Episode 2 Stargazing Live

Welcome back to Jodrelll Bank Observatory and Stargazing Live.

We are still buzzing from our chat with Britain's man in space,

We'll have more on him, as he begins preparations

Tonight, we'll investigate the safety of living in space.

And reveal the science behind it - using this decrepit old tanker.

Your results in our hunt for ecluesive spinning stars,

We've had over 1 million classifications and we think

And there's more from our wannabe spaceman, John Bishop.

Tonight he has to survive electrocution and sufficiencation.

That's nice. Not Stargazing weather out there. You played a blinder last

night. Overnight more than 1 million viewer hits came from our search for

Pulsars. It has had an exciting knock-on effect I'm probably not

supposed to do this but this is the nerve centre of Jodrell Bank. We

have an engineer, two astronomers looking at your results now. They

are pointing the Lovell telescope at some of the candidate Pulsars you

found. It is a great privilege. It is amazing we can say - we'll bore

that for a moment. On your recommendation. We had an enormously

exciting day yesterday. We spoke to Tim Peake on the International Space

Station. It was a pleasure to see him so relaxed in his environment.

Comfortable with it now. Spinning around. Water bubbles and gyroscope.

Showing us the work he will do on his space walk Talking about relaxed

in their environment and professional - John Bishop. We stuck

him in a giant pool and made him o do the same spacewalk training Tim

Peake had done. But what will he be doing tonight? Let's find out. Over

to Liz. . We are in the training hall now. Filled with replicas of

European-built hardware that's on the space station, including this

beautiful Columbus Module over there a seven-metre long space lab that

astronauts need to know inside out. Along this side of the training hall

are rooms containing replicas of all the scientific equipment that's in

that Columbus Module N this room we should find our trainee astronaut,

Mr John Bishop on the Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System. -- in

this room. Or the Mares much it is a mouthful.

How is it going? . You look uncomfortable. My legs have been

isolated. It is an uncomfortable machine. Olivier is measuring what

is going on in specific muscles. Which part are you moving? It is to

get my calf muscle, to seat strength and structure of it. Interesting

stuff. So muscle strength is compromised in micro-gravity. If you

look at the ultrasound of John Bishop's calf muscle, you can see

the muscle architecture there. That changes in space. It affects muscle

function. Now Mares mark 1 is up in space. Tim Peake will be testing it

on the station but he sat in this chair where John is now, testing his

muscles in earth, so he can compare how they work in space. Astronauts

essentially become experiments themselves. As a trainee astronaut,

John, how do you feel about becoming a human guinea pig as part of your

mission? You know what, that's one of the things I have learned is

their commitment is complete. When they go up every minute of their day

is filled. Part of it is doing experiment like this that we can

then apply back to Earth. You are all for T committed to the cause.

Absolutely committed. Of course I am. So committed in fact that we are

going to put his body through some more things later. You said you were

willing, it is your own fault. We'll test how John's body and brain will

react to an emergency on the station when there is a reduced supply of

oxygen. when there is a reduced supply of

going to be - well not starved but hungry for oxygen later who. You do

you feel about that? Probably won't be the first time Make sure you join

us in a couple of minutes to see how he gets on. He has lovely calfs. If

you want a behind the scenes look at Stargazing or find out more in

general with the science involved in this. Go to bbc.co.uk/stargazing and

keep your questions coming in. Now Let's head outside to the dark

fee.d the muddy field I'm calling t Lucie Green is there. Is it a good

evening to look at the stars? You are not wrong about this being a

muddy field now N any case I'm joined by Liverpool astronomical

society. Despite the fact it is raining we have remained optimistic

the weather might clear later and if that happens we are hoping to get a

glimpse of a rare visitor to our skies, comet Catalina, which is

moving along the handle of the Big Dipper over the next few days. Now,

the comet isn't visible to the naked eye. You will need binoculars or a

telescope to see T another treat is Jupiter rising after 10.30pm now. We

managed to get a shot of it and three of its moons a few nights ago.

If you want to see it, think of the fact you are seeing a gassant, a bit

like Saturn but the biggest planet in the Solar System, two-and-a-half

times as massive as all the other planets put together. Back to you.

Astonishing planet, Jupiter. We have a model on a sphere and the

ever-present red spot there. That has been there almost as long as we

have been viewing it. It has. The records of Robert Huck the scientist

in the 18th century seeing it. We know it has been there since the

1650s. Possibly before. The wind speeds are up to 4 #r50,000 miles

per hour in that storm. It seats in a remarkable colourful at Miss Free.

Why is it red and the surroundings not. It depends on the compounds.

