? | 0:25:50 | 0:25:52 | |
What I want to do first is make a gingerbread cake | 0:25:54 | 0:25:58 | |
according to a standard recipe. | 0:25:58 | 0:26:00 | |
OK, so this is still to do with ADHD, is it? | 0:26:00 | 0:26:03 | |
-All will be revealed. -OK. | 0:26:04 | 0:26:06 | |
I will start with a load of sugar. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:08 | |
A very specific... | 0:26:08 | 0:26:10 | |
This is a health-related programme, of course! | 0:26:10 | 0:26:13 | |
-All extremely healthy. -You don't get Ainsley Harriott saying, "Just a load of sugar." | 0:26:13 | 0:26:17 | |
-It's like, how much? -This is a lot. | 0:26:17 | 0:26:20 | |
OK, a load of sugar, a lump of butter. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:23 | |
And an awful lot | 0:26:23 | 0:26:24 | |
-of black treacle. -Why are we doing this? | 0:26:24 | 0:26:26 | |
We're going to make a gingerbread cake, | 0:26:26 | 0:26:29 | |
which represents an ordinary person | 0:26:29 | 0:26:32 | |
who does not have ADHD. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:34 | |
OK. So this is all the right ingredients in the right order. | 0:26:34 | 0:26:37 | |
Absolutely. Just as the recipe says. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:40 | |
Lots of flour. You can't make a cake without flour. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:44 | |
Those will go in as well. | 0:26:44 | 0:26:45 | |
This, I can cope with. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:48 | |
And some eggs into the mix. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:49 | |
Having followed the recipe strictly for the first cake, | 0:26:51 | 0:26:54 | |
for the next, they change things slightly. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:57 | |
This time, although we're going to use the same ingredients, | 0:26:57 | 0:27:00 | |
we're going to cook it for less long. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:02 | |
So cake number three? | 0:27:04 | 0:27:06 | |
We're still going to make a gingerbread cake | 0:27:06 | 0:27:08 | |
but on this occasion we're not putting in any bicarb | 0:27:08 | 0:27:11 | |
and we're not putting in any eggs. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:13 | |
So there are things missing from the ingredients. | 0:27:13 | 0:27:16 | |
-Right, cake number four. -OK, cake number four. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:19 | |
We are still making a ginger cake | 0:27:19 | 0:27:21 | |
but we're not putting in eggs and we're not putting in any spices. | 0:27:21 | 0:27:24 | |
I think there's a series in this. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:26 | |
-It's like... Can't Cook, Can't Cook Either. -No! | 0:27:26 | 0:27:29 | |
THEY CHUCKLE | 0:27:29 | 0:27:31 | |
Going to make a little sabayon here. | 0:27:33 | 0:27:36 | |
Once they're all mixed, they each go into the oven. | 0:27:38 | 0:27:41 | |
This is like The Holy Grail. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:47 | |
HE CLIP-CLOPS AND NEIGHS LIKE A HORSE | 0:27:47 | 0:27:51 | |
Time to stop cooking. | 0:27:51 | 0:27:52 | |
Right, so time to get these out. | 0:27:57 | 0:27:59 | |
-Beautiful smell. -Smells good. | 0:27:59 | 0:28:02 | |
Gorgeous, isn't it? | 0:28:02 | 0:28:04 | |
Right. That's number one. | 0:28:04 | 0:28:06 | |
Yours smells miles better than mine. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:09 | |
That's because yours hasn't got the spice in. | 0:28:09 | 0:28:12 | |
-That is still runny. -Yep. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:14 | |
Now, this is real cookery. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:17 | |
Burnt fingers, the smell of singed flesh, | 0:28:17 | 0:28:21 | |
in association with a delicate aroma. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:23 | |
Now, these are all gingerbread men. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:26 | |
Nobody would see them as anything but gingerbread men. | 0:28:26 | 0:28:29 | |
This is the original, typical gingerbread man. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:32 | |
Well risen, with all the ingredients well cooked. | 0:28:32 | 0:28:36 | |
This is a less successful gingerbread man in terms of cooking. | 0:28:36 | 0:28:40 | |
It has not yet achieved the right texture. | 0:28:40 | 0:28:43 | |
OK. Cashier number three, please. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:46 | |
This one has fewer ingredients. | 0:28:46 | 0:28:48 | |
It's lacking key ingredients - in this case, eggs. | 0:28:48 | 0:28:51 | |
So its texture is really not great. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:54 | |
It's not so good. | 0:28:54 | 0:28:56 | |
The same is true for this rather flatter and paler gingerbread man | 0:28:56 | 0:29:00 | |
which lacks certain other ingredients. | 0:29:00 | 0:29:02 | |
In fact, in this case it lacks the ginger, it lacks the bicarb, | 0:29:02 | 0:29:06 | |
and it's just not as interesting. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:08 | |
So looking at those, give or take a few characteristics, | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
they are recognisable | 0:29:12 | 0:29:14 | |
but there are any number of factors that could be different. | 0:29:14 | 0:29:17 | |
So what has that to do with ADHD? | 0:29:17 | 0:29:20 | |
Well, I would see these two over here, | 0:29:20 | 0:29:21 | |
the ones that lack different sets of ingredients - | 0:29:21 | 0:29:24 | |
they are different sets of ingredients | 0:29:24 | 0:29:26 | |