The ammonium seems to cause the reddy colours. You get vapour, and

it is thought you get the more bluey hazes. The white areas have sulphur

in them. It is an interesting mixture of heavy elements, water,

but primarily hydrogen and helium. We have an excellent question from a

viewer who asks - will the giant red spot ever disappear? A good

question. I will show you some photographs from the Hubble Space

Telescope. Here they are. They are photographs taken just over a

decade. This is from 1995. That's the red spot I remember when I were

a lad. It is a big thing. You get about three Earths in there, to set

the size of this system. In 2009, something interesting has happened.

The same telescope. The Hubble, but the spot has shrunk. It has got more

circular. Forward to 2014, it has shrunk again, got more circular,

also getting more orange. Something dramatic is happening it that storm

system. Which as I say has been there for 350 years or so and is

happening dramatically fast. Is there a chance it'll stop? The red

spot will disappear? We don't know. Most astronomers think not. They

think for the foreseeable future it'll remain smaller, perhaps

stabilise. It is a storm, it has to die out eventually. The reason we

have weather here is we are close to the sun, the sun heats up the water

and the air. That's not what happens upter. The planet itself is

shrinking under the pressure of it. The atmosphere at the centre, the

core which we think is rocky is millions of times, perhaps #1b 00

millions of the atmospheric pressure on Earth. That heats up the inner

regions. Uptier radiates about 70% more energy back into the Solar

System than it receives from the sun which drives the violent weather. --

upter. A new probe heading towards upter, the Juno probe -- heading

towards Jupiter. Yes, it is going on 4th July this year. It is not

interested in the moons, we are usually interested in the moons like

Europia. But this will go to a Polar orbit around upiter, low around the

clouds -- Jupiter. It is one of the big mysteries. When we got there

with one of the first space probes, we found that Jupiter, we think, we

know, had more heavy elements than it should do, given where it is. The

rule of thumb in solar systems is the distribution of things like oxen

and carbon changes, you get more as you go further out. Do we have a

model of the creation? We have. We think when the Solar System formed,

4.5 billion years ago, Jupiter may have formed further out, where they

got the heavy elements, water, the oxygen in the water and migrated

further in. Or another theory, it formed where we find it and swept up

more water than it should have done. Really what we are doing here is

looking in the history of the formation of the Solar System

itself. I should say, interestingly, at the end of the mission, it is not

very long, because it is very, very - there's huge powerful radiation in

the place it'll orbit, a MiG magnetic field of Jupiter. The

spacecraft will class a couple of years and crashed into Jupiter. --

big, magnetic field. It'll crash into it. We don't want to to pollute

it. Given the vast space, it is hard it imagine we are alone. We have

been looking for extraterrestrial life. We have sent out messages to

say hello. But we have not heard anything back. Of course that can

mean there is nobody out there. But it could also mean they haven't

heard us yet. If there are aliens out there and astronomers are

looking towards us tonight, we might not be as easy to spot as we think.

We've transformed the landscape, flooded the airwaves with electronic

signals. And sent robot explorers out into the Solar System and

beyond. As a species we like to think we are a big deal. Whilst we

may rule the roost on this lump of rock, the galaxy is a big place. Any

aliens we share it with may have other ideas about our level of

advancement. This is the senior awe astronomers at the Search for Extra

Terrestrial intelligence. Modern technology. It impresses us. Look at

that, that skyline would impress Julius Caesar 2,000 years ago and

probably imcress press people 100 years ago. Is it going to impress

aliens? I don't think so. This would look like sand castles at the beach

to them. Sett has a point. The universe is 13.8 billion years old.

Only 200 years ago we hadn't invented the lightbulb. Here was

light without fire. We may actually be quite a primitive species in

galactic terms and this doesn't just hurt our pride. It also hurts our

chances of other civilisations discovering we are here. Could

aliens find us? It would be very hard. The only things we do that

might reach out to the stars in a way they could find would be radio

transmissions. By that I mean television, FM radio and mostly our

radars. Believe it or not, it is possible that the radio and

television signals we transmit can be detected from other planets.

Well, there is a pretty major problem with aliens discovering us

by this method -- one that's troubling this intelligent being.

This is astronomer and St Johnstone FC fan, Dr Duncan Forgan If this

football pitch was the galaxy, the Earth represented by this golf ball

would be two two-thirds away from the centre. Just about here. The

earth is emitting radiowaves that are spreading out into the Milky

Way. But even though the waves travel fast, at the speed of light,

they might have to travel a long way before reaching an alien. The

radiowaves that have just been emitted by the Earth over there,

would take 80,000 years to reach the edge of the gl axy over here. --

galaxy. Now, we weren't building radio transmitters, 80,000 years

ago. We were building prehistoric tools. So they won't see anything.

At least not yet. So, how close to the Earth would aliens have to be to

pick up our TV and radio signals in So humans started broadcasting

radiowaves about 80 years ago. That means the signal has had a chance to

travel about this far from our golf ball. Which is not a lot considering

how big the galaxy is. Only the aliens in our own back yard stand a

chance of detecting intelligent life on Earth. But are there aliens that

close? So, we have lots of potentially candidate planets in the

vicinity of the Earth. The closest one is about 16 light years away.

This lucky planet. Gliese 832 C will just be receiving stuff from 1989.

Good luck to them. The odds are against us being lucky

enough to have intelligent aliens in our own backyard. But what about

aliens further away? If they turn their telescopes on us, would they

see anything strange about the third planet from this average yellow

star? Professor Sarah is eager has spent her entire career looking out

for alien life, so she has a pretty good idea what they might see if

they looked back at us. It would be so hard for aliens to see Earth from

far away. This is an image taken of Earth by the Voyager one spacecraft

and 4 billion miles away. Earth seem so big when we are honoured but from

afar, it is a pale blue dot, just a point of light. But if they do

notice us, the light from that tiny blue dot could be revealing. From

the dot of the pixel, aliens could tell a surprising amount. They would

be able to see our atmosphere and they would be able to see oxygen and

the presence of oxygen is highly suggestive of life on Earth. A

glimpse of our blue pale dot maybe all it takes a aliens to realise the

Earth is not a dead world and this could offer our own alien hunters

some hope, because if we saw a planet out there are signifiers of

life in the atmosphere, we would be pretty keen to check it out, so

maybe they will too. The planet that Brian was talking about, Gliese

832-c, this 60 light-years away, theoretically where there could only

be intelligent life, but, Lucie, are there any other stars in our sky

that could support life that we can see? Yes, we can and although it is

cloudy, I can show you one because we filmed it last weekend, it is a

star called Orionus Pi3, in the constellation of Orion and I will be

talking about Orion later on and you can find it in the shield of Orion

that he is holding in his left hand and it is the brightest star in the

shield, and just like Gliese 832, it is a star that is relatively close

to us and a star that is relatively similar to our own sun. So Orionus

Pi3 is about 26 light-years away from us, but around 2,000 years ago,

it was even closer, it was only 15,000 light years away. We haven't

discovered any exoplanets around the star but because it is so similar to

our own sun, it is a prime candidate for an earthlike planet. Back to

you. We are joined again by Chris Lintott and Tim O'Brien, you are

both astronomers, that the me is what astronomy is all about, you can

see this little twinkling light and the more you know about it, the more

magical it becomes, the idea that you are looking at a Sun like star

with potentially planet surrounded. We know it is a Sun like star, so

does it have planets and does it have on Earth and is there life? It

keeps going, question after question. And we can try and answer

one tonight, we won't get an answer but we can have a go, because if

there was a civilisation on a planet around a Orionus Pi3, they may emit

radio waves and if we had a big radio telescope, we could have a go,

couldn't we? We are pointed right at the start we just discussed, we are

collecting radio waves from that direction, so we have a receiver

that is tuned into a sweet spot in the radio spectrum, where the

galactic atmospheric noise is at a minimum. What we pick up mostly is

cosmic background from that direction. It is the echo of the big

bang, the sound from the origin of time. That is the Sound of White

news, we would presume we would hear? We would expect to hear a

hiss, just white noise. What would be a more interesting thing to hear?

If there was a signal being sent from a planet around a bad start,

the noise might go up and down in some pattern, blips and clicks

within that spectrum --, planet around that star. You can see the

Lovell telescope, it is pointing up their, -- there, into space and we

can turn up the volume and listen to it. If we hear anything, it will

ruin the plans for the rest of the show. The year we did this, we had

to phone the Vatican! Varese is proper protocol for if we do

discover alien life. -- there is a proper protocol. Get the Pope on the

phone. So can we hear it? HISS.. It was a long shot, but

interestingly, it links to what people do with pulsars, historically

when the first pulsar was heard, it was an unusual periodic sound that

they called LG M1, meaning little green man one, because one of the

possible explanations was it was alien life form. When you find

anything unusual, it is either aliens or astrophysics, so you win

either way. Last night, we ask people to sort through radio data

looking for pulsars, and we are looking for the unusual and the good

news is people responded in droves, we had more than a million

classification submitted through our website and we have taken those and

got the best possible pulsars and we need your radio Tasca is. I think we

should get off Orion, where we weren't hearing anything, and get to

one of these candidates. If Kim can tell the telescope to move over to

that, we have these two who have had no sleep at all, looking at the

data. I love that you can stand here and say, right, move it. Let's say

what is happening, this is remarkable. Because people watched

the show last night and because they went to the website for classified

data, we are moving one of the world's most powerful radio

telescope there to look at things we think might give us a discovery to

report on. We were so encouraged by yesterday that we hit the target and

have put new data into the site, so if somebody goes to the Stargazing

website ball goes to pulsarhunters.com, they may find new

results. -- or ghosted. If they find lots of flashes of intense

radiation. Where are we so far? The candidates, until we check them...