although they are still gingerbread men - | 0:29:26 | 0:29:28 | |
as illustrating the impact of the genetic influences. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:33 | |
The genes that are missing | 0:29:33 | 0:29:35 | |
or present in stopping things developing. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:38 | |
So different sets of genes here, different ingredients. | 0:29:38 | 0:29:41 | |
Different sets of genes here, different ingredients. | 0:29:41 | 0:29:44 | |
But this is different because of the cooking. | 0:29:44 | 0:29:47 | |
It is as if it has not had enough growth experience. | 0:29:47 | 0:29:51 | |
So, for example, babies who are born very, very early indeed | 0:29:51 | 0:29:56 | |
are at greater risk. | 0:29:56 | 0:29:57 | |
Not all, but they are at greater risk of getting ADHD. | 0:29:57 | 0:30:00 | |
-Oh, right. -So this is environment and this is genetic difference. | 0:30:00 | 0:30:03 | |
These two are still perfectly edible. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
They just function in a slightly different way from these because | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
they have different characteristics. | 0:30:09 | 0:30:11 | |
That's in the make-up, the way they were cooked, | 0:30:11 | 0:30:13 | |
-and in the ingredients or genes that they have. -Yes. | 0:30:13 | 0:30:16 | |
There are so many ingredients | 0:30:16 | 0:30:17 | |
that might be missing or that might be added, | 0:30:17 | 0:30:20 | |
and there are so many ways of cooking, | 0:30:20 | 0:30:22 | |
that this illustrates a little bit | 0:30:22 | 0:30:24 | |
of the complexity about gene and environment interactions | 0:30:24 | 0:30:28 | |
and contributions. | 0:30:28 | 0:30:30 | |
Genes and environment always interact. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:33 | |
So there we are, gingerbread men. | 0:30:33 | 0:30:34 | |
I think this is the only science programme | 0:30:34 | 0:30:37 | |
with both a helpline and a recipe sheet | 0:30:37 | 0:30:38 | |
available on the website. | 0:30:38 | 0:30:40 | |
Mary Berry, eat your heart out. | 0:30:42 | 0:30:43 | |
So just like the interplay of the ingredients and cooking | 0:30:45 | 0:30:48 | |
in gingerbread, genes and experience interact in each person, | 0:30:48 | 0:30:52 | |
creating slightly different versions of ADHD in each. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:56 | |
Now Rory has got to grips with the science of ADHD, | 0:30:58 | 0:31:02 | |
the big question is whether he has it himself. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:05 | |
So today, he's going for a diagnosis. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:08 | |
This is actually something I've wanted to do ever since I first suspected | 0:31:13 | 0:31:16 | |
I might have ADHD, but now it's coming to a diagnosis, I feel strangely | 0:31:16 | 0:31:20 | |
nervous and apprehensive. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:22 | |
My brain is running all over the place and I don't kind of really know | 0:31:22 | 0:31:26 | |
what's going to happen. | 0:31:26 | 0:31:28 | |
'Second floor.' | 0:31:28 | 0:31:29 | |
He's going to meet psychiatrist and ADHD specialist | 0:31:31 | 0:31:34 | |
Professor Phil Asherson. | 0:31:34 | 0:31:36 | |
-Phil. -Oh, hi. | 0:31:36 | 0:31:38 | |
-Lovely to see you, Rory. -Thank you for doing this. | 0:31:38 | 0:31:41 | |
Thank you so much for coming in today. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:43 | |
Not at all. I don't know what to expect. | 0:31:43 | 0:31:44 | |
Well, we're going to spend the day | 0:31:44 | 0:31:46 | |
doing a full diagnostic assessment of ADHD. | 0:31:46 | 0:31:48 | |
-OK. -So it's quite a detailed assessment. | 0:31:48 | 0:31:50 | |
I'm just going to start by giving you these rating scales. | 0:31:50 | 0:31:53 | |
It will take you about 15 minutes. | 0:31:53 | 0:31:55 | |
I'll come back and we'll talk about it then. | 0:31:55 | 0:31:57 | |
It might take me a bit longer. | 0:31:57 | 0:31:59 | |
I think my mind is wandering already. | 0:32:00 | 0:32:02 | |
Let's see how we go. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:03 | |
-OK. -Thank you. I'll see you shortly. | 0:32:03 | 0:32:05 | |
I'm never going to concentrate through all this! | 0:32:07 | 0:32:10 | |
So, this is a two-way mirror, so we can see Rory, but he can't see us. | 0:32:14 | 0:32:19 | |
"Excessive or inappropriate use of internet, video games or TV." | 0:32:19 | 0:32:23 | |
We know there are various deficits, | 0:32:24 | 0:32:27 | |
various things we can look at in the brain, | 0:32:27 | 0:32:30 | |
we can measure in the blood, linked to ADHD, | 0:32:30 | 0:32:33 | |
but they are still not at the point where we can use them as a clinical test. | 0:32:33 | 0:32:36 | |
In the absence of a biological test, | 0:32:36 | 0:32:39 | |
they have to take a more low-tech approach. | 0:32:39 | 0:32:42 | |
When making the diagnosis of ADHD, | 0:32:42 | 0:32:44 | |
we often use the ratings scales in the first step, | 0:32:44 | 0:32:46 | |
partly to screen for ADHD and to see what symptoms he feels he has, | 0:32:46 | 0:32:52 | |
and to get some idea of the severity of these things, | 0:32:52 | 0:32:55 | |
but the next step would be to review those questions and the answers | 0:32:55 | 0:33:00 | |
in a very detailed way | 0:33:00 | 0:33:02 | |
and get a very clear description of the kind of symptoms | 0:33:02 | 0:33:04 | |
and to make sure that it really is a problem | 0:33:04 | 0:33:07 | |