We have got a handful of really good candidates and a lot of possibles,

so we will work our way through them for the rest of the night and the

Lovell telescope will be busy responding to people's data. Is it

moving? That is science waiting to happen. We have new data up there,

it is working, maybe four or five new discoveries. You will be looking

at data that nobody has looked at, you will be looking perhaps after

pulsar that nobody in human history has known existed. And if people

don't look, we will never know they are there. And tomorrow night, when

we get the results, we are joined by Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell, who first

discovered pulsars. Yesterday, we spoke to Tim Peake but it wouldn't

have been possible without the army of people who make sure the ISS

space saver and in contact with Earth. On her way to Cologne, Liz

went to meet some of them and a quick chat with the man himself --

Space Station. This is the Space Station's European

nerve centre, the equivalent of mission control in Houston. The

Columbus control centre, better known as Col CC and for the next

three months, it is Tim's HQ -- six months. These people are part of the

European flight control team, Tim's eyes and ears on Earth 24-7. They

know everything there is to know about his six-month mission and they

are going to assist him and monitor every single one of his activities

during that time. It is pretty much the closest thing to working on the

ISS without getting on yourself. The flight control team here make up one

of the five major mission controls around the team that operated the

Space Station from the ground. Col CC looks at the European astronauts

and the Columbus module, Europe's Spacelab. The Control Room is high

security, only critical staff are allowed in. The court, the control

system of Columbus, live system, power system. Flight collector

catcher and her team are helping Tim prepare for his greatest challenge

yet, a spacewalk, known here as an extravehicular activity or an EVA.

We are super excited him that he has a chance to go outside the station

and do the EVA, it is what every astronaut dreams about. What will

your role be in the EVA? While it is taken care of by Houston, we have

doctors that will observe Tim. This is the most physically demanding

activity that he can do on board. Before the spacewalk was confirmed,

Tim's schedule was already packed. So there is Tim Peake. This is his

daily timeline. Every minute is accounted for by Mission director.

Tim work about six o'clock GMT to have breakfast. I can see an

exercise box. And then more EVA training and preparation.

Today, the weekly conference with Tim is taking place. Good morning,

Bertie, for conference. Good morning, Tim, and nice to see you

all. He has spent the last few days carrying out an experiment about how

blood behaves in micro-gravity and he has been testing his spacewalk

suit. We have sent an EVA suit check out and it was successful. Yes,

great news, very relieved the suit is up and running. Bertie has even

found time for me to say a quick hello.

Hi, Tim, it is Liz Bonnin, how are you? I have been looking at your

timeline, you are a very busy man. Liz, good to talk to you. Yes, life

on the station is great, it is busy but that is what we like and with

the EVA next week, it adds extra tasks into the timeline. Best of

luck with it, we will be watching, take care. Thanks very much to

everyone there and I look forward to talking to you next week. Thanks.

Bye-bye. He looks in great form, brilliant.

And then it is on to the next job. Now, over the last couple of

theories of Stargazing -- series of Stargazing, we have been covering

the ESO's Rosetta mission, the first-ever attempt to land on a

comet after a 10-year journey and they dropped the Philae lander onto

a comet, 67P. With this is the Rosetta Project scientist Matt

Taylor, what has happened? Well, it has been a heck of a year. Since we

landed over a year ago, we have got the data back from the lander, we

have uncovered things we were expecting things we weren't

expecting. We found organic material on the comet, the stuff we have

never seen. And you have a better idea of what happened. This is

taking the telemetry from a number of items on-board, a particular

magnetic field. We see where it bounced, where we think it bounced,

where it clipped. This is based on the housekeeping data on board and

then we ended up in this fantastic aerial. This is a model of 67P, the

comet you are landing Philae on. Where are you landing? If this is

the head, it skimmed a kilometre and ended up near the forehead. Nearly

falling off? Yes, it was near the dark side of the comet. People will

remember that, those tense hours and days, where is it, is it alive

question what it doesn't look like it should be if you look at the

animation. It is quite remarkable that it survived. It did something

extra, more than we expected. This is ridiculous, that looks like it

should break it. It went to sleep on the dark side and came back in June

near perihelion. We haven't had a successful contact with it so maybe

it did do something to it. Nevertheless, YouGov 60 hours of

transmission from it. Yes, and this encapsulates the mission, we have

the lander leg, 20 years old and in the background, the comet's surface.

What did you think when you saw it, because people were pessimistic

vision mark I always thought it would work but for me, it was very

emotional, this was the culmination of all the effort to get the lander

on the ground but it is important to note it is not just about this.

Nevertheless, you discovered hydrocarbons, complex molecules on

the comet itself. Yes, it gave us the ground zero level measurements,

we had stuff from the orbiter indicating what we were measuring,

but we had complex organics we hadn't seen before, we have detected

formaldehyde but never got them from the surface, these are things that

go towards the building blocks of life, the sugars and then put DNA,

it is the ingredient for life. I've markedly to found that very

exciting, this is primordial, as old as the universe itself but you're

finding the building blocks for living organisms, so that must have

been present when the comet formed for .6 billion years ago or so. Then

we have this wonderful picture, the Rosetta is still there, sending

information back. This is from August last year, perihelion. The

most energy is being injected into it and causing this... The fantastic

explosion, tonnes of material coming off the surface. What you don't get

here, what you find on the ground, this tale is hundreds of thousands

of kilometres. It is up to 2 million kilometres in length, the tale. The

amateur astronomers are looking at this for us as well. And then we

have a photograph which is remarkable, this is from the

orbiter. From the 2nd of January, one of the latest images. It is a

profile of the belly of the duck, if you like and what is nice if it is

indicating a region that we have had a nice science result, add. It was

published at 6.00pm. Fresh off the press, as it were. Looking at one of

the key science images of Rosetta. How a comet works. Where does the

gas come from and this result has identified, conclusively that we

have water ice on the surface. It has seen undetected and unidentified

ice on the surface - water ice. How will this mission end? We have nine

months left. We will end in September. We will get clears and

closer to the comet and carry out what we are calling a controlled

impact of the surface. So we will, if you want, land Rosetta on the

surface. . And even in the approach you will get better and better

images? We are still planning how to do it. It is complicated to orbit

around. The gravitational pull is nuts. As we get closer and clears

we'll try to keep the images and data going. Terrific story. You will

back next year with more information. Operationally that will

be the end but science will rocket in. And a day to say goodbye to

Rosetta. Tears shed but happy for the science. All this week, John

Bishop is finding out how astronauts train for a trip into space. Crucial

to that is managing to cope if the unexpected happens, like if the

oxygen supply on the space station fails. Liz Bonnin is putting John

through this procedure. Earlier we carried out a high poxy

test with John. Where it means the body is being deprived of oxygen. We

normally breathe 21%. We gave him 6.5%. Because of the air already in

his lungs, the oxygen decreases gradually. But the effects are

extreme. Please don't be alarmed. He was in good hands throughout.

OK. The test has begun. You have been monitoring the statistics.

And asking him to do tests. Put shapes into the ball. Write his name

and telling the doctor how many numbers are on the card. Andreas

Mogensen is here. Why do astronauts have to do this test? We need to

learn to recognise the is imtochls hypoxia. It is important to

recognise the symptoms and save yourself if it should happen. So far

John is doing well. Writing his name perfectly, quick at reacting to the

card numbers. So he's still pretty much focussing well. There is of

course oxygen in his lungs. There will be a gradual decrease of oxygen

in his system. You lose situational awareness and you don't realise it

is happening, you don't recognise the need to do something to save

yourself in this situation. We are looking for the percentage

saturation in the blood. Normally we are about 100. Doctors start area

worrying about 90%. We are going down to how low? About 70%, which is

about the equivalent of Mont Blanc altitude without being acclimatised.

He struggled a bit there. He took a little longer to find the hole for

that shape. You can sense he is getting frustrated. Yes. That

frustration builds up because you are so concentrated. You know you

have to solve the task. I really want to help him. It seems such a

simple task and look, he can not find the shape at all. He could do

it a couple of minutes ago and now he can't. 72%. Dr, are you still

happy with the performance? Everything OK? Happy. I want to give

him a hug. I know I can't. John, we make oar short break. Write your

name again, please. OK, he is writing his name with more

difficulty. He can still write it. 69%

saturation. We stop the test. Continue breathing

regularly. Continue to breathe in and south. Nice deep breaths. We are

going to let John recover. Give us your thumb, are you OK? Perfect. As

you can see, he is doing well. Good job, amazing. Thank you. Here he is,

fighting fit. Talk to your fans. I think they were worried. I'm well.

Well I'm not. I'm sick, I have found out Arsenal has beaten Liverpool

3-2. He is fine, clearly. Full analysis coming up. What are you

like? . Recognise niece numbers? Thank you very much. To reassure

you, John is fine and now can sort shapes. Next ladies and gentlemen,

Orion, home to some of the stars in the galaxy and one of the things to

spot in the night's guy. The best time to go out and spot it is

between November and February and because Orion is a large and

distinctive constellation people have been observing t navigating by

it, even worshipping it for thousands of years. But I don't know

if anybody realising quite how special Orion is. The stars in Orion

are located between 1 and 8 million billion years from us. Tonight I

want to bring it much closer to home. I want to share it and the

stories of the stars within it with people who may never have looked up

at the constellation before. Hidden in Orion, if you know where to look,

are some of the chart-topping highlights of the night's sky. We

have set up three telescopes and connected them to projectors to show

some unsuspecting passers by. That's what our telescopes are picking up

now. Orion's biggest treasures. Have you ever seen anything like that

before? Not on the side of a building on a telescope In our city

centre projection it is possible to pick out the main stars of the

constellation. What do you look for when you are trying to find Orion?