with attention regulation and attention deficit | 0:33:07 | 0:33:10 | |
that is underpinning and causing the problems that he's reporting. | 0:33:10 | 0:33:15 | |
Once Rory has completed the rating scales, Phil begins the interview. | 0:33:17 | 0:33:22 | |
One of the interesting things I notice from the rating scales | 0:33:22 | 0:33:25 | |
you've filled in was first of all that you scored | 0:33:25 | 0:33:28 | |
yourself as having many more symptoms as a child, | 0:33:28 | 0:33:32 | |
and then, with your ratings for how you are now, | 0:33:32 | 0:33:35 | |
where it does seem to be having a big impact on you is in the way | 0:33:35 | 0:33:38 | |
you kind of feel and think about yourself. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:41 | |
Your ability to function. | 0:33:41 | 0:33:43 | |
So for you, it may be the impact is not so much in work, | 0:33:43 | 0:33:46 | |
but actually outside of the work setting. | 0:33:46 | 0:33:48 | |
-And balancing it, I think. -I don't know what you think about that idea. | 0:33:48 | 0:33:52 | |
Does that make sense to you? | 0:33:52 | 0:33:53 | |
I do recognise that, because work does give me a focus | 0:33:53 | 0:33:55 | |
and work gives me a routine. | 0:33:55 | 0:33:57 | |
Work, when you are doing something against a deadline, | 0:33:57 | 0:34:00 | |
is less of a problem. It's when I haven't got an outside focus, | 0:34:00 | 0:34:04 | |
when I haven't got a routine, that it can go to pieces. | 0:34:04 | 0:34:08 | |
What about simple things like reading a book? | 0:34:08 | 0:34:10 | |
When you're reading a book, can you read a book right through, | 0:34:10 | 0:34:14 | |
or is that difficult? | 0:34:14 | 0:34:15 | |
I find it difficult to read a book unless I'm totally concentrating. | 0:34:15 | 0:34:19 | |
As often as not, I'll start to read a book and then I have to | 0:34:19 | 0:34:22 | |
reread it and read again, and then it won't make sense. | 0:34:22 | 0:34:26 | |
After several hours of discussion, | 0:34:28 | 0:34:30 | |
Rory is about to find out whether he has ADHD. | 0:34:30 | 0:34:34 | |
-AS BIG BROTHER NARRATOR: -ADHD diagnosis, day eight. | 0:34:34 | 0:34:39 | |
So, I think on the basis of the information you've given me so far, | 0:34:39 | 0:34:43 | |
I think it's highly likely that you have ADHD. | 0:34:43 | 0:34:47 | |
When I looked at your rating scales, you scored yourself as having | 0:34:47 | 0:34:52 | |
all of the symptoms - nine out of nine inattentive, | 0:34:52 | 0:34:55 | |
nine out of nine hyperactive, impulsive symptoms as a child. | 0:34:55 | 0:34:59 | |
And also, you scored yourself as being very impaired in | 0:34:59 | 0:35:03 | |
a wide range of different situations. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:06 | |
To me, you seem to describe significant problems | 0:35:06 | 0:35:09 | |
with focusing, keeping on track, being disorganised, | 0:35:09 | 0:35:14 | |
sustaining your attention. | 0:35:14 | 0:35:16 | |
When you are not under pressure, | 0:35:16 | 0:35:18 | |
when you are not doing something that you really want to do, | 0:35:18 | 0:35:20 | |
-is very difficult for you. -Mm-hm. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:23 | |
It's an answer at last - | 0:35:23 | 0:35:26 | |
a confirmation of what Rory always suspected. | 0:35:26 | 0:35:29 | |
But the next day, Rory is feeling less comfortable about the diagnosis. | 0:35:32 | 0:35:37 | |
To some extent, that diagnosis was | 0:35:39 | 0:35:41 | |
an admission of failure in many aspects of my life. | 0:35:41 | 0:35:44 | |
It turns out that being confronted with the reality of it, | 0:35:44 | 0:35:49 | |
and a list of things which in many senses are failings, | 0:35:49 | 0:35:54 | |
and the kind of exposure of many things | 0:35:54 | 0:35:57 | |
that show that you can't really handle | 0:35:57 | 0:36:00 | |
or manage lots of aspects of your life, | 0:36:00 | 0:36:02 | |
is more, um, more overwhelming than I thought. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:08 | |
But for people who do have ADHD, there are ways of dealing with it, | 0:36:08 | 0:36:13 | |
and that can begin with the environment you live in. | 0:36:13 | 0:36:16 | |
It seems that the very worst environment for ADHD might be | 0:36:17 | 0:36:21 | |
our very own 21st-century world. | 0:36:21 | 0:36:23 | |
Modern life has gotten repetitive, | 0:36:24 | 0:36:27 | |
too dull or too repetitive, redundant, | 0:36:27 | 0:36:30 | |
and as a result, mundane or boring. | 0:36:30 | 0:36:34 | |
Salif Mahamane is studying | 0:36:35 | 0:36:37 | |
how our physical environment affects our attention. | 0:36:37 | 0:36:40 | |
We do the same things, day in and day out. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:43 | |
Often we'll go from a small house to a small office and we do | 0:36:43 | 0:36:47 | |
the same things day in and day out, | 0:36:47 | 0:36:48 | |
stopping maybe at the grocery store and then going home. | 0:36:48 | 0:36:52 | |
And those are the things | 0:36:52 | 0:36:54 | |
that just don't really do it for people who have ADHD. | 0:36:54 | 0:36:59 | |
Salif believes the problem is that an urban, | 0:36:59 | 0:37:02 | |
indoors environment is lacking spontaneity or surprises. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:06 | |
Anything that's going to happen in indoor environments | 0:37:06 | 0:37:09 | |
is going to be caused by you. | 0:37:09 | 0:37:10 | |
You have to make that thing happen, as opposed to interesting things | 0:37:10 | 0:37:14 | |
happening around you. | 0:37:14 | 0:37:16 | |