The belt Brilliant. From the three stars that make up Orion's belt, the

five bright stars around it create the shape of his body with his

right-hand raised, holding a club and the left hand holding a shield

or a bow. There is a sword hanging from his belt. Can you see a body

snool very loosely. What kind of stance do you think Orion is making?

Like a party one. I think that's the 21st century interpretation of

Orion. In Orion's sword you can see some of the newest stars in the

universe. Orion. In Orion's sword you can see

some of the newest stars in the universe. Come over here, this is a

cloud of gas and dust, called a nub louse, where stars are being born.

Even in the city centre our telescope can see surprising detail.

All that gas and dust is being pulled together by gravity.

New stars form when clumps get so big, dense and hot that they

effectively burst into life. It is like a prism of colour. You can see

all the different shades. It is a beautiful colour, isn't it? Now I

can show you another screen that gives us an even better view into

this nub louse and we can have a look at some of the stars.

This is another live feed from the telescopes. A wonderful shot. Gather

around. This is the view at the very heart of the Orion nebula. The four

stars in the middle. They sort of make a wonkey square would you

agree? It is called the trapezium cluster because of the shape it has.

You can see they blue white in colour, hot stars. One of them which

has a catchy name, that star is the hottest star you can pick up with

the You need a telescope to make it out

from the others around it but you can see it in the Orion nebula. It

has a heat of 45,000 degrees Celsius. There is almost as much

variety inner rye yob as there is in the rest of the sky. It goes to show

that even the most familiar constellations could be packed full

of hidden treasures, all within plain sight. ! Well, it is such a

shame it is cloudy tonight and we about the can't get a view of Orion

but last night after we went off air the skies cleared. So we remain

hopeful. I have Liverpool astronomical society with me here

and Ellie you have brought down one of your telescopes. I have to ask,

does the weather put you off? Not exactly. I still love the view. Even

though it is cloudy there is still hope it'll brighten up and you may

be able to see some things. Worth persevering. . What is your

favourite part of Orion? Probably the nebula. It is beautiful and

where new stars are made My favourite part too. Even through

binoculars, you get a great view. If you want to find out your chances of

seeing it where you live. Here is John

you want to find out your chances of seeing it where you live. Here is

John with the weather. You will have to be patient if you

want to see much of the night's sky over the next couple of nights.

Overnight if you want to see Catalina comet or the last of Orion,

northern parts of Scotlands. A mixture of rain and snow else where.

For a glimpse of the space station and Tim Peake, better chances later

on in the night after midnight. Things clearing up across Northern

Ireland, too, but for the bulk of England and Wales, we keep a lot of

cloud. Southern counties may see lengthier clear spells towards the

end of night. Much better chances overall as we go through tomorrow

night. There will be a few areas of cloud and wintry showers but clearer

skies in general. If you want to see the Catalina comet I would bank on

tomorrow night with the clear skies. If you are out stargazing you will

need layers, it is going to be tonight. So to sum up: Cloudy

tonight. A much better prospect for tomorrow night. It has stopped

raining. The third step towards astronomy. Lots of you have been

taking pictures, despite the weather, of Orion like this one from

David, which I think is a beautiful picture. You can see the colours of

the star-forming regions in the Orion nebula. And this from Geoff.