And Salif should know - | 0:37:16 | 0:37:19 | |
he has ADHD himself. | 0:37:19 | 0:37:20 | |
It was kind of weird, | 0:37:22 | 0:37:23 | |
it was very ironic that I actually study attention | 0:37:23 | 0:37:26 | |
and turned out to have ADHD myself. | 0:37:26 | 0:37:30 | |
When I'm inside, I feel like a caged animal. | 0:37:30 | 0:37:33 | |
I just want to get outside. | 0:37:33 | 0:37:35 | |
When I come outside, I feel much more alive. | 0:37:43 | 0:37:45 | |
I think in modern life, that is focused on being indoors, | 0:37:45 | 0:37:48 | |
we become really out of touch | 0:37:48 | 0:37:50 | |
with the environment that we are adapted for. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:52 | |
Salif believes that by changing his environment, | 0:37:56 | 0:37:58 | |
he can transform his mental focus. | 0:37:58 | 0:38:00 | |
It feels a lot better to be outside. | 0:38:03 | 0:38:06 | |
There are so many different things going on that I can hear. | 0:38:07 | 0:38:10 | |
Birds chirping, | 0:38:10 | 0:38:12 | |
I can hear a small rustling. | 0:38:12 | 0:38:15 | |
The wind and the raindrops. | 0:38:17 | 0:38:18 | |
It feels a lot more... | 0:38:20 | 0:38:21 | |
..I wanted to say natural. | 0:38:23 | 0:38:25 | |
It feels more natural for me as a person. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:27 | |
This is where I thrive. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:28 | |
According to Salif, there is a reason for that. | 0:38:30 | 0:38:32 | |
All of human evolution took place in a natural environment. | 0:38:35 | 0:38:39 | |
So, our attentional mechanisms, | 0:38:39 | 0:38:42 | |
just like the rest of our brains and our bodies, | 0:38:42 | 0:38:45 | |
are adapted for that environment. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:47 | |
Therefore, it is not surprising | 0:38:47 | 0:38:49 | |
that it is good for everybody's ability to | 0:38:49 | 0:38:51 | |
focus attention to be outside, and especially for people with ADHD. | 0:38:51 | 0:38:56 | |
Outdoor environments have been shown to reduce ADHD symptoms in a number | 0:38:56 | 0:39:01 | |
of studies, but more than that, | 0:39:01 | 0:39:03 | |
Salif believes that people with ADHD | 0:39:03 | 0:39:05 | |
are actually more in tune with these surroundings. | 0:39:05 | 0:39:09 | |
Some scientists think that people with ADHD were more | 0:39:09 | 0:39:14 | |
explorative, and pursuing their thirst for novelty and curiosities, | 0:39:14 | 0:39:19 | |
would have pushed further to find | 0:39:19 | 0:39:21 | |
resources and things like that | 0:39:21 | 0:39:23 | |
during a hunting and gathering lifestyle. | 0:39:23 | 0:39:26 | |
So, we would have been more the pathfinders. | 0:39:26 | 0:39:29 | |
And it turns out that while that might be a very useful role to play, | 0:39:30 | 0:39:35 | |
it's potentially also a very dangerous one. | 0:39:35 | 0:39:38 | |
Rory is going to meet someone who believes that rather than being | 0:39:42 | 0:39:45 | |
just pathfinders during human evolution... | 0:39:45 | 0:39:48 | |
-Jonathan, hello. -Nice to meet you. -And you. | 0:39:48 | 0:39:50 | |
What a wonderful room, it really is. | 0:39:50 | 0:39:53 | |
..people with ADHD might also have acted like minesweepers. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:58 | |
I did wonder, why hadn't these genes died out? | 0:39:58 | 0:40:00 | |
It didn't really make sense. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:02 | |
I think we need to have people like this around. | 0:40:02 | 0:40:05 | |
Somebody with ADHD is typically best | 0:40:05 | 0:40:08 | |
at making mistakes, | 0:40:08 | 0:40:11 | |
doing dangerous things, | 0:40:11 | 0:40:12 | |
and then all of society around him learns | 0:40:12 | 0:40:15 | |
from the cost of those errors. | 0:40:15 | 0:40:17 | |
So, can you give us examples of that risk-taking? | 0:40:17 | 0:40:19 | |
One of the best examples I can think of are sharks. | 0:40:19 | 0:40:23 | |
It's a few thousand years ago. | 0:40:23 | 0:40:24 | |
Suppose there was a little village here | 0:40:24 | 0:40:27 | |
and a boy decides to go swimming in the ocean. It's terribly hot. | 0:40:27 | 0:40:31 | |
And a shark comes along and eats him. | 0:40:31 | 0:40:35 | |
OK. | 0:40:35 | 0:40:36 | |
Major disaster. | 0:40:36 | 0:40:38 | |
Now, that's not just a tragedy for him, | 0:40:38 | 0:40:42 | |
it's not just a tragedy for his family, | 0:40:42 | 0:40:44 | |
this is major for his village. | 0:40:44 | 0:40:46 | |
News will travel like wildfire. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:48 | |
All the parents in that village will be keeping their kids from swimming | 0:40:48 | 0:40:51 | |
in the sea and the information will spread to neighbouring villages | 0:40:51 | 0:40:55 | |
up and down the coast. So this one boy's tragic death has led to major | 0:40:55 | 0:41:00 | |
improvements in safety | 0:41:00 | 0:41:02 | |
for potentially hundreds of people living along | 0:41:02 | 0:41:05 | |
this part of the coast. | 0:41:05 | 0:41:07 | |
So, it has alerted us to the risk? | 0:41:07 | 0:41:08 | |
Absolutely. Suppose there is another village over here, which is full of | 0:41:08 | 0:41:12 | |
people who are all very, very similar to each other - | 0:41:12 | 0:41:15 | |
highly predictable people who like doing things together. | 0:41:15 | 0:41:20 | |
Now, what happens is one day, | 0:41:20 | 0:41:21 | |
they decide to all swim in the sea together, | 0:41:21 | 0:41:24 | |
but unfortunately, they all get eaten by sharks. | 0:41:24 | 0:41:28 | |
-Mm-hm. -OK? The entire village has disappeared | 0:41:28 | 0:41:31 | |
off the face of the Earth. | 0:41:31 | 0:41:33 | |
Now, if the entire village disappears, | 0:41:33 | 0:41:36 | |
the information can't spread, | 0:41:36 | 0:41:39 | |
there's this terrible waste of human life caused by the fact | 0:41:39 | 0:41:43 | |
that they were too homogenous. | 0:41:43 | 0:41:45 | |
What they needed instead was to be like these villages, where people | 0:41:45 | 0:41:48 | |
act as individuals when they are doing risky things. | 0:41:48 | 0:41:52 | |
That means there have to be small proportions of people in any society | 0:41:52 | 0:41:57 | |
-doing risky things. -Mm-hm. | 0:41:57 | 0:41:59 | |
So if you look at a map nowadays on the internet, | 0:41:59 | 0:42:02 | |
you can find a worldwide map | 0:42:02 | 0:42:04 | |
of all the shark attacks in the last ten years. | 0:42:04 | 0:42:06 | |
None of it is information that has been collected | 0:42:06 | 0:42:09 | |
in an organised, pre-planned way. | 0:42:09 | 0:42:12 | |
It has been found out by individuals the hard way? | 0:42:12 | 0:42:14 | |
That's right, and a disproportionate number of them would have had ADHD. | 0:42:14 | 0:42:19 | |
I think evolution has created a subset, | 0:42:19 | 0:42:23 | |
an important subpopulation of human beings, | 0:42:23 | 0:42:25 | |
that try out risky things for the benefit of everybody else. | 0:42:25 | 0:42:29 | |
It's almost like an image of, I don't know, | 0:42:29 | 0:42:32 | |
First World War trenches, | 0:42:32 | 0:42:33 | |
and they need to know where the German positions are. | 0:42:33 | 0:42:35 | |
So the sergeant says, | 0:42:35 | 0:42:37 | |
"Perkins, would you mind standing up and walking over there?" | 0:42:37 | 0:42:41 | |
Boom! | 0:42:41 | 0:42:42 | |
And it's not great for Perkins, | 0:42:42 | 0:42:44 | |
but I suppose the rest of the company will know | 0:42:44 | 0:42:46 | |
where the German positions are. | 0:42:46 | 0:42:49 | |
Absolutely, but the typical person with ADHD | 0:42:49 | 0:42:51 | |
is not going to wait to be told, | 0:42:51 | 0:42:54 | |
but would be deciding to run off and have a little look, | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
-because he's bored. -He'll just do it himself! | 0:42:57 | 0:43:00 | |
-Absolutely. -"I'm so bored, I'm just going to walk into enemy gunfire." | 0:43:00 | 0:43:04 | |
"OK, well, I'm terribly sorry, Perkins. | 0:43:04 | 0:43:07 | |
"Look, there he is. Well, let that be a lesson to you. | 0:43:07 | 0:43:09 | |
"That's ADHD, chaps. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:11 | |
"Now, let's play football." | 0:43:11 | 0:43:13 | |
While ADHD might have been good for societies in the past, | 0:43:13 | 0:43:17 | |
in our modern world, it's arguably much less useful, | 0:43:17 | 0:43:20 | |
which can be a problem. | 0:43:20 | 0:43:22 | |
The desire to take risks can lead | 0:43:24 | 0:43:26 | |
people with ADHD into trouble and even crime. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:30 | |
Amy Sweet is a talented hockey player | 0:43:30 | 0:43:33 | |
who had hopes of playing for her country. | 0:43:33 | 0:43:36 | |
I used to play for Avon County when I was 16 | 0:43:36 | 0:43:39 | |
and trained with the West of England squad. | 0:43:39 | 0:43:42 | |
But severe ADHD put a stop to Amy's dreams | 0:43:42 | 0:43:46 | |
when she started acting unpredictably. | 0:43:46 | 0:43:49 | |
2013, I decided I would go and graffiti a shopping centre. | 0:43:51 | 0:43:57 | |
I just went down | 0:43:57 | 0:43:59 | |
and just was walking around really bored and decided | 0:43:59 | 0:44:03 | |
I was going to put my name on the metal posts. | 0:44:03 | 0:44:06 | |
This is where I done the graffiti. | 0:44:08 | 0:44:09 | |
I used a marker pen, it was just something I did in a moment. | 0:44:09 | 0:44:14 | |
Amy was arrested and taken to court, where she was issued with an ASBO, | 0:44:15 | 0:44:19 | |
or antisocial behaviour order. | 0:44:19 | 0:44:21 | |
It's not the first time Amy has been in trouble. | 0:44:23 | 0:44:25 | |
This is my folder of letters from the police. | 0:44:28 | 0:44:31 | |
This is about when I went to court for the antisocial behaviour order. | 0:44:31 | 0:44:36 | |
This is the community payback, when I had to do community service. | 0:44:36 | 0:44:40 | |
This letter is an acceptable behaviour contract - | 0:44:40 | 0:44:43 | |
me and a police officer agreed that I would not do certain behaviours | 0:44:43 | 0:44:46 | |
in a public place. | 0:44:46 | 0:44:48 | |
This one is to say that I had breached | 0:44:48 | 0:44:50 | |
the acceptable behaviour contract. | 0:44:50 | 0:44:52 | |
This one is from the police, | 0:44:52 | 0:44:55 | |
saying that I threw snowballs at a police community support officer. | 0:44:55 | 0:45:00 | |
This one is when I was charged when I bit my dad on the thumb, | 0:45:00 | 0:45:04 | |
when I was charged with common assault. | 0:45:04 | 0:45:06 | |
This one is for my criminal damage, when I smashed a window, | 0:45:06 | 0:45:09 | |
and arson, when I set fire to some bins. | 0:45:09 | 0:45:13 | |
And this one is the community order for one year. | 0:45:13 | 0:45:16 | |
Amy's misdemeanours are always of this same, impulsive type, | 0:45:16 | 0:45:20 | |
as her dad has noticed. | 0:45:20 | 0:45:22 | |
At the time, I don't think I do worry, | 0:45:22 | 0:45:24 | |
but now, maybe looking back, yeah. | 0:45:24 | 0:45:27 | |
You just used to live in the there and then, didn't you? | 0:45:27 | 0:45:29 | |
-Yeah. -It was... | 0:45:29 | 0:45:31 | |