You see the scale of the constellation of Orion, the majesty

of it against the hills and one from Tim Peake, on the International

Space Station. What is wonderful about this is your eyes have drawn

to the lights on the surface about this is your eyes have drawn

to the lights on the surface of the Earth. But lift your gaze above the

atmosphere into space which is what Stargazing Live is all about and you

see the constellation of Orion. I'm going to press a button. You

will explain Y I'm going to shift 10,000 athleterings of air from

either side of that steel drum. Let me explain T you saw actually with

John Bishop the oxygen starvation demo. -- explain it. The challenge

in space is to keep air inside the International Space Station

essentially at one atmosphere pressure. What we thought we would

do is we would show you what one atmosphere pressure can do. We are

pumping the air out of that cylinder. All you have seen is the

pressure of our atmosphere crushing that steel pressure which is about 3

mm thick. We don't notice it usually, you see because we are used

to it. That gives you some sense about how difficult spacecraft

design it. Interestingly, not a great sense because that's the

pressure difference between inside the space station and outside. There

we have the vacuum inside atmospheric pressure outside. The

space station it is the other way around but cylinders can withstand

pressure on the inside pushing out, much better than they can withstand

pressure on the outside pushing in. That steel thing is collapsing on

pressure outside and vacuum inside. If it is the other way around, this

is all they need. A fizzy drink if you heat it up has

two atmosphere of pressure or more inside. The same pressure difference

is there as there is between the outside and inside of that but

because it is pushing out, like a spacecraft it can withstand T I

should say the space station is about what, 3 millimetres thick, but

of alminimum, roughly as thick of that, obviously strong enough to

withstand. The lunar module on Apollo was a tenth of that. It was

about three sheets of aluminium foil between the at troe noughts and

space. It gives you sense of the strange counterintuitive nature of

physics T can take more pressure pushing out than pushing in. I feel

uncomfortable with this ten feet away with from me. In a amendment

we'll hear about the latest about plans top land on the moon and

possibly create a human... Oh. Am I a human shield. Can we get out of

this fast? Let's hear about the challenge of working out about the

long journey to get there. I'm out of here, bye.

The 1980s. A decade when technology changed our lives forever. Filled

with optimism, ambitious scientists look towards space travel as well.

They created biosphere two, a living ecosystem, completely sealed from

the outside world. A prototype for a human habitat on Mars. Amongst the

aid volunteers who signed up for two years inside was Doctor Mark Nelson.

In that little world, we had everything from an Amazon

rainforest, savanna grassland with tropics and then we had a coral reef

and a tropical ocean. But almost immediately, things started to go

wrong. The crew could barely grow enough to eat and the oxygen started

mysteriously disappearing. But the biggest problem was not

technological. The fact that you are limited to seven other people is

definitely a hardship. Under the strain of isolation, the crew

started to fall apart. There were a couple of unpleasant events. Things

got rather heated inside. Biosphere2 abandoned human experiments after

just three years. If it had proved anything, it was a human -- that

human relations were as delicate as the technology.

This is the man Ulloa volcano in Hawaii. It is as close as it gets to

a Martian landscape on earth. Here, professor Kim Grinstead is

conducting an experiment to help select the right mix of crew for

future space missions. Nasa is sending astronauts on a two and a

half year to three year long mission to Mars and they want to make sure

the human component of that system is working as well as the other

components. She is putting a group of would-be human space settlers

through their paces. Within the habitat, they have a very limited

amount of space the six people and they are using water and eating food

like they would on Mars, so the food is all freeze-dried and shelf stable

and they try to use as little water as possible and that is because

water is very hard to get on Mars. Six people have been here for three

months so far. This is a very challenging mission for the crew.

They don't get to interact directly with any other humans for an entire

year and that is a real stressor. To add to the pressure, she gives them

regular tests. Today, she wants to see how they will react to an

emergency. Please be advised, do not move, you have had an accident. If

one falls and cracks their helmet. On Mars, her spacesuit would rapidly

lose oxygen. This is the medical officer, ...

The crew must act quickly to save her.

The crack is repaired with, you guessed it, gaffer tape. After

checking she is not badly injured, she will be taken back to the

habitat. The drill and their teamwork is a success. But it is as

much a test of Kim's selection process as it is her crew. We look

to people with thick skins, long fuses and an optimistic outlook. We

like people who are easily entertained and I know that sounds

trivial but if you are the kind of person who needs a wild weekend out

clubbing to really be happy, you are not going to be happy in the

habitat. Kim must then get the mix right. You want to make sure there

is no isolation and there are no fault lines. You wouldn't want five

Americans and one international crew member, that would isolate the

international crew member. Similarly, let's imagine you have

three men and three women. That is all great but what you really don't

want is three female civilian scientists and three male military

engineers, that is guaranteed to set up a fault line. Kim believes that

this strategy will lead to a successful crew on a mission to

Mars. And as it will take at least six months just to get there, there

is a lot riding on this kind of experiment.

Nasa says it is hoping to get people to Mars by the 2030s and plans by

the European space agency and the Russian space and gypsy to land on

the moon could help with that. ESA and Roscosmos want to send people to

the moon's South Pole, one of the few areas that could prepare humans

for a mission to the surface and possible settlement. Jan Woerner is

a director-general of the European space agency, welcome to Stargazing.

That plan for ESA and Roscosmos to send a robotic mission to the moon?