She'd do something - after, she'd be very sorry, always. | 0:45:31 | 0:45:35 | |
Never, like, "I don't care" - | 0:45:35 | 0:45:36 | |
she was always sorry after the event, | 0:45:36 | 0:45:39 | |
cos it would sink in, what she'd done. | 0:45:39 | 0:45:42 | |
The link between ADHD and offending is extremely complex. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:46 | |
Not everyone with ADHD is an offender, | 0:45:46 | 0:45:49 | |
but there is an association. | 0:45:49 | 0:45:52 | |
Whilst only 3% of adults have ADHD, | 0:45:52 | 0:45:55 | |
amongst prison inmates, that figure is closer to 30%. | 0:45:55 | 0:45:59 | |
And their offences do tend to be of a certain impulsive type, | 0:45:59 | 0:46:03 | |
such as shoplifting and speeding. | 0:46:03 | 0:46:05 | |
Sometimes I just wish, not I was normal, | 0:46:06 | 0:46:08 | |
but I wish I could make decisions before I do something. | 0:46:08 | 0:46:11 | |
But one thing has enabled Amy to get her behaviour under control. | 0:46:11 | 0:46:15 | |
I take this medication every morning, when I get up. | 0:46:17 | 0:46:20 | |
It helps me improve my concentration and stay focused. | 0:46:20 | 0:46:24 | |
It has made a big difference in my life. | 0:46:24 | 0:46:26 | |
I think sometimes, with the medication, | 0:46:28 | 0:46:31 | |
it's allowed me a lot more to think before I do something. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:34 | |
While Amy is not playing at the same level as before, | 0:46:36 | 0:46:38 | |
she's back on the pitch. | 0:46:38 | 0:46:41 | |
I can go and release my anger or stress, but also release all | 0:46:41 | 0:46:46 | |
my energy, and channel it into something good. | 0:46:46 | 0:46:49 | |
Medication has helped Amy get her life back on track. | 0:46:51 | 0:46:55 | |
But because everyone's biology is different, | 0:46:55 | 0:46:58 | |
it doesn't work for everyone. | 0:46:58 | 0:47:00 | |
One of the key problems faced by people with ADHD | 0:47:05 | 0:47:09 | |
is controlling their attention. | 0:47:09 | 0:47:11 | |
Multiple thoughts slide around in different directions, | 0:47:12 | 0:47:15 | |
all at the same time. | 0:47:15 | 0:47:17 | |
The challenge is to focus and keep thoughts along one single track. | 0:47:18 | 0:47:22 | |
So, Rory's gone back to Germany, | 0:47:24 | 0:47:26 | |
this time to the University of Tubingen, | 0:47:26 | 0:47:29 | |
where they're working on a promising new technique called neurofeedback. | 0:47:29 | 0:47:33 | |
-Friederike! -Hi, good morning, nice to meet you. | 0:47:33 | 0:47:35 | |
Good to meet you. And you. So, what is it you do here? | 0:47:35 | 0:47:38 | |
The idea is to train the unruly ADHD brain | 0:47:38 | 0:47:41 | |
in the art of controlling attention. | 0:47:41 | 0:47:43 | |
Friederike Blume is one of the lead researchers on the project. | 0:47:45 | 0:47:48 | |
So, in really simple terms... | 0:47:48 | 0:47:51 | |
-Mm-hmm. -..what are we doing here? | 0:47:51 | 0:47:52 | |
What does this do, in really simple terms? | 0:47:52 | 0:47:55 | |
In really simple terms, | 0:47:55 | 0:47:57 | |
you will be able to voluntarily control | 0:47:57 | 0:47:59 | |
-the activity of your brain. -OK, right. | 0:47:59 | 0:48:02 | |
And that's your last patient? | 0:48:02 | 0:48:04 | |
No, that's not our last patient! | 0:48:04 | 0:48:06 | |
-So, I'm going to put this thing on? -Yes. | 0:48:06 | 0:48:08 | |
Oh, right, so... | 0:48:08 | 0:48:09 | |
OK. This is like going to the hairdresser. | 0:48:09 | 0:48:11 | |
By measuring oxygen in the blood at the surface of Rory's brain, | 0:48:13 | 0:48:16 | |
the cap will detect which areas are most active... | 0:48:16 | 0:48:18 | |
You're not going to electrocute me, are you? | 0:48:18 | 0:48:21 | |
Oh, my God, silence - that means you are! | 0:48:21 | 0:48:24 | |
..and so, whether he's concentrating. | 0:48:24 | 0:48:26 | |
Feels like Cinderella. | 0:48:26 | 0:48:28 | |
It DOES fit! | 0:48:28 | 0:48:29 | |
To start the training, Rory enters a virtual world. | 0:48:32 | 0:48:35 | |
-Right, so... So, I'm now sitting in a classroom... -Yes. | 0:48:37 | 0:48:41 | |
..in the second row of a classroom. | 0:48:41 | 0:48:43 | |
That's my... That's weird, because that's my desk. | 0:48:43 | 0:48:46 | |
Oh, god! I've got a pupil next to me! | 0:48:46 | 0:48:49 | |
Just extraordinary! | 0:48:50 | 0:48:53 | |
OK. Now, as soon as we start the training, | 0:48:53 | 0:48:56 | |
you will see an arrow on the blackboard either pointing upwards | 0:48:56 | 0:48:59 | |
or downwards. When it points upwards, | 0:48:59 | 0:49:01 | |
your job is to increase the lighting in the classroom. | 0:49:01 | 0:49:05 | |
And when the arrow's pointing downwards, | 0:49:05 | 0:49:07 | |
then you have to decrease lighting in the classroom. | 0:49:07 | 0:49:10 | |
So, how do I do that? | 0:49:10 | 0:49:12 | |
Many children and adults think about something nice, | 0:49:12 | 0:49:15 | |
or about something not so nice. | 0:49:15 | 0:49:17 | |
-And you're now allowed to explore and see what strategies work. -Wow! | 0:49:17 | 0:49:23 | |
-OK? -Right. -Right, then, we start the training. | 0:49:23 | 0:49:28 | |
Thinking nice and not-nice thoughts | 0:49:28 | 0:49:31 | |
is just one example of how to control the light. | 0:49:31 | 0:49:34 | |
What's crucial is to learn | 0:49:34 | 0:49:36 | |
the feeling of purposefully switching on | 0:49:36 | 0:49:39 | |
and having control over his thoughts. | 0:49:39 | 0:49:41 | |
First, the arrow points up, so Rory conjures positive thoughts. | 0:49:42 | 0:49:47 | |
I'm thinking about the first tee at St Andrews on a beautiful day, | 0:49:47 | 0:49:52 | |
with the golf course in front of me, | 0:49:52 | 0:49:54 | |
and excited and with friends and looking forward to that - | 0:49:54 | 0:49:57 | |
holding that image in my head. | 0:49:57 | 0:49:59 | |
The cap detects which areas of Rory's brain are activated, and how much, | 0:49:59 | 0:50:04 | |
which in turn is related to how much he's concentrating. | 0:50:04 | 0:50:08 | |
This feeds back into the VR system to raise the lights in the classroom. | 0:50:08 | 0:50:12 | |
COMPUTER SPEAKS GERMAN AND RORY REPEATS | 0:50:12 | 0:50:16 | |
Ooh, that's exceptional! | 0:50:16 | 0:50:18 | |
An encouraging comment and smiley face provide extra feedback | 0:50:18 | 0:50:22 | |
when the lights are successfully raised. | 0:50:22 | 0:50:24 | |
So, what we'd probably tell a child | 0:50:25 | 0:50:28 | |
is not to move too much and sit calmly. | 0:50:28 | 0:50:32 | |
Next, Rory learns to control switching his thoughts, | 0:50:32 | 0:50:35 | |
deliberately changing focus from happy thoughts to sad. | 0:50:35 | 0:50:39 | |
So, now, the arrow points down. | 0:50:39 | 0:50:41 | |
Down one's lowering the light, so I'm thinking of a very cold, | 0:50:43 | 0:50:46 | |
miserable day, with the rain beating down, going down your neck, | 0:50:46 | 0:50:50 | |
or feeling sick. | 0:50:50 | 0:50:52 | |
Just the nasty, the dark and the bad thoughts. | 0:50:52 | 0:50:57 | |
COMPUTER SPEAKS GERMAN | 0:50:57 | 0:51:00 | |
OK, Rory, well done. | 0:51:00 | 0:51:03 | |
God, how weird that feels. | 0:51:03 | 0:51:05 | |
HE GROANS | 0:51:07 | 0:51:11 | |
It's a big, conscious effort of will, it really is. | 0:51:13 | 0:51:16 | |
-Yeah. -Mm-hm. -And I don't know, I mean, for other reasons... | 0:51:16 | 0:51:19 | |
Well, it's sort of like, | 0:51:19 | 0:51:21 | |
if you were to go to the gym for the first time in your life, | 0:51:21 | 0:51:24 | |
you're going to be really sore immediately following it, | 0:51:24 | 0:51:26 | |
and even the next day, and so on. | 0:51:26 | 0:51:29 | |
So, let's turn the lights back on. | 0:51:29 | 0:51:31 | |
Ooh! | 0:51:33 | 0:51:34 | |
So, next time I try to read a book, | 0:51:34 | 0:51:37 | |
should I be sort of physically summoning up that feeling, | 0:51:37 | 0:51:42 | |
that state of mind... | 0:51:42 | 0:51:43 | |
-Mm-hmm. -..of happy, warm...? -Yeah. | 0:51:43 | 0:51:47 | |
-What's that?! -That's what we give the children. | 0:51:48 | 0:51:51 | |
-I see! -So, you might just take that, | 0:51:51 | 0:51:55 | |
and as a reminder of what you thought | 0:51:55 | 0:51:57 | |
and how you felt like in the training situation, | 0:51:57 | 0:52:00 | |
when you tried to increase the lighting. | 0:52:00 | 0:52:03 | |
-Well, thank you. -You're welcome. -That was really, really fascinating. | 0:52:03 | 0:52:07 | |
-That was great. -It was our pleasure. | 0:52:07 | 0:52:09 | |
For Rory, treatment is optional. | 0:52:12 | 0:52:15 | |
His ADHD is mild, and he's channelled it | 0:52:15 | 0:52:18 | |
into a successful comedy career. | 0:52:18 | 0:52:20 | |
But he wants to try one last experiment. | 0:52:20 | 0:52:23 | |
Would medication improve his performance, or kill it? | 0:52:23 | 0:52:27 | |
Over the last few weeks, Rory's perspective on his ADHD has altered. | 0:52:27 | 0:52:33 | |
Funnily enough, that formal diagnosis changed things, | 0:52:33 | 0:52:36 | |
because whereas it previously had been an elephant in the room | 0:52:36 | 0:52:39 | |
that I kind of quite enjoyed, | 0:52:39 | 0:52:41 | |
and I sort of would just occasionally point out to people, | 0:52:41 | 0:52:44 | |
I think the formal diagnosis woke up the elephant, | 0:52:44 | 0:52:48 | |
and for the last few weeks, I've been sharing | 0:52:48 | 0:52:51 | |
an increasingly smaller room with an increasingly larger elephant. | 0:52:51 | 0:52:57 | |
So, today marks a different stage, | 0:52:57 | 0:52:59 | |
where I'm going to see how this elephant responds to medication. | 0:52:59 | 0:53:03 | |
And that's a big step. | 0:53:04 | 0:53:07 | |
OK. | 0:53:07 | 0:53:08 | |
I think it's very, very important | 0:53:08 | 0:53:09 | |
that any stand-up comedian should have with them | 0:53:09 | 0:53:12 | |
in the dressing room at all times a consultant psychiatrist. | 0:53:12 | 0:53:16 | |
Isn't that right, Phil? | 0:53:16 | 0:53:18 | |
Oh, absolutely. | 0:53:18 | 0:53:19 | |
-So, what have we got here? -Well, it's methylphenidate, | 0:53:19 | 0:53:22 | |
but it's got a name that's called Tranquilyn. | 0:53:22 | 0:53:24 | |
-Tranquilyn! -But it's the same as what they used to call Ritalin. | 0:53:24 | 0:53:27 | |
Why...? I should just be darted! | 0:53:27 | 0:53:29 | |
Right, now, I've... | 0:53:29 | 0:53:31 | |
You know, I've... I've wondered what it would be like | 0:53:31 | 0:53:33 | |
-for a long, long time. -Mmm. -And this is scary. | 0:53:33 | 0:53:36 | |
I really don't know what it's going to do. | 0:53:36 | 0:53:38 | |
-Mmm. -Whether it's going to speed me up, | 0:53:38 | 0:53:41 | |
-or slow me down. -Mmm. | 0:53:41 | 0:53:43 | |
Erm... Oh, my God - my hands! | 0:53:43 | 0:53:47 | |
-OK, all right. -We're not expecting it to... | 0:53:47 | 0:53:49 | |
How long have you been a drug dealer? | 0:53:49 | 0:53:51 | |
-We're not expecting it to speed you up. -OK, here we go. | 0:53:51 | 0:53:53 | |
It's the kind of paradoxical effect - | 0:53:53 | 0:53:55 | |
it should slow you down, | 0:53:55 | 0:53:57 | |
just give you more control, you should feel more in control. | 0:53:57 | 0:54:00 | |