We are planning together with Roscosmos to send Luna 27, or lunar

resource, to the South pole of the moon, because the South Pole is a

very interesting place. We sometimes talking about Pink Floyd and the

dark side of the mood, but there is no dark side. The far side and the

near side are bright and dark depending on the time. On the South

Pole, we have a crater and inside the crater, it is permanently dark

and outside, it is permanently bright, so we can use from the sun

permanently at the one time and within the crater, we can look for

water, because we expect water in ice, and there is ice on the South

pole of the moon. How big is the crater? : that is, it is really

huge. And in the context of human exploration, if we find water there,

does it mean it will be a prime site for a human mission? Yes, for

several reasons. Water is very important for human missions or any

mission going further into the universe, because you need some

propulsion. You cannot put all of the propulsion or fuel from the

earth, it is too expensive, but if we find water on the moon, the

contents of hydrogen and oxygen, we can produce hydrogen and oxygen and

this is a perfect fuel for rockets, so we can use this even as a

stepping stone for further travel. Are their psychological

considerations? We watched a video that the choice of people being

important, the isolation can affect them. In terms of where you place

people on the moon, should they be able to see the Earth? That is a

good point, the psychological point and especially if you go to Mars. If

you look to the sky right now and you see Mars is a very small red

dot, you would see in the other direction, the Earth is a very small

pale blue dot only. If you go to Mars, this is a really psychological

aspect but if you go to the moon, you will have very easy contact with

transmission, normal transmission, so you can even have Skype to the

moon, this is possible, but you are right, as soon as we go to the far

side of the moon for a longer duration, we have this psychological

effect as well. And the idea is not an Apollo type mission where you

land and come back, the vision is to put a permanent base on the moon?

And not only that, if we look to all missions so far, either to the moon

or to Mars or whatever robotic missions, human missions, whenever

they went to some place, they brought everything there and

sometimes they brought something back, but they never used the

material there. So the idea is to go to the moon and learn to use the

material over there. We have moon soil over there and with that, we

can build structures. We even intend to build a telescope on the far side

of the moon or at least in the shadow of the crater, so the

radiation which comes from the Earth is not disturbing the signal. And

unlike the race to the moon in the 1960s, do you believe this can only

be done as an international collaboration? It should be done as

an international collaboration and it can also only be done as an

international collaboration but at these times, where we have earthly

crisis, space is always bridging these crisis. So even during the

Ukraine crisis, we launched Russian and American and German and European

astronauts from Kazakhstan. So space can bridge these earthly problems.

So I suppose if we have the perverse Max Fricke public support and the

will, we could do it now, but when do you use for see the beginnings of

a base -- if we had the public support and the wheel. We have a

European astronaut over their, Tim Peake, and the Space Station is

excellent, we are doing research there for different purposes and the

station will take about another ten years but we need also for future

exploration, a plan. Exploration fascinates people and what we need

in Europe is inspiration, motivation and more than just another new

iPhone. Thank you very much. Earlier in the show, John Bishop enjoyed

having his brain deprived of oxygen as part of astronaut training. Liz,

we are just checking, John is still OK? Welcome back, Dara, John is

absolutely fine. We are in a carbon copy of the Columbus module. Does

this take you back, Andreas Kushi Mark certainly does, this is where I

used to sleep. I used to hook my sleeping bag appear. John, you are

fighting fit, back to normal. Described to me how that felt, now

that you recall it? It was scary, the clamp on the nose made it scary

but you just feel your cognitive powers starting to go and you just

focus on what you are doing. It really does bring home what that

would be like if you are on the Space Station and there is an

emergency. I can't quite fathom how you would be able to get yourself

out of that situation properly, it is a very difficult thing to deal

with. Yes, you have to be aware of what is going on, you have to

maintain your situational awareness and that is what this training is

about, to give you a hint of how your body reacts. But you don't get

very long, within minutes, you decrease in power. You are great for

a while then deteriorated dramatically. You can't improve that

this? You can't become more resilient? No, it is what we have

pressure sensors that alert us to the pressure dropping and we have to

react. Would you let him lead an emergency ventilation situation on

the station? Sure. A couple of years more training, maybe. Just open the

window! It is not over for you yet, tomorrow you face potentially the

most challenging test, you are going to be spun around in short on

centrifuge. Normally, astronauts train in centrifuges to get used to

the G forces of launches and re-entries. This is different, it is

testing how to keep the body in good condition for longer missions, to

Mars, for example. Have you ever been spun in a centrifuge before?

Who has? It is the one thing I am not looking forward to. If you can

do the high proxy, you can do anything. You are a brave man. --

hypoxia. Join us tomorrow for some more space training from the man

himself. I for 1am looking forward to that. Albert Hughes asks

Stargazing Live, you to that. Albert Hughes asks

distance and years in billions, do you mean a million million or the

new thousand million? Thousand million. That is it, we are back

tomorrow, more from Tim Peake on the Space Station and plus asteroids,

the danger they pose to have and what we should do. Then Miller, the

actor and comedian, will help us examine gravity across the solar

system by strapping himself to some giant helium filled balloons. Like a

strange version of Up. Then join us at 9pm for a special edition on

Friday where we are joined by Chris Hadfield, former commander of the

International Space Station, veteran spacewalk. Goodbye the now.