It's interesting that the first time I'm taking these | 0:54:04 | 0:54:07 | |
is half an hour before I go onstage. | 0:54:07 | 0:54:09 | |
But it should be a pretty good test of... | 0:54:09 | 0:54:12 | |
..of the effect they have. So, erm, let's see how it goes. | 0:54:14 | 0:54:18 | |
Wish me luck. | 0:54:24 | 0:54:26 | |
Phil thinks Rory needn't worry. | 0:54:29 | 0:54:32 | |
Many people use methylphenidate. | 0:54:32 | 0:54:34 | |
There were over one million prescriptions last year | 0:54:34 | 0:54:37 | |
in England alone. | 0:54:37 | 0:54:38 | |
Methylphenidate is the same as Ritalin - that was the original | 0:54:38 | 0:54:42 | |
drug that was used, it was called Ritalin. | 0:54:42 | 0:54:46 | |
Erm, it's quite hard to understand why it's got such a bad reputation. | 0:54:46 | 0:54:51 | |
I think it may be because anything around giving drugs to children, | 0:54:51 | 0:54:56 | |
in particular, is something | 0:54:56 | 0:54:57 | |
one naturally wants to be rather sort of cautious about. | 0:54:57 | 0:55:01 | |
I mean, it is also related to stimulants. | 0:55:01 | 0:55:04 | |
And so, things like cocaine, for example, or speed - and, of course, | 0:55:04 | 0:55:08 | |
they're also controlled drugs. | 0:55:08 | 0:55:10 | |
But surprisingly, you know, when you take this medication in the normal, | 0:55:10 | 0:55:15 | |
therapeutic way, you know, it's not addictive. | 0:55:15 | 0:55:18 | |
It's not known exactly how stimulants slow down the ADHD brain. | 0:55:19 | 0:55:24 | |
It seems paradoxical. | 0:55:24 | 0:55:25 | |
But it's thought they increase activity in those parts of the brain | 0:55:25 | 0:55:29 | |
that are less developed. | 0:55:29 | 0:55:31 | |
This medication sort of gives the brain a boost, | 0:55:31 | 0:55:34 | |
so that's kind of why they're stimulants, | 0:55:34 | 0:55:36 | |
and so they can actually sort of help you to focus. | 0:55:36 | 0:55:39 | |
Methylphenidate, of course, has some side effects, | 0:55:40 | 0:55:42 | |
all drugs have side effects. | 0:55:42 | 0:55:44 | |
Some people feel a little bit more nervous | 0:55:44 | 0:55:47 | |
or a little bit more restless. | 0:55:47 | 0:55:48 | |
And that would really indicate | 0:55:48 | 0:55:50 | |
it's not going to be the right sort of medication for you. | 0:55:50 | 0:55:53 | |
Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Soho Theatre. | 0:55:53 | 0:55:55 | |
Please put your hands together for Rory Bremner! | 0:55:55 | 0:55:58 | |
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE | 0:55:58 | 0:56:00 | |
Thank you! | 0:56:02 | 0:56:04 | |
Thank you for... Thank you very much indeed. | 0:56:04 | 0:56:06 | |
Thank you, it's great to see so many of you here. | 0:56:06 | 0:56:09 | |
-AS DONALD TRUMP: -We got a lot of people... | 0:56:09 | 0:56:11 | |
So many folks here tonight, folks. We got... | 0:56:11 | 0:56:13 | |
We must have 50,000 here tonight. | 0:56:13 | 0:56:15 | |
We got 50,000 people... | 0:56:15 | 0:56:18 | |
They say that there is only 150 - they're bad people. | 0:56:18 | 0:56:20 | |
They're such bad... | 0:56:20 | 0:56:22 | |
Got so many bad people, folks - judges, attorney-generals, | 0:56:22 | 0:56:26 | |
Republican senators - bad people, folks, bad... | 0:56:26 | 0:56:30 | |
'I feel quite clear-headed.' | 0:56:30 | 0:56:32 | |
It's a bit like somebody's switched my brain | 0:56:32 | 0:56:35 | |
from techno and Radio 1 to...Classic FM. | 0:56:35 | 0:56:41 | |
-AS JEREMY CLARKSON: -We've got a Prime Minister called May, | 0:56:41 | 0:56:44 | |
a Chancellor called Hammond... | 0:56:44 | 0:56:46 | |
What could possibly go wrong? | 0:56:46 | 0:56:48 | |
The music in my brain is not | 0:56:50 | 0:56:53 | |
pounding and...rapid and...switching. | 0:56:53 | 0:57:00 | |
It's sort of calmer, | 0:57:00 | 0:57:03 | |
and more...more serene. | 0:57:03 | 0:57:08 | |
-AS BORIS JOHNSON: -I... I stand before you now, the, er... | 0:57:08 | 0:57:11 | |
the unlikely lovechild of Angela Merkel and Donald Trump, | 0:57:11 | 0:57:15 | |
ladies and gentlemen. I, er... | 0:57:15 | 0:57:17 | |
'The question is whether I want' | 0:57:17 | 0:57:20 | |
that high excitement and panic, | 0:57:20 | 0:57:22 | |
or whether I want a kind of more controlled chaos. | 0:57:22 | 0:57:26 | |
And I think in a sense, | 0:57:26 | 0:57:29 | |
for a comedian, a controlled chaos is not a bad state. | 0:57:29 | 0:57:33 | |
-Thank you. -APPLAUSE | 0:57:33 | 0:57:35 | |
'It's something that I need to experiment with.' | 0:57:35 | 0:57:39 | |
Over the last few weeks, | 0:57:49 | 0:57:50 | |
Rory has found out what causes ADHD and why it exists. | 0:57:50 | 0:57:54 | |
But also, that he definitely has it himself. | 0:57:54 | 0:57:58 | |
I think what's really struck me in the making of this film was, | 0:58:00 | 0:58:03 | |
I always knew that people with ADHD, that we were different. | 0:58:03 | 0:58:07 | |
But now, I realise it's not just because we behave differently, | 0:58:07 | 0:58:10 | |
it's because our brains ARE different. | 0:58:10 | 0:58:13 | |
I hadn't really thought of people with ADHD | 0:58:13 | 0:58:17 | |
as being essentially shark bait before. | 0:58:17 | 0:58:21 | |
But if you think about it, if we are the ones who take the risks, | 0:58:21 | 0:58:26 | |
if we're the ones who blaze a trail, | 0:58:26 | 0:58:29 | |
if we're the ones who go that much further, and in going further, | 0:58:29 | 0:58:32 | |
we show people where the boundaries are | 0:58:32 | 0:58:34 | |
and where the possibilities are, then that's great. | 0:58:34 | 0:58:37 | |
We'll have that. | 0:58:37 | 0:58:38 |